Stress Level and Coping Mechanisms of Physical Education Teachers
Cesar Pagulong | Rovie Gretchel Bucad | Alvin Francis Ambe
Discipline: Education
Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the stress levels and coping mechanisms of Physical
Education Teachers. This descriptive-correlational study was conducted on 52 physical education
teachers through the use of purposive sampling. Two sections of a valid and reliable questionnaire
were used to collect data: Perceived Stress Levels and Coping Mechanisms. The collected data sets
were analyzed using Pearson correlation to determine the relationship between perceived stress and
coping mechanisms in physical education teaching and multiple regression analysis to identify
multicollinearity issues among the dependent variables. The results indicated that respondents
experienced low levels of stress while teaching Physical Education.Moreover, this study revealed that
the coping mechanism in terms of confronting coping, escape avoidance, and positive reappraisal was
significantly associated with their perceived stress in physical education teaching. Three propositions
were developed as a result of this research, which led to the development of the ComplementaryContrary (Comple-ntary) Response Theory in teaching Physical Education during the pandemic.
References:
- Aldrup, K., Klusmann, U. & Ludtke, O. (2017) Does basic need satisfaction mediate the link between stress exposure and wellbeing? A diary study among beginning teachers, Learning and Instruction, 50, pp. 21-30
- Austin, V., Shah, S., & Muncer, S. (2005). Teacher stress and coping strategies used to reduce stress. Occupational Therapy International, 12(2), 63–80. doi:10.1002/oti.16
- Baker, C. N., Peele, H., Daniels, M., Saybe, M., Whalen, K., Overstreet, S., & The New Orleans, T.-I. S. L. C. (2021). The Experience of COVID-19 and Its Impact on Teachers' Mental Health, Coping, and Teaching. School Psychology Review, 50(4), 491–504.
- Balboa, N., & Glaser, R., (2020). Adapting to Stress. Psychology Today. Sussex Publishers, LLC 2022
- Block, M., Taliaferro, A., Harris, N., & Krause, Jennifer (2010). Using Self-Efficacy Theory to Facilitate Inclusion in General Physical Education. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance (JOPERD). v81 n3 p43-46
- Chan, D. W., & Hui, E. K. P. (1995). Burnout and coping among Chinese secondary school teachers in Hong Kong. British Journal of E d u c a t i o n a l P s y c h o l o g y , 6 5 ( 1 ) , 15–25. d oi:10 .111 1/j.2 044 -82 79.1995 .tb011 28.x
- children attending after-school programs. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 40(4), 622-629.
- Clipa, O. (2017). Teacher Stress and Coping Strategies. Studies and Current Trends in Science of Education (pp. 120-128). Suceava, Romania: LUMEN Proceedings
- Cohen, S. and Williamson, G. Perceived Stress in a Probability Sample of the United Stated. Spacapan, S. and Oskamp, S. (Eds.) The Social Psychology of Health. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 19988
- Dolan, C. (2008). Stress, change, and families: Theoretical and methodological considerations. Journal of Family Psychology, 6, 120–124. Retrieved from: Doi.10.1080/08995600802115987
- Fengler, J. (2016) Burnout. Strategii pentru prevenirea epuizării profesionale. Ed Trei, București.
- Folkman, Susan., & Lazarus, Richard. S., (1988). Ways of Coping Questionnaire: Manual, Instrument, Scoring Guide [Mindgarden Transform version]. Consulting Psychologists Press.
- Folkman, S. & Lazarus, R. S. (1985). If it changes it must be process: Study of emotion and coping during three stages of a college examination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 150-170.
- Folkman, S., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2000). Stress, positive emotion, and coping. Current directions in psychological science, 9(4), 115- 118.
- Folkman, S., Lazarus, R. S., Dunkel-Schetter, C., DeLongis, A., & Gruen, R. (1986). The dynamics of a stressful encounter: Cognitive appraisal, coping and encounter outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 992-1003.
- Garland, E., Gaylord, S., & Park, J. (2009). The role of mindfulness in positive reappraisal. Explore (New York, N.Y.), 5(1), 37–44.
- Gilbert, D. (2010). Stumbling on happiness. American Psychological Association
- Gill, N. (2007). A study of psychological well-being among college students of Haryana in relation to coping behavior. Unpublished M.Phill. Dissertation, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa. Gill, N. (2007). A study of psychological well-being among college students of Haryana in relation to coping behavior. Unpublished M.Phill. Dissertation, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa.
- Hagger, M. S., Keech, J. J., & Hamilton, K. (2020). Managing stress during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and beyond: Reappraisal and mindset approaches. Stress & Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 36(3), 396–401.
