Stress and Coping Mechanisms of Teachers: Basis for A Stress Management Program
Anjenette Paril
Discipline: Education
Abstract:
COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the lives of teachers and brought undue amount of stress to an already challenging teaching profession. In this correlational study, the association between the stress level, and the corresponding coping mechanisms used by the teachers at Kasiglahan Village Elementary School was determined. The research instrument has three parts: the demographic profile, the stress level, and the coping mechanism. A total of 223 participants joined this study. The stress level experienced in terms of teaching function, non-teaching function, home, community, and issues on COVID-19 is similar regardless of age, civil status, number of children, educational attainment, and teaching position. However, male teachers experienced a higher level of stress in terms of teaching and non-teaching function while teachers handling online classes have higher stress levels at home compared to their printed modular modality counterpart. The coping mechanisms are frequently employed and similar across the demographic profile. The result shows that as stress level becomes higher, the used of coping mechanisms became more frequent. These imply that there is a need for interventions in the form of school policy changes, assistance, and stress management program to lessen the stress being experienced.
References:
- Addison, K. A. & Yankyera, G. (2015). An Investigation into How Female Teachers Manage Stress and Teacher Burnout: A Case Study of West Akim Municipality of Ghana. Journal of Education and Practice , 6 (10), 1-24. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1081677.pdf.
- Alson, J. (2019). Stress among Public School Teachers. Journal of Research Initiatives, 4 (2). https://digitalcommons.uncfsu.edu/jri/vol4/iss2/3.
- Antunez, J.J., Montes, A.A., Navarro, F.F., & Sanchez, H.M. (2018). Effect of a Job Demand- Control-Social Support Model on Accounting Professionals’ Health Perception. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 15(11), 2437. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112437.
- Apuke, O. D. (2017). Quantitative Research Methods: A Synopsis Approach. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 6(10), 40-48. https://doi: 10.12816/ 0040336.
- Asaloei, S. I., Wolomasi, A. K., & Werang, B. R. (2020). WorkRelated Stress and Performance among Primary School Teachers. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE), 9(2), 352. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v9i2.20335.
- Asia Society Philippines. (2020). Asian Perspective Back-ToSchool: Challenges for The Philippines and Responses from Around Asia. https://asiasociety.org/sites/default/files/2020-10.pdf.
- Baqutayan, S. M. (2015). Stress and Coping Mechanisms: A Historical Overview. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6(2), 1. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n2s1p479.
- Bermejo-Toro, L. (2014). Absenteeism, Burnout and Symptomatology of Teacher Stress: Sex Differences. International Journal of educational Psychology. International Journal of education. IJEP – International Journal of Educational Psychology, 3(2), 175-201. https://doi:10.4471/ijep.2014.10.
- Byaraktar, H. V. & Yilmaz, K. O. (2016). Examination of StressCoping Methods of Primary School Teachers in Terms of Different Variables. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 4(8), 167-179. https://doi:10.11114/jets.v4i8.1673.
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Coping with Stress. https://www.cdc.gov/mentalhealth/stress-coping/cope-with-stress/index.html.
- Costescu, C., Chelba, I., Rosan, A., Kovari, A. & Katona, J. (2021). Cognitive Patterns and Coping Mechanisms in the Context of Internet Use. Applied Science , 11(3), 1302. https://doi.org/10.3390/app 11031302.
- Department of Education. (October 2021). Celebration of the 2021 World Mental Health Day and National Mental Health Week. OUA Memo 00-1021-0038. https://depedcar.ph/sites/default/files/announcementFiles/20211013_17062794.pdf.
- Department of Education. (October 2021). DepEd Starts Conducting Series of Activities in Line With 2021 National Mental Health Week. https://www.deped.gov.ph/2021/10/14/deped-startsconducting-series-of-activities-in-line-with-2021-national-mentalhealth-week.
- Department of Education. (May 2020). DepEd Reinforces Mental Health Awareness Campaign Amid COVID-19 Situation. https://www.deped.gov.ph/2020/05/20/deped-reinforces-mentalhealth-awareness-campaign-amid-covid-19-situation.
- Dillard, D. M. (2019). The Transactional Theory of Stress and Coping: Predicting Post-Traumatic Distress Telecommunicators. Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection, 1-272. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7998&context=dissertations.
- Ekici, F. Y. (2017). The Relationship Between the Styles of Coping with Stress and the Levels of Hopelessness of Preschool Teachers. Higher Education Studies, 7(1), 78. https://doi.org/10.5539/hes.v7n1p78.
- Fergusson, K., Mang C., & Frost, L. (2017). Teacher Stress and Social Support Usage. Brock Education Journal, 26(2), 62-86. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1160705.pdf.
