Improving the Teaching of TLE-Garment Construction Through Recorded Video Lessons (RVL) as Supplementary Learning Tool
Ellanie Temple
Discipline: Education
Abstract:
This research aimed to determine the efficacy of recorded video lessons as a supplementary teaching method in TLE-Garment Construction for Bachelor of Technology and Livelihood Education (BTLEd) 2nd-year students at Cebu Technological University Barili Campus during the School Year 2021-2022 as a foundation for video-based learning activities. TLE is a performance-based curriculum that has been challenging in imparting knowledge to students in today's new standard of education on online learning. Therefore, recorded video lessons were supplementary teaching tools that helped students understand the scope and concept of the lesson in greater depth. This study used a quasi-experimental method comprised of pre-test and post-test administered before and after the implementation of the intervention. It assessed the respondents' performance in the different basics of Locating the Body Points, Taking the Body Measurements, and Using Tools Needed in Pattern Drafting. Moreover, core competencies on Pattern Drafting and Lay- outing on Simple Blouse with set-in Sleeve and convertible Collar and Trouser and Sewing Construction of A-line Skirt. Recorded Video Lessons (RVL) utilized to expand the skill, knowledge, and understanding of specific concepts in Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE)-Garment Construction subject. The study further revealed a significant difference (p-value =0.00) between the pre-test and post-test performance of the students as to the competencies mentioned above. According to the results' interpretation, the intervention improved the students' performance level. It is recommended that the proposed video-based learning activity could be used in different subject matter that entails skill acquisition.
References:
- Abbas, W., & Asghar, I. (2010). The Role of Leadership in Organizational Change: Relating the Successful Organizational Change with Visionary and Innovative Leadership. https://www.divaportal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A326289&dswid=2174
- Alyami, M., Henning, M., Krägeloh, C.U. et al. Psychometric Evaluation of the Arabic Version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. Int J Ment Health Addiction 19, 2219–2232 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00316-x
- Alnazly E, Khraisat OM, Al-Bashaireh AM, Bryant CL (2021) Anxiety, depression, stress, fear and social support during COVID-19 pandemic among Jordanian healthcare workers. PLoS ONE 16(3): e0247679. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247679
- Arruda, W. (2020). 6 Ways COVID-19 Will Change the Workplace Forever. Accessed December 12, 2021 from https://www.forbes.com/sites/williamarruda/2020/05/07/6-ways-COVID-19-will-change-the-workplace-forever/#24ad43cc323e
- Bartik, A. W., Bertrand, M., Cullen, Z., Glaeser, E. L., Luca, M., &; Stanton, C. (2020, July 28). The impact of COVID-19 on small business outcomes and expectations. PNAS. Retrieved December 13, 2021, from https://www.pnas.org/content/117/30/17656.
- Bitan, D., Grossman-Giron, A., Bloch, Y., Mayer, Y., Shiffman, N., & Mendlovic, S. (2020). Fear of COVID-19 scale: Psychometric characteristics, reliability and validity in the Israeli population. Psychiatry Research, 289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113100
- Brooks S.K., Webster R.K., Smith L.E., Woodland L., Wessely S., Greenberg N., Rubin G.J. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet. 2020
- Broche-Pérez, Y., Fernández-Fleites, Z., Jiménez-Puig, E., Fernández-Castillo, E., & Rodríguez-Martin, B. C. (2020). Gender and Fear of COVID-19 in a Cuban Population Sample. International journal of mental health and addiction, 1–9. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00343-8
- Cheng, Meng yu, and Lin, Yu-Ying The effect of gender differences in supervisors, emotional expression and leadership style on leadership effectiveness, Mar 7, 2012 https://academicjournals.org/journal/AJBM/article-abstract/74197FD29366
- Coelho, C.M., Suttiwan, P., Arato, N., and Zsido, A. (2020). On the Nature of Fear and Anxiety Triggered by COVID-19. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.581314/full
- COVID-19 case tracker: Department of Health Website. COVID-19 Case Tracker | Department of Health website. (n.d.). Retrieved December 11, 2021, from https://doh.gov.ph/COVID-19/case-tracker.