- Haq, M. N. U., Khan, M. A., & Mehmood, S. (2020). Effect of Job Stressors on Job Performance of Lecturer Physical Education: Mediating Role of Coping Mechanism (Relaxation Coping). Global Educational Studies Review, V(IV), 1- 9.
- Holland, W. H., Powell, R. B., Thomsen, J. M., & Monz, C. A. (2018). A systematic review of the psychological, social, and educational outcomes associated with participation in wildland recreational activities. Journal of Outdoor Recreation, Education, and Leadership, 10(3).
- Hutchison, D. E. (2015). How do grateful people cope?: exploring the mechanism of positive reappraisal.
- Jakubowski, T. D., & Sitko-Dominik, M. M. (2021, September 23). Teachers' mental health during the first two waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland. PLOS ONE. Retrieved July 5, 2022, from https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone .0257252
- Jamieson, J. P., Peters, B. J., Greenwood, E. J., & Altose, A. J. (2016). Reappraising stress arousal improves performance and reduces evaluation anxiety in classroom exam situations. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 7, 579 – 587
- Jans-Beken L. (2021). A Perspective on Mature Gratitude as a Way of Coping With COVID-19. Frontiers in psychology, 12, 632911.
- Keech, J. J., Cole, K. L., Hagger, M. S., & Hamilton, K. (2020). The association between stress mindset and physical and psychological wellbeing: Testing a stress beliefs model in police officers. Psychology & Health.
- Kepalaite, A. (2013). Peculiarities of teachers' coping strategies. Social Welfare: Interdisciplinary Approach, 3(2), 52-60.
- Kozier, B. (2007). Fundamental in Nursing, Seventh Edition, Pearson Education South Asia PTE. Limited
- Liu, J. J. W., Vickers, K., Reed, M., & Hadad, M. (2017). Re‐ conceptualizing stress: Shifting views on the consequences of stress and its effects on stress reactivity. PLoS One, 12, e0173188
- MacIntyre, P. D., Gregersen, T., and Mercer, S. (2020). Language teachers' coping strategies during the Covid-19 conversion to online teaching: Correlations with stress, wellbeing and negative emotions. System 94, 1–13. doi: 10.1016/j.system.2020.102352
- McElheran, M., Briscoe-Smith, A., Khaylis, A., Westrup, D., Hayward, C., Gore-Felton, C. (2012). A conceptual model of posttraumatic growth among children and adolescents in the aftermath of sexual abuse. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 25, 73–82.
- Mead J., Fisher Z., Tree J., Wong P., Kemp A. H. (2020). Predictors of wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic: key roles for gratitude and tragic optimism in a UK-based cohort. PsyArXiv [Preprint]. 10.31234/osf.io/z2pxg
- Ozamiz-Etxebarria, N., Berasategi Santxo, N., Idoiaga Mondragon, N., and Dosil Santamaría, M. (2021b). The psychological state of teachers during the COVID-19 crisis: the challenge of returning to face-to-face teaching. Front. Psychol. 11:620718. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.620718
- Rani, B. (2008). A study of well-being among university students in relation to certain personal variables. Unpublished M.Ed. Dissertation, Punjabi University, Patiala Wellness Through Recreation And Sports. Edubirdie.
- Rayan, A., & Ahmad, M. (2017). Psychological Distress in Jordanian Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: The Role of Positive Reappraisal Coping. Archives of psychiatric nursing, 31(1), 38–42.
- Schäfer, V., Pels, F., & Kleinert, J. (2020). Coping strategies as mediators within the relationship between emotion-regulation and perceived stress in teachers. International Journal of Emotional Education, 12(1), 35-47.
- Scott, Elizabeth., MS (2018). Understanding and Managing Stress. Retrieved
- Srivastav, A. K. (2007). Stress in organizational roles-individual and organizational implications. Icfaian Journal of Management Research, 6(12), 64-74.
- The PSS Scale is reprinted with permission of the American Sociology Association from Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., and Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 386-396.
- Trost, S. G., Rosenkranz, R. R., & Dzewaltowski, D. (2008). Physical activity levels among Ugwuja, F. U. (2009), “Preferred Stress Management Strategies Adopted by the Administrative Staff of Tertiary Institutions in Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja”, Stress Questionnaire.
- Vargas Rubilar, N., & Oros, L. B. (2021, November 26). Stress and burnout in teachers during times of pandemic. Frontiers.
- Veresova, M., & Mala, D., (2012). Stress, Proactive Coping and Self-Efficacy of Teachers. SciVerse Scince Direct. 55(2012) 294- 300