Home⇛International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research⇛vol. 4 no. 6 (2023)

Level of Awareness on the Impact of Climate Change on the Socioeconomic Lite of a Coastal Community in San Salvador Island, Masinloc, Zambales

Myra Liza O. Vizcarra

 

Abstract:

The researcher’s interest in their well-being led her to study the level of awareness of the impact of climate change on the socioeconomic life of the coastal communities in San Salvador Island. This study is a descriptive type of research. A descriptive study gives a picture and describes the different aspects concerning a situation to obtain knowledge of nature, states, and development. This current study was conducted at San Salvador Island. It is an island barangay in Masinloc, Zambales, in northwest Luzon. It is an island barangay in Masinloc, Zambales, in northwest Luzon. A 127-hectare fish sanctuary and a nearby Taklobo or Giant Clam Farm are usual attractions to diving enthusiasts. Encourage planting mangroves in the vicinity of the island as part of the extension service of the campus. Conduct a follow-up study on fishermen’s vulnerability, resiliency, and mitigation practices. They are considered priority barangay in the Climate Change Awareness joint project of the PRMSU-Masinloc LDRRMP and CENRO-Masinloc to enhance the fishermen’s awareness and adaptation. Support from the local government unit by having a store filled with more goods and over-the-counter medicines, especially during rainy seasons. May have a routine check by a professional doctor before rainy seasons. Probable additional livelihood to augment needs, particularly during the rainy season.



References:

