Behind the Glitters of Gold: Traversing the Lives of Young Drudgers in Mt. Diwata
Rhyan Mike Bacaro | Aileen Sinang
Discipline: Education
Abstract:
The study aimed to explore the struggles, coping mechanisms, and insights of the young miners
working in small-scale mining areas. A qualitative through phenomenological approach was
employed to describe how the young miners experienced the phenomenon. The use of in-depth
interviews and focus group discussions enabled the researcher to unveil the sentiments of young
miners. It was revealed in this study the young miners were engaged in mining activities because of
the scarcity in basic needs. Participants express that they have undergone several struggles in their
workplace, these include hazardous work environment, psychological struggles, and physical health
problems. To endure those struggles, the participants expressed physiological readiness, practice
safety precautions, divine providence and positive outlook, and motivational coping. The insights
that were revealed are education as hope, valuing financial management, and necessitating
government assistance. Accompanying the opportunities driven by involvement in mining activities
are the struggles they have to endure. It is recommended in this study that there should be
comprehensive programs to support the educational and economic needs of the young miners. They
deserve a better environment where they can realize their potential.
References:
- Achour, M., Abdul, I., Isahak, M., & Nor, M. (2019). Job stress and nurse well-being: Prayer and age as moderators. Community Mental Health Journal, 55(6). https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10597-019-00410-y
- Ackerman, C. (2018). Positive mindset: How to develop positive mental attitude. Positive Psychology. https://positivepsychology.com/positive-mindset/
- Ahmad, A (2019). Occupational health hazards: A study of sandstone mine workers of Karauli District in Rajasthan. ProQuest Central. https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/occupational-health-hazards-study-sandstone-mine/docview/2506616688/se-2
- Andrews, J. (2019). Perhaps money can buy you happiness- at least, at work. CNBC Work. https://www.cnbc.com/2019/07/16/perhaps-money-can-buy-you-happiness-at-least-at-work.html#:~:text=The%20latest%20CNBC%2FSurveyMonkey%20Workplace,those%20in%20lower%20income%20brackets.
- Aram, S.A., Saalidong, B.M., Appiah, A., Utip, I.B. (2021). Occupational health and safety in mining: Predictive probabilities of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) use among artisanal goldminers in Ghana. PLoS One, 16(9). https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0257772
- Bauerle T., Dugdale Z., & Poplin G. (2018). Mineworker fatigue: A review of what we know and future decisions. Min Eng, 70 (3). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5983045/
- Behbahani, N. (2023). Foods fuels employee performance and productivity. Linkedin. https://www.fastcompany.com/90795521/science-of-resting-well
- Boyatzis, R.E. (1998). Transforming qualitative information: thematic analysis and code development. SAGE Publication Inc. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1998-08155-000
- Bronfenbrenner, U. (1994). Ecological models of human development. International Encyclopedia of Education, (3). https://impactofspecialneeds.weebly.com/uploads/3/4/1/9/3419723/ecologial_models_of_human_development.pdf
- Cannon, E., Bauer, R., Finch, M., Wallen, H., & Shaw, A. (2019). Prayer circles and the perception of work environment. Medsurg Nursing, 28(5). https://www.proquest.com/openview/5d57dad8b711b61a27980fa2d886b461/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=30764
- Chantrea, B., Chansophy, H., &Chantyta, H. (2022). Working and studying at the same time. The University of Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. https://uc.edu.kh/userfiles/image/2018/Working%20and%20Studying%20at%20the%20Same%20Time.pdf
- Clancy, C., Glied, S. & Lurie, N. (2021). From research to health policy impact. Health Service Research, 47(2). https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-6773.2011.01374.x
- Crawford, M. (2020). Ecological systems theory: exploring the development of the theoretical framework as conceived by Bronfenbrenner. Journal of Public Health Issues and Practices, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.33790/jphip1100170
- Creswell, J. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. SAGE Publication Inc. https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/research-design/book255675
- Creswell, J. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design. Sage Publication, Inc. https://us.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/creswell_qualitative_inquiry_and_research_design_4e_-_comparing_the_five_approaches.pdf
- Creswell, J. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publication, Inc. https://fe.unj.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Research-Design_Qualitative-Quantitative-and-Mixed-Methods-Approaches.pdf
- Dr Zakar. (2021). Inclusive, equitable education can end poverty. ProQuest. https://www.proquest.com/docview/2480195942/3ABAE59FF62748B8PQ/2?accountid=31259
