HomePsychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journalvol. 3 no. 2 (2022)

Uncertainty, and Fear and Anxiety Among COVID-19 Vaccinated Filipinos in Rizal Province: Basis for Program

Jianselle To | Hanzen Reyes

Discipline: Education

 

Abstract:

The main focus of this study was to determine the uncertainty level and fear and anxiety level among COVID-19 vaccinated Filipinos in Rizal province. This study utilized quantitative descriptive, correlational, and comparative research design. Through the snowball sampling technique, the respondents of the study were 140 COVID-19 vaccinated Filipinos in Rizal province. Standard questionnaires such as the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale – Short Form (IUS-12) and Anxiety and Fear of COVID-19 Assessment Scale were utilized as survey instruments for the gathering of data. Using a five-point Likert Scale and simple mean, the findings revealed that the uncertainty levels among COVID-19 vaccinated Filipinos in Rizal province was very high. Meanwhile, using ten-point Likert Scale and simple mean, fear and anxiety level among COVID-19 vaccinated Filipinos in Rizal province before vaccination was very high, while after vaccination was high. The study also found out that there was a significant difference in the fear and anxiety level before and after vaccination. There was a significant relationship between uncertainty level and fear and anxiety level among COVID-19 vaccinated Filipinos in Rizal province.



References:

  1. Ahmed, M. A., Jouhar, R., Ahmed, N., Adnan, S., Aftab, M., Zafar, M. S., & Khurshid, Z. (2020). Fear and Practice Modifications among Dentists to Combat Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Outbreak. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(8), 2821. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082821
  2. Alnazly, E., Khraisat, O. M., Al-Bashaireh, A. M., & Bryant, C. L. (2021). Anxiety, depression, stress, fear and social support during COVID-19 pandemic among Jordanian healthcare workers. PLOS ONE, 16(3), e0247679.
  3. Bakioğlu, F., Korkmaz, O., & Ercan, H. (2020). Fear of COVID-19 and Positivity: Mediating Role of Intolerance of Uncertainty, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19(6), 2369–2382.
  4. Bilge, Y., Keles, E., & Baydili, K. N. (2021). The Impact of COVID-19 Vaccination on Mental Health. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2021.1963558
  5. Carleton, R. N., Norton, M. P. J., & Asmundson, G. J. (2007). Fearing the unknown: A short version of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale. Journal of Anxiety Disorde
  6. Chaudhuri, K., & Howley, P. (2021). The Impact of COVID-19 Vaccination for Mental Health. SSRN Electronic Journal. Published. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3906235
  7. Corbett, G. A., Milne, S. J., Hehir, M. P., Lindow, S. W., & O’connell, M. P. (2020). Health anxiety and behavioral changes of pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 249, 96–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.04.022
  8. de Los Santos, J. A. A., & Labrague, L. J. (2021). The impact of fear of COVID-19 on job stress, and turnover intentions of frontline nurses in the community: A cross-sectional study in the Philippines. Traumatology, 27(1), 52–59. https://doi.org/10.1037/trm0000294
  9. del Valle, M. V., Andrés, M. L., Urquijo, S., Yerro-Avincetto, M., López-Morales, H., & Canet-Juric, L. (2020). Intolerance of uncertainty over COVID-19 pandemic and its effect on anxiety and depressive symptoms. Revista Interamericana de Psicología/Interamerican Journal of Psychology, 54(2), e1335.
  10. Deniz, M. E. (2021). Self-compassion, intolerance of uncertainty, fear of COVID-19, and well-being: A serial mediation investigation. Personality and Individual Differences, 177, 110824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110824
  11. Drummond, K. E., & Murphy-Reyes, A. (2018). Nutrition Research: Concepts & Applications: Concepts & Applications (Student ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.
  12. Elsharkawy, N. B., & Abdelaziz, E. M. (2020). Levels of fear and uncertainty regarding the spread of coronavirus disease (COVID‐ 19) among university students. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 57(3), 1356–1364. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12698
  13. Esser, F., & Vliegenthart, R. (2017). Comparative Research Methods. The International Encyclopedia of Communication R e s e a r c h M e t h o d s , 1 – 2 2 . h ttp s://do i.o rg/1 0.1002 /978 11 1890 1731 .iecrm0 035
  14. García-Reyna, B., Castillo-García, G. D., Barbosa-Camacho, F. J., Cervantes-Cardona, G. A., Cervantes-Pérez, E., Torres-Mendoza, B. M., Fuentes-Orozco, C., Pintor-Belmontes, K. J., Guzmán-Ramírez, B. G., Bernal-Hernández, A., González-Ojeda, A., & CervantesGuevara, G. (2020). Fear of COVID-19 Scale for Hospital Staff in Regional Hospitals in Mexico: a Brief Report. International Journal of M en ta l H e a l t h and A d d i c t i o n . P u b l i s h e d . h ttp s://do i.o rg/1 0.1007 /s114 69 -020 -0041 3 -x
  15. Godinic, D., Obrenovic, B., & Khudaykulov, A. (2020). Effects of Economic Uncertainty on Mental Health in the COVID-19 Pandemic Context: Social Identity Disturbance, Job Uncertainty and Psychological Well-Being Model. International Journal of Innovation and Economic Development , 6 (1), 61–74. https://doi.org/10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.61.2005
  16. Gómez-Salgado, J., Allande-Cussó, R., Domínguez-Salas, S., García-Iglesias, J. J., Coronado-Vázquez, V., & Ruiz-Frutos, C. (2021). Design of Fear and Anxiety of COVID-19 Assessment Tool in Spanish Adult Population. Brain Sciences, 11(3), 328. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11030328
  17. Hu, D., Kong, Y., Li, W., Han, Q., Zhang, X., Zhu, L. X., Wan, S. W., Liu, Z., Shen, Q., Yang, J., He, H. G., & Zhu, J. (2020). Frontline nurses’ burnout, anxiety, depression, and fear statuses and their associated factors during the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan, China: A large-scale cross-sectional study. EClinicalMedicine, 24, 100424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100424
  18. Huang, Y., & Yang, C. (2020). A Metacognitive Approach to Reconsidering Risk Perceptions and Uncertainty: Understand Information Seeking During COVID-19. Science Communication, 42(5), 616–642. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547020959818
  19. Johnson, T. P. (2014). Snowball Sampling: Introduction. Wiley S t a t s R e f : S t a t i s t i c s R e f e r e n c e O n l i n e . h ttp s://do i.o rg/1 0.1002 /978 11 1844 5112 .stat0 5720
  20. Koltai, J., Raifman, J., Bor, J., McKee, M., & Stuckler, D. (2022). COVID-19 Vaccination and Mental Health: A Difference-InDifference Analysis of the Understanding America Study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 62 (5), 679–687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2021.11.006
  21. LeDoux, J. E., & Pine, D. S. (2016). Using Neuroscience to Help Understand Fear and Anxiety: A Two-System Framework. American Journal of Psychiatry, 173(11), 1083–1093.
  22. Mertens, G., Gerritsen, L., Duijndam, S., Salemink, E., & Engelhard, I. M. (2020). Fear of the coronavirus (COVID-19): Predictors in an online study conducted in March 2020. Journal of A n x i e t y D i s o r d e r s , 7 4 , 1 0 2 2 5 8 . h ttp s://do i.o rg/1 0.1016 /j.janxd is.2 020 .102 258
  23. Moors, A. (2017). Appraisal Theory of Emotion. Encyclopedia of P e rso n a lit y and In d ivid u a l Di ffe ren ce s , 1–9. h ttp s://do i.o rg/1 0.1007 /978 -3-3 19 -2 8099 -8_49 3 -1