- Crismundo, K. (2021, September 30). Unemployment rate shows rough path to economic recovery: DTI. Philippine News Agency. Retrieved December 11, 2021, from https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1155211.
- Davis, L. E., Trist, E. L. (1974). Improving The Quality Of Working Life: Sociotechnical Case Studies. in James O’toole (Edt.) Work And The Quality Of Life Resource Papers For Work In America (p.246- 279).
- De la rey, C. Gender, Women and Leadership https://www.jstor.org/stable/4066646
- Dillard, Dana Marie, "The Transactional Theory of Stress and Coping: Predicting Posttraumatic Distress in Telecommunicators" (2019). Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies. 6719. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6719
- Dwiri, B., & Okatan, K. (2021). The impact of gender on leadership styles and leadership effectiveness. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 10(1), 1419–1434. https://doi.org/10.21275/sr21126183926
- Easton, S.; Van Laar, D., (2018). User Manual for the Work-Related Quality of Life (WRQoL) Scale: A Measure of Quality of Working Life, 2nd ed.; University of Portsmouth: Portsmouth, UK.
- Ellsworth, D., Mendy, A., & Sullivan, G. (2020, October 9). How the LGBTQ+ community fares in the workplace. McKinsey & Company. Retrieved December 14, 2021, from https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/diversity-and-inclusion/how-the-lgbtq-plus-commnity-fares-in-the-workplace
- Employees Likely to Work Remotely Post COVID-19. (2020, April 14). Gartner. Retrieved December 10, 2021, from https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2020-04-14-gartner-hr-survey-reveals-41--of-employees-likely-to-
- Felman, A. (2020, January 11). What to know about anxiety. What to Know about Anxiety. Retrieved December 9, 2021, from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323454
- Felstead, A. and Jewson, N. (2000), In Work, at Home, London: Routledge
- Fric, K. How does being out at work relate to discrimination and unemployment of gays and lesbians?. J Labour Market Res 53, 14 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12651-019-0264-1
- Grossman, P.J. Komai, M. and Jensen, J.E. Leadership and gender in groups: An experiment. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43818279
- Hasan, A. and Othman, A. When it comes to leadership, does gender matter? https://www.arabianjbmr.com/pdfs/OM_VOL_2_(10)/8.pdf
- Hassell, B. (2017, February 27). The Importance of Inspirational Leadership. Chief Learning Officer. Retrieved October 16, 2021, from https://www.chieflearningofficer.com/2017/02/27/importance-inspirational-leadership-reshaped-world/
- Hernández Breña, Wilson & Burneo Vigo, Andrea & Cassaretto, Monica. (2021). Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Adaptation and psychometric properties in Peruvian population. Ansiedad y Estrés. 27. 103-111. 10.5093/anyes2021a14.
- Highlights of the National Capital Region (NCR) Population 2020 Census of Population and Housing (2020 CPH) | Philippine Statistics Authority. (n.d.). Https://Psa.Gov.Ph/Content/Highlights-National-Capital-Region-Ncr-Population-2020-Census-Population-and-Housing-2020. Retrieved November 9, 2021, from https://psa.gov.ph/content/highlights-national-capital-region-ncr-population-2020-census-population-and-housing-2020
- Hill, E.J., Ferris, M., & Märtinsona, V. (2003). Does it matter where you work? A comparison of how three work venues (traditional office, virtual office, and home office) influence aspects of work and personal/family life. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 63 , pp. 220-241, 10.1016/S0001-8791(03)00042-3
- Horowitz, J. M., Igielnik, R., & Parker, K. (2018, September 20). Views on leadership traits and competencies and how they intersect with gender. Pew Research Center. Retrieved October 12, 2021, from https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2018/09/20/2-views-on-leadership-trats-and-competencies-and-how-they-intersect-with-gender/.
