HomePsychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journalvol. 9 no. 1 (2023)

The Principals’ Leadership Style and Its Impact on the Teachers’ Sense of Efficacy and Job Satisfaction in Selected Secondary High Schools

Jimp Israel Cabuhat

Discipline: Education

 

Abstract:

The organizational structure of a company is crucial to its success. The investment and considerable human resource assistance make the institution's accomplishments successful and efficient. Also, the organization’s long-term success and ability to keep producing high-quality results depend on its leaders and employees. Employing the correlational method, the main problem of this study is to assess the impact of the principals’ leadership practices on the teachers’ sense of efficacy and job satisfaction. The researcher used cluster random sampling in Public Secondary Schools in Santa Maria, Bulacan with 386 respondents. The study's findings revealed that the transformational leadership and transactional leadership styles were average across all six schools. Thus, the teachers' perceptions of their efficacy were strong and both the intrinsic and extrinsic job satisfaction are high. Furthermore, multiple linear regression revealed that both the principal’s transformational and transactional leadership styles significantly affect the sense of efficacy and job satisfaction of the teachers. Hence, in accordance with the purpose of DM 192's "School Heads Development Program," the research advises that school leaders are urged to continue their leadership activities and potentially enhance their leadership styles by attending seminars and workshops. This would contribute to the empowerment of their teachers' well-being, hence enhancing their school performance and job satisfaction. Finally, implications and recommendations were discussed.



References:

  1. Abutineh, A, Khasawneh, S, & Al-Omari, A. (2009). Kouzes and Posner's Transformational  Leadership Model in Practice: The Case of Jordanian Schools. Leadership &amp  Organization Development Journal. 29. DOI:10.1108/01437730810916613. 
  2. Akan, D. (2013). The relationship between school principals’ leadership styles and  collective teacher efficacy. Academic Journals, 8(10), 596–601.  https://doi.org/10.5897/ERR2013.1167 
  3. Al-Alwan, A. F. & Mahasneh, M. (2014). Teachers’ Self-Efficacy as Determinant of  Students’ Attitudes toward School: A study at the School Level. Review of European  Studies, 6(1), p171.
  4. Alessandro, P., Loredana, A., & Veronese, G. (2017). Measuring Teacher Job  Satisfaction: Assessing Invariance in the Teacher Job Satisfaction Scale (TJSS)  Across Six Countries. Europe’s Journal of Psychology. 13. 396-416. DOI:  10.5964/ejop.v13i3.1389.
  5. Alzoraiki, M., Rahman, O. B., & Mutalib, M. A. (2018). The effect of the dimensions of  transformational leadership on the teachers’ performance in the Yemeni public  schools. European Scientific Journal, 14(25). DOI:10.19044/esj.2018.v14n25p322
  6. Arnold, K. A. (2017). Transformational leadership and employee psychological well-being:  A review and directions for future research. Journal of Occupational Health  Psychology, 22(3), 381-393. DOI:10.1037/ocp0000062
  7. Avolio, B. J., & Yammarino, F. J. (2014). Transformational and charismatic leadership: The  road ahead 10th-anniversary edition. West Yorkshire, England: Emerald Group  Publishing Limited. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/31600445/  Transformational_and_Charismatic_Leadership
  8. Avolio, B. J., Waldman, D., & Yammarino, F. J. (2010). Leading in the 1990s: The Four I's  of Transformational Leadership. Journal of European Industrial Training, 15(4), 9-  16. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090599110143366
  9. Avolio, B. J. (2014). Examining leadership and organizational behavior across the  boundaries of science. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research,  66(4), 288-292. DOI:10.1037/cpb0000017
  10. Baesu, C., & Bejinaru, R. (2015). Innovative leadership styles and the influence of  emotional intelligence. USV Annals of Economics & Public Administration, 15, 136- 145. Retrieved from http://www.seap.usv.ro/annals/ojs/index.php/  annals/article/viewFile/814/733
  11. Balyer, A. (2014). Transformational leadership behaviors of school principals: A qualitative  research-based on teachers' perceptions. International Online Journal of Educational  Sciences, 4(3), 581-591. Retrieved from  https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d4f3/14cb874ce89511e80f857c56748ec1542182.pdf
  12. Barnett, A. M., Marsh, H. W., & Craven, R. G. (2014). What type of school leadership  satisfied teachers? A mixed-method approach to teachers’ perceptions of  satisfaction. Self Research Center, University of Western Sydney, Australia. Bass.  Retrieved from http://www.aare.edu.au/05pap/bar05419.pdf
  13. Berson, Y., & Oreg, S. (2016). The role of school principals in shaping children's values.  Psychological science: Research, theory, & application in psychology and related  sciences, 27(12), 1539-1549. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/  0956797616670147
  14. Bilun, Y. (2012). The relationship between school principal leadership style and teacher  efficacy: A case study. Institutional Repository http://ir.uitm.edu.my.