- Ferren, M. (2021). Social and Emotional Supports for Educators During and After the Pandemic. Center for American Progress. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED613782.pdf.
- Frey, B. B. (2018). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Educational Research, Measurement, and Evaluation . https://doi:10.4135/9781506326139.
- Ismail, S. N., Abdullah, A. S., & Abdullah, A. G. K. (2019). The Effect of School Leaders’ Authentic Leadership on Teachers’ Job Stress in the Eastern Part of Peninsular Malaysia. International Journal of Instruction, 12(2), 67-80. https://doi:10.29333/iji.2019.1225a.
- Kabbi, M. & Al-Hroub, A. (2018). Stress and Coping Strategies Used by Special Education and General Classroom Teachers. International Journal of Special Education, 33 (1), 36- 61. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1184086.pdf.
- Kılınç, A. Ç., Cemaloğlu, N., & Savaş, G. (2015). The Relationship Between Teacher Leadership, Teacher Professionalism, and Perceived Stress. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 58, 1-26. https://doi:10.14689/ejer.2015.58.5.
- Kabito, G.G., Wami, S.D. Perceived Work-Related Stress and Its Associated Factors Among Public Secondary School Teachers in Gondar City: A Cross-Sectional Study from Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes 13, 36 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-020-4901-0.
- Klaproth, F., Federkeil, L. , Heinschke, F. & Jungmann, T. (2020). Teachers’ Experiences of Stress and Their Coping Strategies during COVID-19 Induced Distance Teaching. Journal of Pedagogical Research, 4(4), 444-452. https//doi.org/10.33902/jpr2020062805.
- Kumar, H. & Kumar, A. (2015). Psycho-Social Factors Causing Stress: A Study of Teacher Educators. Journal of Education and Practice, 6(4), 125-130. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1083764.pdf.
- Lagos, H. O., & Magallanes, C. I. (2020). Stress and Coping Strategies of High School Teachers of Antique Diocesan Catholic Schools. Philippine Social Science Journal, 3(2), 83-84. https://doi.org/10.52006/main.v3i2.175.
- Landy, F. J. & Conte, J. M. (2015). Work in the 21st Century: An Introduction to Industrial and Organizational Psychology. John Wiley and Sons Inc. 4 th Edition, 397-398.
- Lynch, M. (2020). E-Learning During a Global Pandemic. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 15(1), 189-195. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3881785.
- Moses, A. E. (2016). Stress Management and Teachers’ Productivity in Cameroon: Lessons from Momo division. Journal of Education and Practice, 7 (33), 72-82.
- Moses, A. E. (2016). Stress Management and Teachers’ Productivity in Cameroon: Lessons from Momo Division. Journal of Education and Practice , 7 (33), 72-82. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1193797.pdf.
- Oducado, R. M., Rabacal, J., Moralista, R., & Tamdang, K. (2021). Perceived Stress Due to COVID-19 Pandemic Among Employed Professional Teachers. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/ 10.2139/ssrn.3743860.
- Phillips, A. (2017). Proper Application of Surveys as a Study Methodology. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine 18(1), 8-11. https://doi.org/10.5811/westjem.2016.11.32000.
- Radoff, A. (2018). Principled Principals: The Essential Role of Leadership in Disrupting Vicarious Trauma for Teachers in OUSD. Center for Cities and School. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED609287.pdf. Republic Act No. 4670 (1966). The Magna Carta for Public School Teachers. https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1966/ra_4670_1966.html.
- Rilveria, J. (2018). The Development of the Filipino Coping Strategies Scale. Asia-Pacific Social Science Review 18(1), 111–126. https://apssr.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/RA-8.pdf.
- Rosenberg, D. & Anderson, T. (2021). Teacher Turnover Before, During, & After COVID. Education Resource Strategies. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED614496.pdf.
- Shahsavarani A.M., Abadi E. A. M., & Kalkhoran M. H. (2015). Stress: Facts and Theories through Literature Review. International Journal of Medical Reviews, 2(2), 230-241. https://www.ijmedrev.com/article_68654.html.
- Siedlecki, S. L. (2020). Understanding Descriptive Research Designs and Methods. Clinical Nurse Specialist, 34(1), 8-12. https://doi.org/10.1097/nur.0000000000000493.
- Stadtlander, L. & Sickel, A. (2021). A Qualitative Study Examining Home as a Faculty Workplace During COVID-19 Self-Isolation. Higher Learning Research Communication, 11, 96- 105.
- Talidong, K. J. B. & Toquero, C. M. D. (2020). Philippine Teachers’ Practices to Deal with Anxiety Amid COVID-19. Journal of Loss and Trauma 25(6-7), 573-579, https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2020.1759225.