- Horsta, D. J., Broday, E. E., Bondarick, R., Serpe, L. F.,&; Pilattie, L. A. (2016, March 29). Quality of working life and productivity: An overview of the conceptual framework. Academia.edu. Retrieved December 15, 2021, from https://www.academia.edu/23093506/Quality_of_Working_Life_and_Productivity_An_Overview_of_the_Conceptual_Framework
- Irawanto, D.W., Novianti, K.R., and Roz, K. (2021). Work from Home: Measuring Satisfaction between Work–Life Balance and Work Stress during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia. Economies 9: 96. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies9030096
- Jayan, R. (2012). Role of Quality of Work Life on the Job Attitude and Personal Effectiveness of Engineering College Teachers. Academicia. https://www.academia.edu/840271/Role_of_Quality_of_Work_Life_on_the_Job_Attitue_and_Personal_Effectiveness_of_Engineering_College_Teachers
- Jain, S., & Jha, S. (2020). Is age just a number: Exploring fear, anxiety, and coping in individuals during COVID-19. Industrial psychiatry journal, 29(2), 293–297. https://doi.org/10.4103/ipj.ipj_183_20
- Kandula, U. R., & Wake, A. D. (2021). Assessment of Quality of Life Among Health Professionals During COVID-19: Review. Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare, 14, 3571–3585. https://doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S344055
- Karunarathna, K. D.C. (2016). Influence of gender on leadership styles and effectiveness of leader https://www.ijsrit.com/uploaded_all_files/3348599522_d5.pdf
- Kirzinger, A., Dawson, L., & Kates, J. (2021, March 11). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on LGBT people. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on LGBT People. Retrieved December 11, 2021, from https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-COVID-19/poll-finding/the-impact-of-the-COVID-19-pandemic-on-lgbt-people/.
- Kshirsagar, A., Mansour, T., McNally, L., & Metakis, M. (2020). Adapting workplace learning in the time of coronavirus. Retrieved December 11, 2021, from https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Business%20Functions/McKinsey%20Accelerate/Our%20Insights/Adapting%20workplace%20learning%20in%20the%20time%20of%20coronavirus/Adapting-workplace-learning-in-the-time-of-coronavirus-vF.pdf.
- Kossek, E.E.; Lautsch, B.A.; Eaton, S.C. Telecommuting, control, and boundary management: Correlates of policy use and practice, job control, and work–family effectiveness. J. Vocat. Behav. 2006, 68, 347–367.
- Kniffin, K.M (2020). COVID-19 and the Workplace: Implications, Issues, and Insights for Future Research and Action https://www.hbs.edu/ris/Publication%20Files/20-127_6164cbfd-37a2-489e-8bd2-c252cc7abb87.pdf
- MacKenzie, S (2013). Human-computer Interaction. Chapter 4 - Scientific Foundations.
Pages 121 -156.ISBN 9780124058651 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-405865-1.00004-2.
- Mahwish, S. Rehan, A.K. Mehrunisa, S. and Paras, O. (n.d.). Gender and Leadership effectiveness https://www.academia.edu/29920234/GENDER_AND_LEADERSHIP_EFFECTIVENESS
- Mariam, J. A. (2020). ANXIETY OF EMPLOYEES IN CORPORATE SECTOR DUE TO COVID- 19. International Research Journal of Management Sociology &; Humanities, 11(11).