  15. Boateng, C. (2012). Leadership Styles and Effectiveness of Principals of Vocational-  Technical Institutions in Ghana. American International Journal of Contemporary  Research, 2(3), 128–134.
  16. Brymer, E., & Gray, T. (2016). Effective leadership: Transformational or transactional?  Australian Journal of Outdoor Education, 10(2), 13-19. Retrieved from  http://search.proquest.com/docview/232847118?accountid=12101
  17. Campbell, C. (2016) “Leadership and its Impact on Supervision Being an Effective  Supervisor; Learned Behavior or Innate Characteristic .”Research Papers. Paper 54.  Retrieved from http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/gs_rp/54
  18. Campbell, J. W. (2018). Efficiency, incentives, and transformational leadership:  Understanding collaboration preferences in the public sector. Public Performance &  Management Review, 41(2), 277-299. Retrieved from  https://DOI.org/10.1080/15309576.2017.1403332
  19. Caprara, G. V., Barbaranelli, C., Steca, P., & Malone, P. S. (2006). Teachers’ self-efficacy  beliefs as determinants of job satisfaction and students’ academic achievement: A  study at the school level. Journal of School Psychology, 44(6), 473-490.  DOI:10.1016/j.jsp.2006.09.001
  20. Card, D., Mas, A., Moretti, E., & Saez, E. (2012). Inequality at work: The effect of peer  salaries on job satisfaction. American Economic Review, 102(6), 2981-3003.
  21. Castro, M., Exposito-Casas, E., Lopez-Martin, E., Lizasoain, L., Navarro-Asencio, E., &
  22. Gaviria, J. L. (2015). Parental involvement on student academic achievement: A  meta-analysis. Educational Research Review, 14, 33-46.  DOI:10.1016/j.edurev.2015.01.002
  23. Ch, A. H., Ahmad, S., Malik, M., & Batool, A. (2017). Principals' leadership styles and  teachers' job satisfaction: A correlation study at the secondary level. Bulletin of  Education & Research, 39(3), 45-56. Retrieved from  http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/ier/PDF-FILES/3_39_3_17.pdf
  24. Crisci, J., & Vinitwatanakhun, W. (2017). A Study on the Relationship between Teachers'  Perception of the Principal's Leadership Style and Teachers' Job Satisfaction at the  Selected Bilingual School in Bangkok. Retrieved from  https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-Study-on-the-Relationship-between-Teachers'-of-at-CrisciVinitwatanakhun/03b840d8d30e6332cf366ec32dbec9205  91397b1
  25. Damanik, E., & Aldridge, J. (2017). Transformational Leadership and its Impact on School  Climate and Teachers' Self-Efficacy in Indonesian High Schools. Journal of School  Leadership, Vol. 27 Issue 2, p269-296. 28p.
  26. Ebmeier, H. (2003). How supervision influences teacher efficacy and commitment: An  investigation of a path model. Journal of Curriculum & Supervision, 18, 110–141.
  27. Eliophotou-Menon, M., & Ioannou, A. (2016). The link between transformational leaders  and teachers' job satisfaction, commitment, motivation to learn, and trust in the  leader. Academy of Educational Leadership Journal, 20(3), 12-22. Retrieved from  https://hub.lib.ucy.ac.cy/handle/7/37924
  28. Fiaz, M., Qin, S., Ikram, A., & Saqib, A. (2017). Leadership styles and employees'  motivation: a perspective from an emerging economy. Journal of Developing Areas,  51(4), 143-156. DOI:10.1353/jda.2017.0093
  29. Francis, C. U. (2017). Transformational and transactional leadership styles among leaders  of administrative ministries in Lagos, Nigeria. IFE Psychologia: An International  Journal,(2), 151-164. Retrieved from  https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ifep/article/view/162265
  30. Ghenghesh, P. (2013). Job satisfaction and motivation – What makes teachers tick?  British Journal of Education, Society & Behavioural Science, 3(4), 456-466.