  1. Ajuaye, Adeline (2010). Analysis Of Farmers’ Ad-aptation To Climatic Change In Kilimanjaro Region
  2. Akanda, M.G.R. & M.S. Howlader. (2015) Coastal Farmers' Perception of Climate Change Ef-fects on Agriculture at Galachipa Upazila un-der Patuakhali District of Bangladesh, Global Journal of Science Frontier Research: Agricul-ture and Veterinary Volume 15 Issue 4 Ver-sion 1.0 Year 2015
  3. Akumu, Clement Elumpe, (2011). Assessing The Potential Impacts Of Climate Change On Coastal Wetlands In North-Eastern NSW Us-ing Geoinformatics, Southern Cross Universi-ty, Southern Cross University Library epubs@scu.edu.au. Publication
  4. Alamgir, Aamir, aMoazzam Ali Khan*, aS.Shahid Shaukat, bFateh Muhammad Burfat and Kha-lid Mahmoodc (2015)., Impact of Climate Change on the Socioeconomic Conditions: A Case study of district Thatta , Sindh, Pakistan May 2015
  5. Albert, J.R., Gaspar R, and Raymundo, M. (2015), Who are the Middle Class
  6. Ali Khan, aAamir Alamgir, aMoazzam, aS.Shahid Shaukat, bFateh Muhammad Burfat and Kha-lid Mahmoodc (2015).Impact of Climate Change on the Socioeconomic Conditions: A Case study of district Thatta, Sindh, Pakistan
  7. Assessment Report On Awareness And Knowledge Level On Climate Change And Adaptation Practices Promoting Climate Resilient Water Management and Agricultural Practices (NA-PA Follow-Up), Save Cambodia’s Wildlife, June 2012
  8. Barnett, J., 2003. Security and climate change, Glob-al Environmental Change 13, pp.7-17.
  9. Bast, Joseph L. Seven Theories of Climate Change. Copyright © 2010 The Heartland Institute Published by The Heartland Institute Chicago, Illinois 60603, ISBN-13 978-1-934791- 31-8 www.heartland.org
  10. Benoit, S. L., Craig, M., David, W., Jianping, Y., (2007). The Impact of Sea Level Rise on De-veloping Countries: A Comparative Analysis. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4136, February 2007.
  11. Best, John W., Educational Research. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey; Prentice Hall Inc., 1989
  12. Bickel, G., Marl N., Price C. Hamilton W., Cook J. (2000), Guide To Measuring Household
  13. Food Security (Pdf). Usda Food And Nutrition Ser-vice Archived From The Original On Nov 4 2013. Retrieved 1 November 2013.
  14. Bikila, A.(2013) Farmers’ Perception and Adapta-tion to Climate Change and Variability: The Case of Dodota Woreda, Arsi Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia
  15. Bikila, Anbesu. (2013). Farmers’ Perception and Adaptation to Climate Change and Variabil-ity:The Case of Dodota Woreda, Arsi Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia.
  16. Brugere, C., Holvoet, K. & Allison, E. 2008. Liveli-hood diversification in coastal and inland fishing communities: misconceptions, evi-dence and implications for fisheries man-agement. Working paper, Sustainable fisher-ies livelihoods programme (SFLP), FAO/DFID, Rome.
  17. Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences Bull. Env.Pharmacol. Life Sci., Vol 4 [6] May Institute.
  18. Deressa, T.T., R. M. Hassan, And C. Ringler. (2010). Perception And Adaptation To Climate Change By Farmers In The Nile Basin Of 2015: 93-101 ©2014 Academy for Environment and Life Sciences, India
  19. Cabinet Office (2008) The Pitt Review: Learning Lessons from the 2007 Floods. London
  20. Carr, Paul. (2016) Climate Change Awareness Amongst Secondary Level Students and Teachers in A Dar Es Salaam University Col-lege Of Education (DUCE) Affiliated School in Urban Tanzania.
  21. Charles, A. T. (2008). Sustainable fishery systems (Vol. 5). John Wiley & Sons
  22. Clay, P. M., & Olson, J. (2008). Defining “Fishing Communities'': Vulnerability and the Mag-nuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act. Human Ecology Review, 15(2), 143
  23. Climate Action PH: Its Time For The Philippines To Get Serious About Climate Change Climate Change in Armenia, Stockholm Environment Institute – U.S. Center Tufts University, 11 Curtis Avenue Somerville, MA 02144, www.sei-us. Coastal change in the East Rid-ing… http://www2.eastriding.gov.uk/environment/sustainableenvironment/lookingafter-our-coastline/coastal-change-in-the-east-riding/2017
  24. Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Una-bridged 2012 Digital Edition © William
  25. Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012
  26. Cooper, P, J, M, Dimes, J, Rao, K, P, C, Shapiro, B, Shiferaw, B, and S, Twomlow, (2008). Coping better with current climatic variability in the rain-fed farming systems of sub-Saharan Af-rica: An essential first step in adapting to fu-ture climate change?,
  27. Costello, A., M. Abbas, A. Allen, S. Ball, S. Bell, R. Bel-lamy, and M. Lee,( 2009): Managing the Health Effects Of Climate Change. The Lancet
  28. Costello, A., M. Abbas, A. Allen, S. Ball, S. Bell, R. Bel-lamy, and M. Lee, 2009: Managing the health effects of climate change. The Lancet , 373(9676), 1693-1733.
  29. Croppenstedt, A, Demeke, M, and M, M, Meschi, (2003). “Technology adoption in the pres-ence of constraints: the case of fertilizer de-mand in Ethiopia”, in Review of Development Economics, 7 (1) pp. 58 - 70
  30. Deressa, T, T, Hassan, R, M, Ringler, C, Alemu, T, and M, Yesuf, (2009). Determinants of farmers’ choice of adaptation methods to climate change in the Nile Basin of Ethiopia Deressa, T., Hassan, R.M. & Ringler, C.,( 2008). Measur-ing Ethiopian Farmers’ Vulnerability to Cli-mate Change Across Regional States. Interna-tional Food Policy Ethi-opia.