- Dugdale Z., Eiter B., Chaumont Menéndez C., Wong I., & Bauerle T. (2022). Findings from a systematic review of fatigue interventions: What's (not) being tested in mining and other industrial environments. Am J Ind Med 65(4). https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajim.23334
- FitzGerald, J., Mills, J. (2022). The importance of ethnographic observation in grounded theory research. FORUM: QUALITATIVE SOCIAL RESEARCH, 23(2). https://www.qualitative-research.net/index.php/fqs/article/download/3840/4872?inline=1
- Flick, U. (2018). An introduction to qualitative research (6th ed). SAGE Publications Inc. https://books.google.com.ph/books?hl=en&lr=&id=o5l7DwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=an+introduction+to+qualitative+research&ots=Jd0waA-EM3&sig=kymOrS3CYlV1jrCOUy_7VmEmQFA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=an%20introduction%20to%20qualitative%20research&f=false
- Forero, R., Nahidi, S., De Costa, J., Mohsin, M., Fitzgerald, G., Gibson, N., McCarthy, S., & Sarfo, P. (2018). Application of four-dimension criteria to assess rigour of qualitative research in emergency medicine. BMC Health Serv Res 18, 120. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-018-2915-2
- Gallarde, C. (2019, January 4). 3 treasure hunters trapped in tunnel. The Freeman. https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2019/01/04/1882225/3-treasure-hunters-trapped-tunnel
- Ghanney, R.A., Dughan, J.P., & Bentil, J. (2020). Academic performance in mining areas: The case of selected Junior High School in the Atwima, Kwanwoma District, Ghana. International Virtual Conference on Education, Teaching and Learning. https://www.dpublication.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/66-355.pdf
- Giovetti, O. (2022). How does education affect poverty? It can help end it. Concern Worldwide US. https://www.concernusa.org/story/how-does-education-affect-poverty/
- Gyebi, R.S., Arhin, A.A., Braimah, I., King, R., & Lykke, A.M. (2022). Working in a risky environment: Coping and risk handling strategies among small-scale miners in Ghana. Safety and Health at Work, 13(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2022.02.004
- Hancock, B., Ockleford, E., & Windridge, K. (2009). An introduction to qualitative research. National Institute for Health Research. https://www.rds-yh.nihr.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/5_Introduction-to-qualitative-research-2009.pdf
- Holmes, F., Busia, K., Brust, D., & Yakovleva N. (2022). Graduate unemployment, artisanal and small-scale mining, and rural transformation in Ghana: What does the educated youth involvement offer? Journal of Rural Studies. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2022.08.002
- Ismail, S. N., Ramli, A., Aziz, H. A. (2021). Research trends in mining accidents study: A systematic literature review. Safety Science, 23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2021.105438
- James, L. A. (2019). Implications and application of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs in community change initiatives. ProQuest Central. https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/implications-application-maslow-s-hierarchy-needs/docview/2321833457/se-2a
- James, C., Tynan, R., Roach, D., Leigh, L., Oldmeadow, C., Rahman, M., & Kelly, B. (2018). Correlates of psychological distress among workers in the mining industry in remote Australia: Evidence from a multi-site cross-sectional survey. PLoS One, 13(12). https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0209377
- Jonah, O.T., & Abebe, T. (2018). Tension and controversies regarding child labor in small-scale gold mining in Ghana. African Geographical Review, 38(4). https://doi.org/10.1080/19376812.2018.1480394
- Kasongo, A. (2021). Free schools helped to take children out of the mines and into school. Thomson Routers Foundation. https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/children-swap-mines-for-schools-free-education/
- Kemmis, S. (2019). The science of sleep and productivity. Retrieved from https://zapier.com/blog/sleep-and-productivity/
- Kilian, A. (2014). Miners pouring millions into education and training. Retrieved from https://www.miningweekly.com/article/miners-pouring-millions-into-education-and-training-but-results-not-always-in-line-with-expectations-2014-09-05
- Komolthiti, M. (2016). Leadership journeys: A narrative research study exploring women school superintendent’s meaning-making of leadership development experiences. Northeastern Universities ProQuest Dissertation Publishing. https://www.proquest.com/openview/e87090783a122a775243d365c2888f5c/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750
- Korstjens, I. & Moser, A. (2017). Series guidance to qualitative research. Part 4: Trustworthiness and publishing. European Journal of General Practice. https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/igen20
- MacKay, N., & Quinlan, M. K. (2013). After the Interview in Community Oral History. Left Coast Press.1630 North Main Street #400, Walnut Creek, CA 94596.
