Effective communication is vital among seafarers all over the world. English was adopted as the official language of the maritime industries by the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watch keeping (STCW Convention) in 1978. Thus, English has become the working language of the sea. English language proficiency is not only an international requirement for certification of seafarers but is also a key element in ensuring safe, efficient, and profitable ship operations.
ISSN 2960-351X (Online)
ISSN 1656-8397 (Print)
Philippine E-Journals
