Philippine E-Journals

Ire of Creoles: Hijos del Pais’ Struggle for Reforms and Independence, 1820s-1840s

Palmo R. Iya

 

Abstract:

The first decades of the 19th century in Philippine History is considered as the period when the two types of Spaniards – peninsulares (born in Spain) and creoles (born in the Philippines) were in conflict with each other. During the 1820s – 1840s, these creoles (also known as hijos del pais or insulares) became not only advocates of reforms but also leaders of certain revolts (Bayot Conspiracy, 1822; Novales Mutiny, 1823; and Palmero Conspiracy, 1828). Even the native uprisings in 1841 (Cofradia of Hermano Pule) and 1843 (Tayabas Regiment Revolt of Sergeant Irineo Samaniego) were believed to be supported by liberal creoles. Using primary and secondary sources, this paper aims to showcase creoles’ struggle and participation in the quest for reforms and independence of the Philippines. The study proves that it was not only the native Filipinos (indio) who revolted against the Spaniards but the Spaniards themselves through the creoles. Finally, this paper offers a holistic perspective on the tradition of revolts and revolutions in the Philippines and an appreciation on creoles’ role in their struggle for reforms and independence in the colony during the early part of the 19th century.