  31. Gravetter, F. J. & Wallnau, L. B. (2013). Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences. Belmont,  CA: Cengage Learning Asia.
  32. Gibson, D. M., Dollarhide, C. T., Conley, A. H., & Lowe, C. (2018). The construction and  validation of the school counseling transformational leadership inventory. Journal of  Counselor Leadership & Advocacy, 5(1), 1-12. Retrieved from https://www.schoolcounselor.org/asca/media/asca/LeadershipSpecialist/Dollarshide.pdf
  33. Hallinger, P. & Huber, S. (2012) School leadership that makes a difference: international  perspectives, School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 23:4, 359-  367, DOI: 10.1080/09243453.2012.681508
  34. Hay, L. (2015). Leadership of stability and leadership of volatility: Transactional and  transformational leaderships compared. Academic Leadership Online Journal, 4(4),  Retrieved from http://www.academicleadership.org/emprical_research/  Leadership_of_Stability_and_Leadership_of_volatility_Transactional_and_Transform  ational_Leaderships_Compared.shtml
  35. Heydari, M., & Saeidi, M., & Danai, H. (2016). Examine the Relationship between  Leadership Style (Based on Likert Theory) with Teachers' Job Satisfaction in Shahid  High Schools' for Girls' in Tehran in the Academic Year 2014-2015. Mediterranean  Journal of Social Sciences. Vol 7. 224-240. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2016.v7n2s2p224.
  36. Hildenbrand, K., Sacramento, C. A., & Binnewies, C. (2018). Transformational leadership  and burnout: The role of thriving and followers' openness to experience. Journal of  Occupational Health Psychology, 23(1), 31-43. DOI:10.1037/ocp0000051
  37. Hosseingholizadeh, R. (2017). Do beliefs make a difference? Exploring how principal self-  efficacy and instructional leadership impact teacher efficacy and commitment in Iran.  Educational Management Administration and Leadership.
  38. Irving, P. G., & Montes, S. D. (2009). Met expectations: The effects of expected and  delivered inducements on employee satisfaction. Journal of Occupational and  Organizational Psychology, 82(2), 431-451. doi:10.1348/096317908X312650
  39. Jeynes, W. H. (2010). Implications for school-based programs are the salience of the  subtle aspects of parental involvement and encouraging that involvement. Teachers  College Record, 112(3), 747-774.
  40. Kars, M., & Inandi, Y. (2018). Relationship between school principals' leadership  behaviors and teachers' organizational trust. Eurasian Journal of Educational  Research, 74, 145-164. DOI:10.14689/ejer.2018.74.8
  41. Klassen, R. M., & Chiu, M. M. (2010). Effects on teachers’ self-efficacy and job  satisfaction: Teacher gender, years of experience, and job stress. Journal of  Educational Psychology, 102(3), 741-756. doi:10.1037/a0019237
  42. Kurland, H., Peretz, H., & Hertz-Lazarowitz, R. (2016). Leadership style and organizational  learning: The mediate effect of the school vision. Journal of Educational  Administration, 48(1), 7-30. DOI:10.1108/09578231011015395
  43. Kramer, T. (2007) Transformational Leadership (2 nd  ed.) by M. B. Bass & E. G. Riggio, The  Psychologist-Manager Journal, 10:2, 152-155, DOI: 10.1080/10887150701451312
  44. Kwantes, C. T. (2010). The facets of job satisfaction: A nine-nation comparative study of  construct equivalence. Applied Multivariate Research, 13(2), 145-159.  doi:10.22329/amr.v13i2.3021
  45. Ladan, S., Nordin, N. B., & Belal, H. M. (2017). Influence of transformational leadership on  knowledge hiding: Mediating role of organizational psychological ownership.  International Journal of Business & Management Science, 7(2), 261-277.  DOI:10.24193/subbnegotia.2017.4.06
  46. Le Ba, P., Lei, H., & Than Thanh, S. (2018). How leadership and trust in leaders foster  employees' behavior toward knowledge sharing. Social Behavior & Personality: An  International Journal, 46(5), 705-720. DOI:10.2224/sbp.6711
  47. Men, L. (2014). Why leadership matters to internal communication: Linking  transformational leadership, symmetrical communication, and employee outcomes.  Journal of Public Relations Research, 26(3). 256-279.  DOI:10.1080/1062726X.2014.908719
  48. Munir, H., & Iqbal, M. (2018). A Study of Relationship between Leadership Styles of  Principals and Job Satisfaction of Teachers in Colleges for Women. Bulletin of  Education and Research. Vol. 40, No. 2 pp. 65-78. Retrieved from  https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1209821.pdf