  31. Digambar, Singh (2011). Dahal Impact of Climate Change on Livelihood and Biodiversity in Ru-ral Communities (A Case Study of Sid-dhiGanesh and Nepane Community Forestry User Groups of Sindhupalchwok District of Nepal)
  32. Epule, T. E., Peng, C., Lepage, L., & Chen, Z. (2012). Poverty and Gender oriented vulnerabilities to food and water scarcity in Touroua, Cam-eron, Journal of Human Ecology, 38(2), 81-90
  33. Eriksen, S. E. H., Klein, R. J. T., Hammill, A., Naess, L. O., Tanner, T. M., Robledo, C., O’Brien, K. L. (2007) Portfolio screening to support the mainstreaming of adaptation to climate change into development assistance.
  34. Fairbank, H. & Jenny Jakeways. (2006) Mapping Coastal Evolution and Risks in a Changing Climate: A Training Pack. Senior Coastal Sci-entist & Senior Coastal Geomorphologist Cen-tre for the Coastal Environment Isle of Wight Council, UK
  35. Fariya, Laila. (2013)., Assessment on Social Vul-nerabilities to Climate Change– a Study on South-Western Coastal Region of Bangladesh
  36. Farmers’ Awareness, Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change in Adamawa State, Nigeria British Journal of Arts and Social Sciences ISSN: 2046-9578, Vol.9 No.II (2012) ©Brit-ishJournal Publishing, Inc. 2012 http://www.bjournal.co.uk/BJASS.aspx 104 A.A.
  37. Ferreira, Maria Aparecida (2014). Ïs Fishing An Exclusive Male Activity?”
  38. Fothergill, A. And Peek L.A. (2004). Poverty And Disaster In The United States. A Review Of Recent Sociological Findings. Natural Haz-ards, 82, 89-110
  39. Garces, Len R ,et al (1999), Fisheries Management. International Marine Life Alliance ICLARM-The World Fish Center
  40. Goulden, M. (2005). Adatation to Climate Variabil-ity in East African Lakes and WetLands: The Role of Social Capital in Promoting Resilience.
  41. Graciano P. Yumul, Jr., Nathaniel A. Cruz, Nathaniel T. Servando and Carla B. Dimalanta “Extreme Weather Events And Related Disasters In The Philippines, 2004–08: A Sign Of What Cli-mate Change Will Mean, Disasters 35 (2011) pp. 362-385.
  42. Graham J. Charles A. & Bull (2006). Community Fisheries Management Handbook Gorse-brook Research Institute, Saint Mary’s Uni-versity (133) ISBN 0-9694095 6-7
  43. Green, D., S. Jackson, and J. Morrison: 2010: Risks from climate change to indigenous communi-ties in the Tropical North of Australia: A scoping study for the Commonwealth De-partment of Climate Change. Canberra, Aus-tralia: Department of Climate Change. Ac-cessed 22 March 2016
  44. Gurung, G. B. and Bhandari D. (2009). Integrated Approach to Climate Change Adaptation
  45. Haiyan, Thelma, Ike, Fengshen, Washi, Durian, Bo-pha, Trix, Amy, Nina. January 19, 2016. How Is Climate Change Affecting The Philip-pines?
  46. Hanson-Easey, Scott and Alana Hansen, (2016) Climate Change Impacts On Vulnerable Com-munities In The Coastal Zone CoastAdapt Impact Sheet 9, National Climate Change Ad-aptation Research Facility,
  47. Gold Coast.
  48. Harmonizing Population And Coastal Resources In The Philippines, Published In World Watch Magazine, September/October 2004, Volume 17, No. 5
  49. Hasan, Zaid (2015). Artisan Fishers’ Perception of and Adaptation to Climate Change in the Southeast Coast in Bangladesh
  50. Hossain, Md. Afjal, Md. Imran Reza, Sania Rahman., Imrul Kayes. (2011). Climate Change And Its Impacts On The Livelihoods Of The Vulnera-ble People In The Southwestern Coastal Zone In Bangladesh
  51. Https://Prezi.Com/Jxtt5vzm3bhm/San-Salvador-MasinlocZambales/17September 2014
  52. https://www.google.com.ph/
  53. https://www.psa.gov.ph./glossary/terms/indicator/details.asp?strlndi=66
  54. Idrisa, Y.L. B. O. Ogunbameru1, A. A. Ibrahim1 and D. B. Bawa1 (2012). Analysis of Awareness and Adaptation to Climate Change among Farmers in the Sahel Savannah Agro-ecological Zone of Borno State, Nigeria
  55. Idrisa, Y.L., et al. (2012), Analysis of Awareness and Adaptation to Climate Change among Farm-ers in the Sahel Savannah Agro-ecological zone of Borno, State, Nigeria, British Journal of Environment and Climate Change
  56. IPCC (1990) Sea Level Rise: Climate Change: the IPCC Scientific Assessment. Cambridge
  57. J.T. Klein (2002). Coastal Vulnerability, Resilience And Adaptation To Climate Change: An Inter-disciplinary Perspective
  58. Journal of Environmental and Public Health Vol-ume 2016 (2016), Article ID 9654753, 9 page http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9654753
  59. Journal of Forest and Livelihood, Kathmandu: For-est Action Nepal.
  60. Karfakis Panagiotis, et al. (2012). The Assessment Of The Socio-Economic Impacts Of Climate. Change At Household Level And Policy Impli-cations
  61. Katon, M, et al Robert S. Pomeroy Len R. Garces, Albert M. Salamanca Fisheries Management Of San Salvador Island, Philippines: A Shared Responsibility
  62. Klein J, Staudt M (2006) Evaluation of future sea level rise impacts in Pärnu / Estonia. In: Schmidt-Thomé P. (ed), Sea level change af-fecting the spatial development in the Baltic Sea Region (Seareg). Geol Surv Finland Spec Pap 41:71-81
  63. Klein, Richard J.T. (2002), Coastal Vulnerability, Resilience And Adaptation To Climate, Change: An Interdisciplinary Perspective