- Majid, M.A., Othman, M., Mohamad, S., Lim, S.H., & Yusof, A. (2017). Piloting for interviews in qualitative research: Operationalization and lesson learnt. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Science, 7(4). https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mohd-Aliff-Abdul-Majid/post/Are_pilot_studies_relevant_in_small_scale_generic_qualitative_studies_including_8_participants/attachment/5b27b4aab53d2f63c3d1baff/AS%3A638865488478211%401529328810684/download/Piloting+for+Interviews+in+Qualitative+Research+-+Operationalization+and+Lessons+Learnt.pdf
- McLeod, S. (2023). Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Simply Psychology. http://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html.
- Mellejor, L. (2019). DENR shuts down 1800 gold processing plants in Diwalwal. Philippine News Agency. https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1064813
- Miles, A. (2017). Article: “Research methods and strategies workshop: A taxonomy of research gap: Identifying and defining the seven research gaps. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319244623_ARTICLE_Research_Methods_and_Strategies_Workshop_A_Taxonomy_of_Research_Gaps_Identifying_and_Defining_the_Seven_Research_Gaps?enrichId=rgreq-7b4f12c03ee0dfa018f705d4ef0077ac-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzMxOTI0NDYyMztBUzo1MzA1MzIyODM3NjQ3MzZAMTUwMzUwMDE2MTU4Ng%3D%3D&el=1_x_2&_esc=publicationCoverPdf
- Miracle, V. (2016). The belmont report the triple crown research ethics. Dimension of Critical Nursing, (35)4, 223-228. https://journals.lww.com/dccnjournal/FullText/2016/07000/The_Belmont_Report__The_Triple_Crown_of_Research.8.aspx#:~:text=doi%3A%2010.1097/DCC.0000000000000186
- Nakua, E. K., Dabo, E., Newton, S., Koranteng, A., Otupiri, E., Donkor, P., & Mock, C. (2019). Injury rate and risk factors among small-scale gold miners in Ghana. BMC Public Health, 19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7560-0
- Narrative analysis: Methods and examples. (2021, October 4). HARAPPA. https://harappa.education/harappa-diaries/narrative-analysis-in-qualititative-research/
- Naval, A. (2023). Reshaping your mindset: The power of positive thinking in business. Linkedin. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/reshaping-your-mindset-power-positive-thinking-naval-abbas
- Ngcwagu, S. (2020). Ex-mineworkers and new skills. African Sociological Review, 24(2). https://www.jstor.org/stable/48630993
- Opiso, E., Aseneiro, J. & Tabelin, C. (2018). Solid-phase partitioning of mercury in artisanal gold mine tailings from selected key areas in Mindanao, Philippines, and its implication for mercury detoxication. Sage Journal, 36(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X17753534
- Osei, L. (2017). Youth engagement in artisanal and small-scale mining in the upper east region of Ghana. Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/5106?utm_source=ir.lib.uwo.ca%2Fetd%2F5106&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages
- Philippine News Agency. (2018, September 20). Mine worker rescued from collapse tunnel in SoCot. https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1048628
- Pizarro, J., & Fuenzalida, F. (2021). Mental health in mine workers: A literature review. Ind Health, 6. https://doi.org/10.2486%2Findhealth.2020-0178
- Roulston, K. (2001). Data analysis and “theorizing as ideology”. Qualitative research (1), 279-302. https://doi.org/10.1177/146879410100100302
- Schwartz, F., Lee, S., & Darrah, T. (2021). A review of the scope of artisanal and small-scale mining worldwide, poverty, and the associated health impacts. GeoHealth. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GH000325
- Singo, J., Isunju ,JB., Moyo, D., Bose-O'Reilly, S., Steckling-Muschack, N., & Mamuse A. Accidents, injuries, and safety among artisanal and small-scale gold miners in Zimbabwe. Int J Environ Res Public Health,19(14). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148663
- Suter, W.N. (2011). Introduction to educational research: A critical thinking approach (2nd ed.). SAGE Publication Inc. https://books.google.com.ph/books?hl=en&lr=&id=EdMgAQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=Introduction+to+educational+research:+A+critical+thinking+approach&ots=XydwGUwdxk&sig=mNB2TvHrcm6pEtu-K4HtZKOF2tw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Introduction%20to%20educational%20research%3A%20A%20critical%20thinking%20approach&f=false
- The most dangerous gases in mining. (2019). Howden. Retrieved from https://www.howden.com/en-gb/articles/mining/the-most-dangerous-gases-in-mining#:~:text=The%20air%20in%20mines%20can,and%20excess%20of%20carbon%20dioxide.