- McQuaid, D. (2020, July 27). Older employees are happier at work. HRreview. Retrieved April 24,2022, from https://www.hrreview.co.uk/hr-news/older-employees-are-happier-at-work/126431?msclkid=b6dddc63c38d11ec9ca288a71afaec40 Measuring the shadow pandemic: Violence against women during COVID-19. UN Women Data Hub. (2021, November 24). Retrieved December 11, 2021, from https://data.unwomen.org/publications/vaw-rga?gclid=CjwKCAiAtdGNBhAmEiwAWxGcUpybLlanNb4gc-uHQVYn8RWwUZ3rWJEa54yfqAyLdA1H5hN3Pw0oUxoCqKcQAvD_BwE
- Meena, M.L., Dangayach, G.S., and Bhardwaj, A. (2014). “Measuring quality of work life among workers in handicraft industries of Jaipur,” International Journal of Industrial and Systems Engineering., vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 376–390. https://www.inderscience.com/info/inarticle.php?artid=62544
- Meister, J. (2020, March 31). The impact of the coronavirus on HR and the new normal of work. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeannemeister/2020/03/31/the-impact-of-the-coronavirus-on-hr-and-the-new-normal-of-work/?sh=2d826fb52
- Menaha Shanmugam, R.D.G. Amaratunga, R.P. Haigh. (n.d.). Leadership styles: Gender similarities, differences and perceptions. https://www.irbnet.de/daten/iconda/CIB16523.pdf https://doi.org/10.1108/01437731111146578
- Meena, M.L., Dangayach, G.S., and Bhardwaj A., “Measuring quality of work life among workers in handicraft industries of Jaipur,” International Journal of Industrial and Systems Engineering., vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 376–390, 2014.
- Morgeson, F. P., Mitchell, T. R., & Liu, D. (2015). Event System Theory: An Event-Oriented Approach to the Organizational Sciences. Academy of Management Review, 40(4), 515–537. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2012.0099
- Meyer IH. Resilience in the study of minority stress and health of sexual and gender minorities. Psychol Sex Orientat Gend Divers. 2015;2(3):209-213. doi:10.1037/sgd0000132.
- Moore SE, Wierenga KL, Prince DM, et al. Disproportionate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on perceived social support, mental health and somatic symptoms in sexual and gender minority populations. J Homosexuality. 2021;68(4): 1-15. doi:10.1080/00918369.2020.1868184.
- Muhamad Noor, S., and Adli, A.M., (2012). “Quality Work Life among Factory Workers in Malaysia,” Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences., vol. 35, pp. 739–745
- Nania, R. (2020, October 13). Why COVID-19 hits Men Harder Than Women. AARP. Retrieved December 11, 2021, from https://www.aarp.org/health/conditions-treatments/info-2020/why-COVID19-hits-men-harder-than-women.html.
- Nazir, T. (2020, July 8). Adjustment process during epidemics of COVID-19 and mental health.IJCRT. Retrieved December 12, 2021, from https://www.academia.edu/43554208/Adjustment_Process_during_epidemics_of_COVID_19_and_Mental_Health.
- Nikčević, A. V., & Spada, M. M. (2020, October). The COVID-19 anxiety syndrome scale: Development and psychometric properties. Psychiatry research. Retrieved December 13, 2021, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7375349/#bib0018.
- Official Gazette Philippines, (2020). Memorandum from the executive secretary on community quarantine over the entire Luzon and further guidelines for the management of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) situation. https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2020/03/16/memorandum-from-the-executive-secretary-on-community-quarantine-over-the-entire-luzon-and-further-guidelines-for-the-management-of-the-coronavirus-disease-2019-COVID-19-situation/.
- Oney, E., & Oksuzoglu-Guven, G. (2015). Confidence: A critical review of the literature and an alternative perspective for general and specific self-confidence. Psychological Reports: Mental& Physical Health, 116(1), 149-163.
- Opanković, A., Latas, M., Jerotić, S., Ristić, I., & Milovanović, S. (2021). Gender differences in depression, anxiety, and stress during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in serbia - results from an online survey. European Psychiatry, 64(S1), S270-S271. doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.726
- Ozcelik, H., & Barsade, S. (2018). No employee an island: Workplace loneliness and employee performance. Academy of Management Journal, 61, 2343–2366. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2015.1066
- Parenthood, P. (n.d.). Gender Identity & Roles: Feminine Traits; Stereotypes. Planned Parenthood. Retrieved October 13, 2021, from https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/gender-identity/sex-gender-identity/what-are-gender-roles-and-stereotypes.
- Parker, K., Horowitz, J. M., Wang, W., Brown, A.,; Pattem, E. (Eds.). (2020, August 7). What makes a good leader, and does gender matter?