  64.  

  65. Lebel, L. (2013) Local Knowledge And Adaptation To Climate Change In Natural Resource-Based Societies Of The Asia Pacific. Mitigation And Adaptation Strategies For Global Change, 18, 1057-1076
  66. Leiserowitz, A. (2007). Global public perception, opinion, and understanding of climate change: Current patterns, trends, and limitations. Thematic paper for: Human development re-port 2007: Climate change and human devel-opment—Rising to the challenge. United Na-tions Development Program.
  67. Leonardo, Empress., San Salvador Masinloc, Zam-bales Livingston, Gretchen (2015). Family Size Among Mothers
  68. Lokhande, Murlidhar (2015) Socio- Economic Im-pact of Climate Change, Volume : 5 | Issue : 8 | August 2015 | ISSN - 2249-555X Indian Jour-nal of Published Research
  69. Lopez, Maria Elena. (1991). “The Filipino Family as Home for the Aged.” Elderly in Asia Report No. 91-7. 1 1991
  70. Loughnan, M., N. Tapper, K. Lynch, J. McInnes, and T. Phan, (2016): A Spatial Vulnerability Analysis Of Urban Populations During Extreme Heat Events In Australian Capital Cities. National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility, Gold Coast, 128pp. Accessed 22 March 2016.
  71. Loughnan, M., N. Tapper, K. Lynch, J. McInnes, and T. Phan, 2013: A spatial vulnerability analysis of urban populations during extreme heat events in Australian capital cities. National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility, Gold Coast, 128pp. Accessed 22 March 2016
  72. Lugendo, B.R. 2007. Utilisation by fishes of shallow-water habitats including mangroves and seagrass beds along the Tanzanian coast. PhD Thesis, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands, 168pp.
  73. Maponya, P., & Mpandeli, S. (2012). Climate Change and Agricultural Production in South Africa: Impacts and Adaptation options. Journal of Agricultural Science, 4(10), 48-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v4n10p48
  74. Maponya1, Phokele, Sylvester Mpandeli2 & Samuel Oduniyi. (2013) Climate ChangeAwareness in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa
  75. Marshall, N. A., Park, S., Howden, S.M., Dowd, A.B., Jakku, E.S. (2013) Climate change awareness is associated with enhanced adaptive capaci-ty. Agricultural Systems, 117, 30-34.
  76. Mboya, Odhiambo Tom (2013). Effects of Weather and Climate Variability on Fishing Activities and Fishers’Adaptive Capacity in Mbita Divi-sion-Homa Bay County,
  77. Kenys Mbwambo, J.S., Ndelolia, D., Madalla, N., Mnembuka, B., Lamtane, H.A., Mwandya, A.W., and Zahabu, E., (2012) Climate Change Im-pacts and Adaptation Among Coastal and Mangrove Dependent Communities: A Case of Bagamoyo District.
  78. Miller, G.T., 2004. Living in the Environment. Brooks/ Cole-Thomson Learning, USA.
  79. Montebon, Marivic (2018). Preparedness, Institu-tional Support Needed
  80. Muhammad Imzan Hassan and Nurul Hanira Rah-mat (2016) The Effect Of Coastline Changes To Local Community’s Social-Economic
  81. Müller-Kuckelberg, K. (2012) Climate Change and its Impact on the Livelihood of Farmers and Agricultural Workers in Ghana
  82. Müller-Kuckelberg, Kristina. (2012) Climate Change and its Impact on the Livelihood of Farmers and Agricultural Workers in Ghana
  83. Mwamba, Leonard. (2013) Vulnerability and Adaptability: Modelling the Adaptive Capacity of Rural Households to Environmental Changes National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility, Gold Coast., 2016
  84. Natural Resources Canada, 2004. Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation: A Canadian Perspec-tive. Ottawa, Canada.
  85. Nhemachena C., And Hassan R.,(2007) Mico-Level Analysis Of Farmers’’ Adaptation To Climate Change In Southern Africa, IFPRI Discussion Paper No. 00714, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington DC, USA
