REACT: A Change Management Model for Rural Community Colleges in the Philippines
Jordan Pocaan | Hennie Lomibao | Emil Broñoso
Discipline: Education
Abstract:
Management skills and organizational issues are considered predictors in developing a change
management plan. Compared to other countries, community colleges in the Philippines are run by local
municipalities; in which schools from 3rd and 4th class municipalities face problems. In connection,
this study explores the management skills and organizational issues of rural community colleges in the
Philippines as a basis for developing a change management plan. The study used sequential explanatory
mixed methods research that has undergone two phases of data collection and analysis. It first
collects and analyzes quantitative data using survey questionnaires, followed by qualitative data
collection through focus group discussion (FDG). The study's results explain that the different
management skills of administrators, faculty, and non-teaching aligned with the four organizational
cultures -clan, market, adhocracy, and hierarchy. It also discusses the core issues of rural community
colleges on organizational performance and adaptability, organizational weakness, and internal
conflict. Based on the findings, the study also develops the REACT model of a change management
plan. The study highlights the need for rural community colleges to adopt change management based
on their management skills and targets their organizational issues. Additional funding, support
programs, and faculty and employee manual development are recommended.
References:
- Adewale, O. O., & Anthonia, A. A. (2013). Impact of organizational culture on human resource practices: A study of selected Nigerian private universities. Journal of competitiveness, 5(4), 115-133. https://doi.org/10.7441/joc.2013.04.07
- Afsar, B., Maqsoom, A., Shahjehan, A., Afridi, S. A., Nawaz, A., & Fazliani, H. (2020). Responsible leadership and employee's proenvironmental behavior: The role of organizational commitment, green shared vision, and internal environmental locus of control. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 27(1), 297-312. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1806
- Ahmed, M., & Shafiq, S. (2014). The impact of organizational culture on organizational performance: A case study on telecom sector. Global Journals Incorporated, 14(3).
-
- Aruta, J. J. B. R. (2022). Ecological grief in Filipino youth. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2022.2108204
- Baker, B. D. (2021). Educational inequality and school finance: Why money matters for America's students. Harvard Education Press.
- Ballano, V. O. (2017). Normative pluralism in Philippine housing and relocation system. In Law, Normative Pluralism, and Post-Disaster Recovery (pp. 71-109). Springer, Singapore.
- Berkemeyer, N., Junker, R., Bos, W., & Müthing, K. (2015). Organizational cultures in education: Theory-based use of an instrument for identifying school culture. Journal for Educational Research Online, 7(3), 86-102.
- Bowe, R., Ball, S. J., & Gold, A. (2017). Reforming education and changing schools: Case studies in policy sociology. Routledge.
- Cameron, E., & Green, M. (2019). Making sense of change management: A complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change. Kogan Page Publishers.
- Cameron, K. S., & Quinn, R. E. (2011). Diagnosing and changing organizational culture: Based on the competing values framework. John Wiley & Sons.
- Carter, D., & Baghurst, T. (2014). The influence of servant leadership on restaurant employee engagement. Journal of Business Ethics, 124(3), 453-464. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1882-0
- CHED. (2021). More students in 18 local colleges in the Bicol Region now benefit from RA 10931. https://ched.gov.ph/
- Cheng, H. G., & Phillips, M. R. (2014). Secondary analysis of existing data: Opportunities and implementation. Shanghai archives of psychiatry, 26(6), 371-375. https://doi.org/10.11919/j.issn.1002-0829.214171
- Chisholm, A., Nelson, P. A., Pearce, C. J., Littlewood, A. J., Kane, K., Henry, A. L., Thorneloe, R., Hamilton, M. P., Lavallee, J., Lunt, M., Griffiths, C. E. M., Cordingley, L., Bundy, C. and the Identification and Management of Psoriasis-Associated Comorb. (2017). Motivational interviewing-based training enhances clinicians' skills and knowledge in psoriasis: Findings from the Pso Well® study. British Journal of Dermatology 176 (3), 677-686. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjd.14837
- Cooke, R. A., & Lafferty, J. C. (1989). Organizational culture inventory. Plymouth, MI: Human Synergistics. file:///C:/Users/Admin/Downloads/CookeSzumai.pdf
- Cunningham, A., Park, E., & Engle, J. (2014). Minority-serving institutions: Doing more with less. Institute for Higher Education Policy. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/83120
- Darling-Hammond, L. (2015). The flat world and education: How America's commitment to equity will determine our future. Teachers College Press.
- DuBrin, A. J. (2020). Essentials of management (2nd Ed.) Pergamon Press.