- The science of resting. (2022). FastCompany. https://www.fastcompany.com/90795521/science-of-resting-well
- Topa, G., Solis, M., & Zappala, S. (2018). Financial management behavior among young adults: The role of need for cognitive closure in a three-wave moderated mediation model. Frontiers in Psychology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02419
- Trzop, K., Palka, D., Szurgacs, D., & Sobik, L. (2021). Preventive measures to minimize natural hazards in the polish underground mining industry. IOP Conference Series.Earth and Environmental Science, 684(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/684/1/012009
- Tsaurai, K. (2021). Mining, poverty, and income inequality in central and eastern European countries: What do the data tell us? Comparative Economic Research, 24(3). https://doi.org/10.18778/1508-2008.24.19
- Tynan, R., James, C., Considine, R., Skehan, J., Gullestrup, J., Lewin, T., Wiggers, J, & Kelly, B. (2018). Feasibility and acceptability of strategies to address mental ill-health in the Australian coal mining industry. International Journal of Mental Health Systems. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13033-018-0245-8
- Walters, R., Fofana, M.L., Songbono, J.L., Barry, A.O., Diallo, S., Nordhagen, S. Zhang, L.X., Klemm, R.D., & Winch, P.J. (2021). If you don't find anything, you can't eat" - Mining livelihoods and income, gender roles, and food choices in northern Guinea. Resour Policy. https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.resourpol.2020.101939
- Wang, X., Zhang, C., Deng, J., Su, C., & Gao, Z. Analysis of factors influencing miners' unsafe behaviors in intelligent mines using a Novel Hybrid MCDM Model. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 19(12). https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
- Willig, C. & Rogers, W. (2017). The SAGE handbook of qualitative research in psychology (2nd ed.). SAGE Publication, Inc. https://books.google.com.ph/books?hl=en&lr=&id=AAniDgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA17&dq=thematic+analysis+of+qualitative+data&ots=dom4mlDdO1&sig=JQn3bW__qcuQH7hS8QDqkUHdj88&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=thematic%20analysis%20of%20qualitative%20data&f=false
- Wirihana, L., Welch, A., Williamson, M., Christensen, M., Bakon, S., & Craft, J. (2018). Using Colaizzi’s method of data analysis to explore the experiences of nurse academics teaching on satellite campuses. National Library of Medicine, 25(4). https://doi.org/10.7748/nr.2018.e1516
- Why is it important to display data in visual way?. (2021). Business Thoughts. https://www.seerinteractive.com/blog/why-is-it-important-to-display-data-in-a-visual-way/
- Withdrawal of subjects from research. (2015). Mashfield Clinic. https://www.marshfieldresearch.org/Media/Default/ORIP/Documents/Withdrawal%20of%20Subjects%20from%20Research.pdf
- Yamarak, L. & Parton, K. (2021). Impacts of mining projects in Papua New Guinea on livelihood and poverty in indigenous mining communities. Miner Econ. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13563-021-00284-1
- You, M., Li, S., Dingwei, L., & Xia, Q. (2019). Study on the influence factors of miners unsafe behavior propagation. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02467.
- Zhu, H. (2020). Hope for girls’ education in poverty-stricken areas: The school-running experience and process of Huaping girls’ high school in Yunnan, China. Science Insight Education Frontiers, 6(2). https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3689668