  86. Nigatu, A. S.,Asamoah B. O., and kloos, H. (2014). Knowledge and perceptions about the health impact of climate change among health Sci-ences students in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study BMC PublicHealth. 14, 587, Retrieved from, http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/14712458-14-587.
  87. O’Neill MS, Carter R, Kish JK, Gronlund CJ, White-Newsome JL,Manarolla X, Zanobetti A, Schwartz JD (2009) Preventing heatrelated morbidity and mortality: new approaches in a changing climate. Maturitas 64:98–103
  88. OECD (2009). Integrating Climate Change Adapta-tion into Development Co-Operation. OECD Publishing: Paris. Accessed online 15/3/15: www.sourceoecd.org/development/9789264054769
  89. Ogalleh, S.A., et al. (2012)., Local Perceptions and Responses to Climate Change andVariability: The Case of Laikipia District, Kenya
  90. Ogalleh, Sarah Ayeri, et. al. (2012) Local Percep-tions and Responses to Climate Change and Variability: The Case of Laikipia District, Ken-ya,
  91. Olutegbe N. S.1* and Fadairo O. S2., (2015) Corre-lates and Determinants of Climate Change Ad-aptation Strategies of Food Crop Farmers in Oke-Ogun Area of South-Western Nigeria Online ISSN 2277-1808 Journal’s URL:http://www.bepls.com
  92. Ordoñez II, Jose A., (2008), Environmental Biology: Philippine Setting. National Bookstore
  93. Osman-Elasha, Balgis. (2010) Climate Change Adap-tation:Options And Good Practices At Arab Region
  94. Oven, K., Curtis S, Reaney S., Riva,M., Stewart M., Ohlemuller R., Dunn C., Nodwell S., Dominelli L., & Holden R.,(2012). Climate Change And Health And Social Care. Defining Future Haz-ard, Vulnerability And Risk For Infrastructure Systems Supporting Older People’s Health Care In England.Applied Geography, 33, 16-24
  95. Parganiha, Omprakash (2016). Farmers’’ Percep-tion About Climate Change And Its Impact On Agriculture And Allied Activities In Chhattis-garh Plains
  96. Parganiha, Omprakash(2016) Farmers’ Perception About Climate Change and Its Impact on Agri-culture and Allied Activities in Chhattisgarh Plains
  97. Parry, Martin L., Canziani, Osvaldo F., Palutikof, Jean P., van der Linden, Paul J., and Hanson, Clair E. IPCC, 2007: Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 1000
  98. Paskoff, Roland P. (2010). Effects Of Sea-Level Rise On Coastal Cities And Residential Areas Lu-mière University, Lyon, France
  99. Perez, Rosa T., et al., (1999) Climate Change Impacts And Responses In The Philippines Coastal Sector
  100. Perez, Rosa T., Leoncio A. Amadore, Renato B. Feir. (1999). Climate Change Impacts And Re-sponses In The Philippines Coastal Sector. Vol. 12: 97–107, 1999 Published August 27 © In-ter-Research 1999. Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical And Astronomical Services Ad-ministration (PAGASA),
  101. Sango, Ishumael. (2013). An Investigation Of Communal Farmers’s Livelihoods AndClimate Change Challenges And Opportunities In Ma-konde Rural, District Of Zimbabwe
  102. Saroar, M. & Routray, J. K. (2010). Why does climate change awareness differ? Lessons learned from Bangladesh. Paper presented at the 2nd International Conference on Climate Change, Sustainability and Development in Semi- arid regions held between 16-20 August, 2010 in Fortaleza - Ceará, Brazil.
  103. Sesabo, J. 2006. Marine resource conservation and poverty reduction strategies inTanzania. Hamburg studies on maritime affairs 8: 131pp.
  104. Shelesky, Stephen., (2016). Examining the Econom-ic Impacts of Climate Change onColorado Ski Communities Through 2050
  105. Shuan,I. (2018). Role of Women in the Family and Society. https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com Sidr and Aila Russell Kabir,1 Hafiz T. A. Khan,2,3 Emma Ball,4 and Kay Caldwell, (2016) Climate Change Impact: The Experience of the Coastal Areas of Bangladesh Affected by Cy-clones