  24. Nikopoulou, V. A., Gliatas, I., Blekas, A., Parlapani, E., Holeva, V., Tsipropoulou, V., Karamouzi, P., Godosidis, A., & Diakogiannis, I. (2022). Uncertainty, Stress, and Resilience During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Greece. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 210(4), 249–256. https://doi.org/10.1097/nmd.0000000000001491
  25. Oducado, R. M., Parreño-Lachica, G., & Rabacal, J. (2021). Personal resilience and its influence on COVID-19 stress, anxiety and fear among graduate students in the Philippines. IJERI: International Journal of Educational Research and Innovation, 15, 431–443. https://doi.org/10.46661/ijeri.5484
  26. Pak, H., Süsen, Y., Denizci Nazlıgül, M., & Griffiths, M. (2021). The Mediating Effects of Fear of COVID-19 and Depression on the Association Between Intolerance of Uncertainty and Emotional Eating During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Turkey. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction . Published. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-021-00489-z
  27. Parlapani, E., Holeva, V., Nikopoulou, V. A., Sereslis, K., Athanasiadou, M., Godosidis, A., Stephanou, T., & Diakogiannis, I. (2020). Intolerance of Uncertainty and Loneliness in Older Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00842
  28. Perez-Arce, F., Angrisani, M., Bennett, D., Darling, J., Kapteyn, A., & Thomas, K. (2021). COVID-19 vaccines and mental distress. P L O S O N E , 1 6 ( 9 ) , e 0 2 5 6 4 0 6 . h ttp s://do i.o rg/1 0.1371 /jo u rnal.pon e.0256 406
  29. Rettie, H., & Daniels, J. (2021). Coping and tolerance of uncertainty: Predictors and mediators of mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. American Psychologist, 76(3), 427–437. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000710
  30. Ruffolo, M., Price, D., Schoultz, M., Leung, J., Bonsaksen, T., Thygesen, H., & Geirdal, A. S. (2021). Employment Uncertainty and Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic Initial Social Distancing Implementation: a Cross-national Study. Global Social W e l f a r e , 8 ( 2 ) , 1 4 1 – 1 5 0 . h ttp s://do i.o rg/1 0.1007 /s406 09 -020 -0020 1 -4
  31. Saleem, Z., Majeed, M. M., Rafique, S., Siqqiqui, Z., Ghandhi, D., Tariq, H., & Zegarra-Valdivia, J. A. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic fear and anxiety among healthcare professionals in Pakistan. COVID19 Pandemic Fear and Anxiety among Healthcare P r o f e s s i o n a l s in P a k i s t a n . P u b l i s h e d . h ttp s://do i.o rg/1 0.2120 3/rs.3.rs-3 7608 /v2
  32. Satici, B., Saricali, M., Satici, S. A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). Intolerance of Uncertainty and Mental Wellbeing: Serial Mediation by Rumination and Fear of COVID-19. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. Published.
  33. Smith, B. M., Twohy, A. J., & Smith, G. S. (2020). Psychological inflexibility and intolerance of uncertainty moderate the relationship between social isolation and mental health outcomes during COVID-19. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 18, 162–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.09.005
  34. Srivastava, A., Bala, R., Srivastava, A. K., Mishra, A., Shamim, R., & Sinha, P. (2020). Anxiety, obsession and fear from coronavirus in Indian population: a web-based study using COVID-19 specific scales. International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public H e a l t h , 7 ( 1 1 ) , 4 5 7 0 . h ttp s://do i.o rg/1 0.1820 3/23 94 -6040 .ijcmp h202 0476 3
  35. Starcevic, V., Schimmenti, A., & Billieux, J. (2020). A model of multifaceted fear during the COVID-19 pandemic and balancing between overemphasising and neglecting the distinction between fear and anxiety: A reply to Heeren (2020). Clinical Neuropsychiatry: Journal of Treatment Evaluation, 17(4), 255–259.
  36. Superio, D. L., Anderson, K. L., Oducado, R. M. F., Luceño, M. T., Palcullo, V. E. V., & Bendalian, M. V. T. (2021). The informationseeking behavior and levels of knowledge, precaution, and fear of college students in Iloilo, Philippines amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 62, 102414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102414
  37. Tee, M. L., Tee, C. A., Anlacan, J. P., Aligam, K. J. G., Reyes, P. W. C., Kuruchittham, V., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 379–391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.043
  38. Voitsidis, P., Nikopoulou, V. A., Holeva, V., Parlapani, E., Sereslis, K., Tsipropoulou, V., Karamouzi, P., Giazkoulidou, A., Tsopaneli, N., & Diakogiannis, I. (2020). The mediating role of fear of COVID‐19 in the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and depression. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 94(3), 884–893. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12315
  39. Wegwarth, O., Wagner, G. G., Spies, C., & Hertwig, R. (2020). Assessment of German Public Attitudes Toward Health Communications With Varying Degrees of Scientific Uncertainty Regarding COVID-19. JAMA Network Open, 3(12), e2032335. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.32335
  40. Xu, T., & Sattar, U. (2020). Conceptualizing COVID-19 and Public Panic with the Moderating Role of Media Use and Uncertainty in China: An Empirical Framework. Healthcare, 8(3), 249. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8030249
  41. Yu, K. D. S., Aviso, K. B., Santos, J. R., & Tan, R. R. (2020). The Economic Impact of Lockdowns: A Persistent Inoperability InputO u t p u t A p p r o a c h . E c o n o m i e s , 8 ( 4 ) , 1 0 9 . https://doi.org/10.3390/economies8040109.
  42. Yuan, Y., Deng, Z., Chen, M., Yin, D., Zheng, J., Liu, Y., Liu, X., Zou, H., Zhang, C., & Sun, C. (2021). Changes in Mental Health and Preventive Behaviors before and after COVID-19 Vaccination: A Propensity Score Matching (PSM) Study. Vaccines, 9(9), 1044. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9091044