- Pakpour, A. H., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). The Fear of COVID-19 and its role in preventive behaviors. Journal of Concurrent Disorders, 2(1), 58–63.
- Paustian-Underdahl, S. C., Walker, L. S., & Woehr, D. J. (2014). Gender and perceptions of leadership effectiveness: A meta-analysis of contextual moderators. Journal of Applied Psychology, 99(6), 1129–1145. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036751
- Pereira, H., Pedro, J., Mendes, C., Duarte, M., & Silva, P. G. (2021). Psychosocial Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual People Living in Portugal and Brazil—A Qualitative Study. Journal of Psychosexual Health, 3(2), 146–159. https://doi.org/10.1177/26318318211017466
- Pérez-Fuentes, M. del, Molero Jurado, M. del, Oropesa Ruiz, N. F., Martos Martínez, Á., Simón Márquez, M. del, Herrera-Peco, I., &; Gázquez Linares, J. J. (2020). Questionnaire on perception of threat from COVID-19. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(4), 1196. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9041196
- Pieterse, A.D. Stoker, J.I. Ryan, M.K. Steffens, N.K. and Rink, F. Gender Differences in How Leaders Determine Succession Potential: The Role of Interpersonal Fit with Followers. (2019, May 03). https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00752/full
- Posel, D., Oyenubi, A., and Kollamparambil, U. (2021). Job loss and mental health during the COVID-19 lockdown: Evidence from South Africa. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0249352
- Presidential Communications Operations Office, Philippines, (2020). Mar.Gov't imposes a community quarantine in Metro Manila to contain coronavirus. Retrieved from https://pcoo.gov.ph/news_releases/govt-imposes-community-quarantine-in-metro-manila-to-contain-coronavirus/.
- Qian, M. (2016). “Women’s Leadership and Corporate Performance,” ABD Economics Working Paper Series, No. 472 (January 2016). Retrieved from https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/179587/ewp-472.pdf
- Rostami, H. R., Akbarfahimi, M., Ghaffari, A., Kamali, M., & Rassafiani, M. (2021). Relationship between Work-Related Quality of Life and job satisfaction in Iranian occupational therapists. Occupational Therapy International, 2021, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6692752
- Reinwald, M. (2021). Working in the Eye of the Pandemic: Local COVID-19 Infections and Daily Employee Engagement. Frontiers. Retrieved December 14, 2021, from https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.654126/full#B42
- Salari, N. (2020). Prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis - Globalization and Health. BioMed Central. Retrieved December 14, 2021, from https://globalizationandhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12992-020-00589-w
- Samantha C. Paustian-Underdahl, L. Walker, D. J. Woehr Gender and perceptions of leadership effectiveness: a meta-analysis of contextual moderators. (2014). https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Gender-and-perceptions-of-leadership-effectiveness%3A-Paustian-Underdahl-Walker/785325556d0ad6bf075cb123333874774b2a7659
- Sears, B., Mallory, C., Flores, A., & Conron, K. (n.d.). LGBT People’s Experiences of Workplace Discrimination and Harassment. Retrieved December 16, 2021, from https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/publications/lgbt-workplace-discrimination/
- Shaikh, M., Kango, R. A., Shaikha, M., & Odhano, P. (n.d.). Gender and leadership effectiveness. Academia.edu. Retrieved October 13, 2021, from https://www.academia.edu/29920234/GENDER_AND_LEADERSHIP_EFFECTIVENESS.
- Shankar, J.V. (2014). A Study on Quality of Work Life and Employee Motivational Strategies. https://ijsrm.in/index.php/ijsrm/article/download/634/556/1083
- Shen, L. & D’Ambrosio, P. (n.d). Gender in Chinese Philosophy. Retrieved from https://iep.utm.edu/gender-c/
- Spreitzer, G. M., Cameron, L., & Garrett, L. (2017). Alternative work arrangements: Two images of the new world of work. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 4, 473–499. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032516-11333
- Shreffler, J., Petrey, J., & Huecker, M. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on Healthcare Worker Wellness: A scoping review. The western journal of emergency medicine. Retrieved December 13, 2021, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7514392/.