  106. Smit, B. and Pilifosova, O. (2001). Adaptation to Climate Change. In: Context of Sustainable De-velopment and Equity. Contribution of the Working Group to the Third Assessment Re-port of the Intergovernmental Panel on Cli-mate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom. pp. 879–912.
  107. Stanton, Elizabeth A, Frank Ackerman, Flávia Resende, (2009). The Socio-Economic Impact of Climate Change in Armenia, Stockholm En-vironment Institute – U.S. Center Tufts Uni-versity, 11 Curtis Avenue Somerville, MA 02144, www.sei-us.
  108. Tacio, Henrylito D., (2010). Climate Change and Effects On The Philippines U.S. Agency for In-
  109. ternational Development (USAID). Adapting to Coastal Climate Change: A Guidebook for Development Planners May 2009
  110. Takepart LLC, What is climate change? (June 17, 2016), Participant Media
  111. Tenenbaum, Laura, et al. (2017), NASA's Jet Pro-pulsion Lab., California Institute of Technolo-gy
  112. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sci-ences, Volume XLII-4/W1, 2016 International Conference on Geomatic and Geospatial Tech-nology (GGT) 2016, 3–5 October 2016, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia USGS
  113. Thomas, Darren (2008). Development of a Coastal Community Climate Change Action Plan for Arviat, Nunavut
  114. Thomas, Darren (2008). Development of a Coastal Community Climate Change Action Plan for Arviat, Nunavut
  115. Timothy J. Wallington,Jayaraman Srinivasan,Ole John Nielsen,Ellie J. Highwood, (2004), Green-house Gases And Global Warming, in Envi-ronmental and Ecological Chemistry, [Ed. Ale-ksandar Sabljic], in Encyclopedia of Life Sup-port Systems (EOLSS), Developed under the Auspices of the UNESCO, Eolss Publishers, Ox-ford ,UK,  [ http://www.eolss.net] www.epa.ie/researchandeducation/
  116. Twum- Barimah,P., Osei, K.S., and Oppong, D. (2015): Assessment of people ‘s Knowledge and Perception on Climate Change: A case study of Asunafo North District, Ghana. Inter-national Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology. 4 (1), 18417-18424
  117. Understanding The Philippine Coastal Environment :An Endangered Coastal Environment http://www.oneocean.org/about_crmp/where_we_are.html
  118. Understanding the risk, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report, 2007.United Nations Development Program. Gender, Climate Change and Com-munity-based Adaptation: A Guidebook for Designing and Implementing Gender-Sensitive Community-Based Adaptation Pro-grammes and Projects, July 2010
  119. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. (2007) Climate Change: Impacts, Vul-nerabilities And Adaptation In Developing Countries University Press, Cambridge
  120. USAID, (2009). Adapting To Coastal Climate Change A Guidebook For Development Planners Uz-zaman, Arfan Md. (2014). Impact of Sea Level Rise in the Coastal Areas of Bangladesh: A Macroeconomic Analysis Journal of Econom-ics and Sustainable Development ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online) Vol.5, No.18, 2014 Vardiman, L. 2008. A New Theory of Climate Change. Acts & Facts.
  121. Warwick, R. A., Barrow, E. M., & Wigley, T. M. L. (1993). Climate And Sea-Level Change: Obser-vations, Projections, And Implications: Cam-bridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. www.dictionary.com
  122. Yirga, C, T, (2007). The dynamics of soil degradation and incentives for optimalmanagement in Central
  123. Highlands of Ethiopia, Ph.D. Thesis. Department of Agricultural Economics, Ex-tension, and Rural Development, University of Pretoria, South Africa
  124. Yoskowitz, D.W. James Gibeaut, Ali McKenzie, (2009). The Socio-Economic Impact of Sea Level Rise in the Galveston Bay Region June 2009
  125. Zsamboky, Mary, et al, (2011) Impacts of Climate Change on Disadvantaged UK Coastal Com-munities

Tools


Copyright © 2024  KITE Digital Educational Solutions |  Exclusively distributed by CE-Logic