Home⇛Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal⇛vol. 14 no. 1 (2023)

Parental Attachment, Teacher Attachment, and Attachment to God of Adolescents with Broken Families

Christian Khiel Unto | Patricia Anne Sotto | Laurence Arvin Quintos | Jannah Janelle Sangalang | Elvira David

Discipline: Education

 

Abstract:

Various researches about the attachment of adolescents with broken families contradict each other. Despite the growing number of researches about this matter, using attachment theory to examine the attachment level of adolescents with broken families is rarely used. To delve in deeper about the attachment of such adolescents, a sequential mixed-method design was used for this study, to assess and explore the parental attachment, teacher attachment and God attachment of the participants. Using Pearson correlation, it was discovered that a significant relationship exist with the three variables. Participants have average attachment with their parents, teachers, and God. Results from the quantitative part of the study is explained by the variety of experiences and individual differences of the participants. Qualitative findings imply support with the quantitative results. Using thematic analysis, it was discovered that participants have closer relationship with their teachers than their parents. The respondents also find more significant similarities and association between their teachers and God, than their biological mothers and fathers. The teachers’ proximity to students may be pointed as a reason why adolescents have more intimate relationship with their teachers. With these, the teachers’ roles shifts from being a secondary attachment to a primary attachment.



References:

  1. Andrews, T. (2012) What is Social Constructionism? Grounded Theory Review: An International Journal, 11(1).
  2. Baker, J. Grant, s., & Morlock, L. (2008). The teacher–student relationship as a developmental context for children with internalizing or externalizing behavior problems. School Psychology Quarterly, 23(1), 3-15.
  3. Beck, R. & Mcdonald, A. (2004) Attachment to God: The Attachment to God Inventory, Tests of Working Model Correspondence, And An Exploration Of Faith Group Differences. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 32(2), 92-103.
  4. Bergin, C. & Bergin, B. (2009). Attachment in the Classroom. Educ Psychol Rev, 21, 141-170. DOI 10.1007/s10648-009-9104-0
  5. Bishop, J. (2013) God Distorted: How Your Earthly Father Affects Your Perception of God and Why It Matters. USA: Multnomah.
  6. Bosworth, D. A. (2015). Ancient Prayers and the Psychology of Religion: Deities as Parental Figures. Journal of. Biblical Literature 134(4), 84
  7. Bradshaw, M., Ellison, C. G., & Marcum, J. P. (2010). Attachment to God, Images of God, and Psychological Distress in a Nationwide Sample of Presbyterians. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 20(2), 130–147.
  8. Brown, S. (2016) Measures of Shape: Skewness and Kurtosis. Retrieved from: https://brownmath.com/stat/shape.htm#SkewnessInterpret
  9. Buyse, E., Verschueren, K., & Doumen, S. (2011). Preschoolers' attachment to mother and risk for adjustment problems in kindergarten: can teachers make a difference? Social Development, 12, 33–50.
  10. Cassibba, R., Granqvist, P., & Costantini, A. (2013): Mothers' attachment security predicts their children's sense of God's closeness. Attachment & Human Development, 15(1), 51-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2013.743253
  11. Chowdhury, A. K. , Debsarkar, A. , & Chakrabarty, S. (2015). Novel Methods for Assessing Urban Air Quality: Combined Air and Noise Pollution Approach. Journal of Atmospheric Pollution, 3(1), 1- 8.
  12. Comtois, K. D., Cyr, C., Pascuzzo, K., Lessard, M., & Poulin, C. (2013). Attachment Theory in Clinical Work with Adolescents. Journal of Children and Adolescent Behavior, 1, 111.
  13. Dahlberg, L. L., Toal, S. B., Swahn, M. H., & Behrens, C. B. (2005) Measuring Violence-Related Attitudes, Behaviors, and Influences Among Youths: A Compendium of Assessment Tools (2nd  Edition). Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control