- Gallos, J. V., & Bolman, L. G. (2021). Reframing academic leadership. John Wiley & sons.
- Girrbach, P. (2021). Corporate responsibility in the context of digitalization. Tehnički glasnik, 15(3), 422-428. https://doi.org/10.31803/tg-20210710142357
- Goldrick-Rab, S., Richardson, J., & Hernandez, A. (2017). Hungry and homeless in college: Results from a national study of basic needs insecurity in higher education. University of Wisconsin–Madison. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/83028
- Grissom, J.A., Loeb, S. and Mitani, H. (2015), Principal time management skills: Explaining patterns in principals’ time use, job stress, and perceived effectiveness. Journal of Educational Administration, 53(6), 773-793. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEA-09-2014-0117
- Hawi, R. O., Alkhodary, D., & Hashem, T. (2015). Managerial competencies and organizations performance. International Journal of Management Sciences, 5(11), 723-735.
- Henig, J. R. (2013). The end of exceptionalism in American education: The changing politics of school reform. Harvard Education Press.
- Jacoby, B. (2014). Service-learning essentials: Questions, answers, and lessons learned. John Wiley & Sons.
- Jenkins, P. D., & Fink, J. (2016). Tracking transfer: New measures of institutional and state effectiveness in helping community college students attain bachelor’s degrees. Community College Research Center, Teachers College, Columbia University. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8C24W80
- Johnson, S. M., Marietta, G., Higgins, M. C., Mapp, K. L., & Grossman, A. S. (2014). Achieving coherence in district improvement: Managing the relationship between the central office and schools. Harvard Education Press.
- Kahlenberg, R. D. (2015). How higher education funding shortchanges community colleges. The Century Foundation. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/83636
- Kahsay, G. A., & Bulte, E. (2021). Internal versus top-down monitoring in community resource management: Experimental evidence from Ethiopia. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 189, 111-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2021.06.030
- Kaiser, F., Maassen, P., Meek, L., van Vught, F., de Weert, E., & Goedegebuure, L. (Eds.). (2014). Higher education policy: An international comparative perspective. Elsevier.
- Kavanagh, M. H., & Ashkanasy, N. M. (2006). The impact of leadership and change management strategy on organizational culture and individual acceptance of change during a merger. British journal of management, 17(1), 81-S103. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2006.00480.x
- Kim, H. (2014). Transformational leadership, organizational clan culture, organizational affective commitment, and organizational citizenship behavior: A case of South Korea's public sector. Public Organization Review, 14(3), 397-417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11115-013-0225-z
- Kohnke, O. (2017). It’s not just about technology: The people side of digitization. In Shaping the digital enterprise (pp. 69-91). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40967-2_3
- Kolb, A. Y., Kolb, D. A., Passarelli, A., & Sharma, G. (2014). On becoming an experiential educator: The educator role profile. Simulation & gaming, 45(2), 204-234. https://doi.org/10.1177/1046878114534383
- Kuipers, B. S., Higgs, M., Kickert, W., Tummers, L., Grandia, J., & Van der Voet, J. (2014). The management of change in public organizations: A literature review. Public administration, 92(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12040
- Lindsey, R. B., Nuri-Robins, K., Terrell, R. D., & Lindsey, D. B. (2018). Cultural proficiency: A manual for school leaders. Corwin Press.
- Linnenluecke, M. K. (2017). Resilience in business and management research: A review of influential publications and a research agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews, 19(1), 4-30. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12076
- Liu, S. (2015). Effects of control on the performance of information systems projects: The moderating role of complexity risk. Journal of Operations Management, 36, 46-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2015.03.003
- Luthans, F., & Doh, J. P. (2018). International management: Culture, strategy, and behavior. McGraw-Hill.
- Machekhina, O. N. (2017). Digitalization of education as a trend of its modernization and reforming. Revista Espacios, 38(40). http://www.revistaespacios.com/a17v38n40/17384026.html
- Mackey, J., Reilly, N., Fletcher, J., & Jansen, C. (2017). What do teachers and leaders have to say about co-teaching in flexible learning spaces?. Journal of Educational Leadership, Policy and Practice, 32(1), 97-110. https://search.informit.org/doi/epdf/10.3316/informit.021923765206364
- Mahon, J. F., & Millar, C. C. (2014). ManAGEment: the challenges of global age diversity for corporations and governments. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 27(4), 553-568. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-05-2014-0100
- Martin, K., Galentino, R., & Townsend, L. (2014). Community college student success: The role of motivation and self-empowerment. Community College Review, 42(3), 221-241. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091552114528972
- Mayfield, V. (2020). Cultural competence now: 56 exercises to help educators understand and challenge bias, racism, and privilege. ASCD.