- Srivastava, Shefali & Kanpur, Rooma. (2014). A Study On Quality Of Work Life: Key Elements & It’s Implications. IOSR Journal of Business and Management. 16. 54-59. 10.9790/487X-16315459.
- The impact of COVID-19 on employment and jobs. OECD. (n.d.). Retrieved December 13,2021, from https://www.oecd.org/employment/COVID-19.htm.
- The Legal Landscape: Protections For Lgbt Workers Many Lgbt Workers Are People Of Color, Younger 1 , Unemployed, Undocumented, In A Lower Income Bracket, And Experiencing A Lower Level Of Overall Well-Being. 4. (n.d.). Retrieved December 15, 2021 from https://www.lgbtmap.org/file/LGBT-Workers-3-Pager-FINAL.pdf
- Tichy, N., & Bennis, W. (2014). Making Judgment Calls. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved October 16, 2021, from https://hbr.org/2007/10/making-judgment-calls
- Trougakos, J. P., Chawla, N., & McCarthy, J. M. (2020). Working in a pandemic: Exploring the impact of COVID-19 health anxiety on work, family, and health outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 105(11), 1234–1245. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000739
- Tušl, M. (2021). Impact of the COVID-19 crisis on work and private life, mental well-being and self-rated health in German and Swiss employees: a cross-sectional online survey - BMC Public Health. BioMed Central. Retrieved December 10, 2021, from https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-021-10788-8
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2021, November 10). Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved December 11, 2021, from https://www.bls.gov/cps/effects-of-the-coronavirus-COVID-19-pandemic.htm.
- Van Laar, D., Edwards, J. A., & Easton, S. (2007). The Work-Related Quality of Life scale for healthcare workers. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 60(3), 325–333.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04409.x
- Velasco, M. S. . (2021). COVID-19 pandemic: Psychological impact to employees of Private College in the Philippines. Global Education and Social Sciences (GESS). Retrieved December 15, 2021, from https://www.academia.edu/43269610/COVID_19_Pandemic_Psychological_Impact_to_Employees_of_Private_College_in_the_Philippines
- Wallace, N. (2018). The Best Cities for Women in Tech in 2016. SmartAsset. https://smartasset.com/mortgage/best-cities-for-women-in-tech-2016
- World Health Organization. (n.d.). Coronavirus. World Health Organization. Retrieved December 11, 2021, from https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus#tab=tab_1.
- World Health Organization. (n.d.). Gender and Health. World Health Organization. Retrieved December 15, 2021, from https://www.who.int/health-topics/gender#tab=tab_1
- World Health Organization. (n.d.). Who manifesto for a healthy recovery from COVID-19. World Health Organization. Retrieved December 13, 2021, from https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/who-manifesto-for-a-healthy-recovery-from-COVID-19.
- World Health Organization. (n.d.). Who coronavirus (COVID-19) dashboard. World Health Organization. Retrieved December 11, 2021, from https://COVID19.who.int/.
- Wiley, M. G., & Eskilson, A. (1982). The interaction of sex and power base on perceptions of managerial effectiveness. Academy of Management Journal, 25, 671-677.
- Wu, X., Nazari, N., and Griffiths, M.D. (2021). Using Fear and Anxiety Related to COVID-19 to Predict Cyberchondria: Cross-sectional Survey Study. https://www.jmir.org/2021/6/e26285/
- Yaqoub, H. (n.d.). Effects of Gender on Leadership.
- Zeynep Şimşir;Hayri Koç;Tolga Seki;Mark D. Griffiths; (2021). The relationship between fear of COVID-19 and mental health problems: A meta-analysis . Death Studies, (), –.doi:10.1080/07481187.2021.1889097
- Zmorenski, D. (2012b, October 8). Why Leaders Must Have Vision. Reliable Plant. Retrieved October 16, 2021, from https://www.reliableplant.com/Read/29109/ leaders-have -vision