  49. Nguni, S., Sleegers, P., & Denessen, E. (2016). Transformational and transactional  leadership affects teachers' job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and  organizational citizenship behavior in primary schools. DOI:  10.1080/09243450600565746
  50. Northouse, P. (2010). Leadership: Theory and Practice (5 th ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
  51. Okoji, O. (2015). Relationship between school principals' leadership styles and teachers'  job performance in Ondo State, Nigeria. IFE Psychologia: An International Journal, 2,  133-138. DOI:10.1177/1741143218764178
  52. Okpara, J. O., & Wynn, P. (2008). The impact of ethical climate on job satisfaction, and  commitment in Nigeria: Implications for management development. Journal of  Management Development, 27(9), 935-950. doi:10.1108/02621710810901282
  53. Pepper, K. (2010). Effective principals skillfully balance leadership styles to facilitate  student success: A focus for the reauthorization of ESEA. Planning and Changing,  41(1), 42-56
  54. Rana, S., Malik, N., & Hussain, R. (2016). Leadership styles as predictors of job  involvement in teachers. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 31(1), 161-  182. Retrieved from http://www.pjprnip.edu.pk/pjpr/index.php/pjpr/article/view/359
  55. Ross, J. A., & Gray, P. (2006). Transformational leadership and teacher commitment to  organizational values: The mediating effects of collective teacher efficacy. School  effectiveness and improvement, 17(2), 179-199.
  56. Russell, D. (2016). Transactional leadership: Are your people motivated?  Retrieved from http:/daiv.wrytestuff.com/swa290326.htm
  57. Sebastian, J., Allensworth, E., & Huang, H. (2016). The role of teacher leadership in how  principals influence classroom instruction and student learning. American Journal of  Education, 123(1), 69-108. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED577947.pdf
  58. Shalani Singh, R.S. (2017). Transformational Leadership Style and Self-Efficacy among  Teaching Professionals. The International Journal of Indian Psychology.
  59. Shih, H. A., Chiang, Y. H. & T. J. Chen (2016). Transformational leadership, trusting  climate. And knowledge exchange behaviors in Taiwan. The International Journal of  Human Resource Management, 23(6), 1057-1073. DOI:10.1080/  09585192.2011.639546
  60. Shoulders, T. L. & Krei, M. S. (2015). Rural high school teachers' self-efficacy in student  engagement, instructional strategies, and classroom management. American  Secondary Education, 44(1), 50–61. Retrieved from https://www.ashland.edu/.
  61. Sinek, S. (2017). Leaders eat last: Why some teams pull together, and others don't.  London, UK: Portfolio Penguin.
  62. Skaalvik, E. M., & Skaalvik, S. (2011). Teachers’ feeling of belonging, exhaustion, and job  satisfaction: The role of school goal structure and value consonance. Anxiety, Stress,  and Coping, 24(4), 369-385. DOI:10.1080/10615806.2010.544300
  63. Skaalvik, E. M & Skaalvik, S. (2014). Teacher self-efficacy and perceived autonomy:  Relations with teacher engagement, job satisfaction, and emotional exhaustion.  Psychological Reports, 114, 68–77. doi:10.2466/14.02.PR0.114k14w0.
  64. Stewart-Banks, B., Kuofie, M., Hakim, A., & Branch, R. (2015). Education leadership styles  impact work performance and morale of staff. Journal of Marketing & Management,  6(2), 87-105. Retrieved from http://www.gsmi-ijgb.com/Documents/JMM%20V6%20N2%20P05%20Bessie%20StewartBanks%20-  Education%20Leadership%20Styles.pdf
  65. Szumski, G., & Karwowski, M. (2012). School achievement of children with intellectual  disability: The role of socioeconomic status, placement, and parents' engagement.  Research in Developmental Disabilities, 33, 1615-1625.  DOI:10.1016/j.ridd.2012.03.030
  66. Tatlah, I. A., Iqbal, M. Z., Amin, M., & Quraishi, U. (2014). Effect of principals' leadership  behavior on students' academic achievement at the secondary level: A comparison  of the leaders' and teachers' perceptions. Journal of Research & Reflections in  Education, 8(1),1-12. Retrieved from http://ue.edu.pk/jrre/articles/81001.pdf
  67. Tillman, W. R., & Tillman, C. J. (2017). And you thought it was the apple: A study of job  satisfaction among teachers. Academy of Educational Leadership Journal, 12(3), 41-  50. http://www.icaseonline.net/sei/september2015/p6.pdf
  68. Tschannen-Moran, M. & Hoy, A. W. (2001). Teacher efficacy: Capturing an elusive  construct. Teaching and Teacher Education, 17(7), 783-805.
