This paper presents and attempts to evaluate the understanding of John Paul II’s anthropological concept of the human being by Slovak theologians and philosophers during his pontificate. It explores the broader context of the existence of human beings as a part of his theology and philosophy with practical application to Slovak society in the communist and post-communist eras. I will focus on describing the understanding of his two most important works for Slovak scholars and theologians at that time – Person and Act and Evangelium Vitae. The first one is explained and applied during the time of the socialist era in Czechoslovakia, and the second work was evaluated and applied shortly after the fall of communism, but still with the socialist agenda in the minds of people of that time.