- McDonald III, B. D., & Hatcher, W. (2020). The public affairs faculty manual: A guide to the effective management of public affairs programs (Eds). Routledge.
- Mergel, I., & Desouza, K. C. (2013). Implementing open innovation in the public sector: The case of challenge. gov. Public administration review, 73(6), 882-890. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12141
- Middleton, K. R., Anton, S. D., & Perri, M. G. (2013). Long-term adherence to health behavior change. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 7(6), 395-404. https://doi.org/10.1177/1559827613488867
- Moschetti, R. V., & Hudley, C. (2015). Social capital and academic motivation among first-generation community college students. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 39(3), 235-251. https://doi.org/10.1080/10668926.2013.819304
- Motilewa, B. D., Agboola, G. M., & Adeniji, C. M. (2015). Organisational culture and performance. In Covenant University. International Conference on African Development Issues, (pp. 297-300). https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32226715.pdf
- Othman, S., Steen, M., & Fleet, J. (2020). A sequential explanatory mixed methods study design: An example of how to integrate data in a midwifery research project. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice, 11(2), 75-89. https://doi.org/10.5430/jnep.v11n2p75
- Parmentier, M., Pirsoul, T., & Nils, F. (2022). Career adaptability profiles and their relations with emotional and decision-making correlates among Belgian undergraduate students. Journal of Career Development, 49(4), 934-950. https://doi.org/10.1177/08948453211005553
- Pelling, M., O’Brien, K., & Matyas, D. (2015). Adaptation and transformation. Climatic Change, 133(1), 113-127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-014-1303-0
- Philippine Constitution. (1987). Republic Act No. 7160. “An Act Providing for a Local Government Code of 1991”. 1987 Philippine Constitution. https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_7160_1991.html
- Pocaan, J. M. (2022). Exploring teaching strategies and challenges towards a holistic context-based special education teaching strategies program. The Normal Lights, 16(1).
- Pyzdek, T., & Keller, P. (2014). Six sigma handbook. McGraw-Hill Education.
- Qizi, U. S. B. (2021). Digitization of education at the present stage of modern development of information society. The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations, 3(05), 95-103. https://doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/Volume03Issue05-17
- Schein, E. H. (1980). Developing your career: Know your career anchors and develop your options. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/1968/SWP-1148-08927036.pdf
- Schoenherr, T., & Swink, M. (2015). The roles of supply chain intelligence and adaptability in new product launch success. Decision Sciences, 46(5), 901-936. https://doi.org/10.1111/deci.12163
- Scott, D. E., & Scott, S. (2016). Leadership for quality university teaching: How bottom-up academic insights can inform top-down leadership. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 44(3), 511-531. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143214549970
- Scott-Clayton, J. (2015). The shapeless river: Does a lack of structure inhibit students' progress at community colleges? (pp. 102-123). Routledge.
- SDG, UN. (2019). Sustainable development goals. The energy progress report. Tracking SDG, 7.
- Tarba, S. Y., Ahammad, M. F., Junni, P., Stokes, P., & Morag, O. (2019). The impact of organizational culture differences, synergy potential, and autonomy granted to the acquired high-tech firms on the M&A performance. Group & Organization Management, 44(3), 483-520. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601117703267
- Treat, T., & Hagedorn, L. S. (2013). Resituating the community college in a global context. New Directions for Community Colleges, 2013(161), 5-9. https://doi.org/10.1002/cc.20044
- Udayar, S., Fiori, M., Thalmayer, A. G., & Rossier, J. (2018). Investigating the link between trait emotional intelligence, career indecision, and self-perceived employability: The role of career adaptability. Personality and Individual Differences, 135, 7-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.06.046
- Weis, L. (2018). Between two worlds: Black students in an urban community college. Routledge.
- https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315109510
- Wipulanusat, W., Panuwatwanich, K., Stewart, R. A., & Sunkpho, J. (2020). Applying mixed methods sequential explanatory design to innovation management. In The 10th International Conference on Engineering, Project, and Production Management (pp. 485-495). Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1910-9_40
- Worley, C. G., & Mohrman, S. A. (2014). Is change management obsolete?. Organizational Dynamics, 43(3), 214-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2014.08.008
- Zimmer, M. (2020). But the data is already public: on the ethics of research in Facebook. In The Ethics of Information Technologies (pp. 229-241). Routledge.