  69. Tus, J., Garcia, S. R., Pascua, P. K., Felonia, J. P., Quiwa, J. E., Cruz, R., ... & Ranis, R.  A. The Impact of Job Burnout on the Job Satisfaction of Filipino Adolescents in  Selected Areas in Central Luzon, Philippines Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic.  International Journal of Psychology and Counseling.
  70. Tus, J. (2022): Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Principals' Leadership Styles and  Secondary Teachers' Job Satisfaction. International Journal of Psychology and  Behavioral Sciences. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.19164179.v1 
  71. Valentine, J. & Prater, M. (2011). Instructional, Transformation, and Managerial leadership  and student achievement: High school principals make a difference. National  Association of Secondary School Principals, NASSP Bulletin, 95 (1), pp. 5-30.  Retrieved from https://DOI.org/10.1177/1847979017943252
  72. Van Droogenbroeck, F., Spruyt, B., & Vanroelen, C. (2014). Burnout among senior  teachers: Investigating the role of workload and interpersonal relationships at work.  Teaching and Teacher Education, 43, 99-109. DOI:10.1016/j.tate.2014.07.005
  73. Veldman, I., van Tartwijk, J., Brekelmans, M., & Wubbels, T. (2013). Job satisfaction and  teacher-student relationships across the teaching career: Four case studies.  Teaching and Teacher Education, 32, 55-65. DOI:10.1016/j.tate.2013.01.005
  74. Vidal, G. G., Campdesuñer, R. P., Rodríguez, A. S., & Vivar, R. M. (2017). Contingency  theory to study leadership styles of small business owner-managers at Santo  Domingo, Ecuador. International Journal of Engineering Business  Management. Retrieved from https://DOI.org/10.1177/1847979017743172
  75. Villoria M. (2016) Contingency Theory of Leadership. In: Farazmand A. (eds) Global  Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance. Springer,  Cham. Retrieved from http://springer.iq-technikum.de/referenceworkentry  /10.1007/978-3-319-31816-5_2227-1
  76. Wang, G., Oh, I., Courtright, S. H., & Colbert, A. E. (2011). Transformational leadership  and performance across criteria and levels: A meta-analytic review of 25 years of  research. Group & Organization Management, 36, 223-270.
  77. William, A., & Lankford, S. (2015). Evaluating esprit de corps. Parks & Recreation, 38(1), 20.  Retrieved from EBSCOhost.
  78. Worrell, T. G., Skaggs, G. E., & Brown, M. B. (2010). School psychologists’ job  satisfaction: A 22-year perspective in the USA. School Psychology International,  27(2), 131-145. DOI:10.1177/0143034306064540
  79. Yanfei, W., Yangliu, Z., & Yu, Z. (2018). How transformational leadership influences  employee voice behavior: The roles of psychological capital and organizational  identification. Social Behavior & Personality: An International Journal, 46(2), 313-  322. DOI:10.2224/sbp.6619
  80. Yassin, A. S. A. & Abdulkadir, M. D. (2015). Leadership Style and Teacher Job  Satisfaction: Empirical Survey from Secondary Schools in Somalia. Research on  Humanities and Social Sciences, 5(8), 84–97.
  81. Yaslioglu, M. M., & SelenayErden, N. (2018). Transformational leaders in action: Theory  has been there, but what about practice? IUP Journal of Business Strategy, 15(1),  42-53. Retrieved from  https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324602033_Transformational_Leaders_in_  Acti on_Theory_Has_Been_There_But_What_About_Practice
  82. Zeinabadi, H. & H. Rastegarpour (2015). Factors affecting teacher trust in principal:  Testing the effect of transformational leadership and procedural justice. Procedia  Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 1004-1008. DOI:10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.226
  83. Zimmerman, B. J. & Cleary, T. J. (2006). Adolescents' development of the personal  agency. The role of self-efficacy beliefs and self-regulatory skills. In F. Pajares & T.  Urdan (Eds.), Self-efficacy beliefs of adolescents (pp. 45–69). Greenwich, CT:  Information Age.