  14. Davidsen, A. S. (2013) Phenomenological Approaches in Psychology and Health Sciences. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 10(3), 318-339.
  15. Duchesne, S., Ratelle, C. F., Poitras, S. C., & Drouin, E. (2009). Early Adolescent Attachment to Parents, Emotional Problems, and Teacher-Academic Worries About the Middle School Transition. Journal of Early Adolescence, 20(5), 743-766.
  16. Dusek, G., & Ayhan A. B. (2014) A Study on Problem Solving Skills of the Children from Broken Family and Full Parents Family Attending Regional Primary Boarding School. Procedia- Social and Behavioral Science, 152 (7), 137-142.
  17. Eagan, C. E. (2004) Attachment and Divorce: Family Consequences. Retrieved from: http://www.personalityresearch.org/papers/eagan.html
  18. Feeney, B. C. & Monin, J. K. (2008) An attachment-theoretical perspective on divorce. From Handbook of Attachment, Second Edition: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications edited by Jude Cassidy and Phillip R. Shaver. Copyright 2008 by The Guilford Press.
  19. Feist, J., Feist, G. J., Roberts, T. (2013) Theories of Personality. Philippines: Mc-Graw Hill.
  20. Field, A.P. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS: and sex and drugs and rock ‘n’ roll (3rd edition). London: Sage.
  21. Gaasbeck, V. (n.d.) Presentation of Regression Results. Retrieved from: https://www.csus.edu/indiv/v/vangaasbeckk/courses/200a/sup/regressionresults.pdf
  22. Gartia, R. (2012) Correlates of Academic Achievement and Family Environment of Under-graduate Students. Journal of Psychosocial Research, 7 (1), 139-145.
  23. Granqvist, P., Broberg, A. G., & Hagekull, B. (2014). Attachment, religiousness, and distress among the religious and spiritual: links between religious syncretism and compensation. Mental Health, Religion, and Culture, 17(7), 726-740.
  24. Granqvist, P., Mikulincer, M., Gewirtz, V., & Shaver, P. (2012). Experimental findings on God as an attachment figure: Normative processes and moderating effects of internal working models. Journal or Personality and Social Psychology, 103(5), 804-818.
  25. Haegerich, T., Oman, R. F., Vesely, S. K., Aspy, C. B., Tolma, E. L. (2014) The Predictive Influence of Family and Neighborhood Assets on Fighting and Weapon Carrying from Mid- to Late Adolescence. Prevention Science, 15, 473-484.
  26. Hussain, S., & Hussain, Y. (2015) Psychological Problems of Adolescents of Broken and Intact Families in Gilgit: A Comparative Study. Pakistan Journal of Clinical Psychology, 14 (1), 41-51.
  27. Kiesling, C. (2011). An attachment theory approach to narrating the faith journey of children of parental divorce. International Journal of Children's Spirituality, 16, 301–313.
  28. Kimball, C., Boyatzis, C., Cook, K., Leonard, K., & Flanagan, K. (2013). Attachment to God: A qualitative exploration of emerging adults’ spiritual relationship with God. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 41(3), 175-188.
  29. Kirkpatrick, L. (2012). Attachment theory and the evolutionary psychology of religion. The International Journal for the Psychology and Religion, 22, 231-241.
  30. Kremer, K. P. (2010) Quality of Teacher-Student Relationships: Moderator of the Effects of Peer Victimization. An unpublished dissertation, USA: Arizona State University.
  31. Lang, A. (2013). Impact of attachment to God and religious coping on life satisfaction. Orvosi Hetilap, 154(46), 1843-1847.
  32. Limke, A., & Mayfield, P. (2011). Attachment to God: Differentiating the contributions of fathers and mothers using the experiences in parental relationships scale. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 39:2, 122-129.
  33. Magpantay, M.J., Malabrigo, P., Malijan, R.J., Manarin, M.G. (2014) Behavioral Problems and Coping Strategies of Selected Adolescents Belonging to a Broken Family. CAM Research Journal, 2 (1).
  34. Maguire, M. & Delahunt, B. (2017) Doing a Thematic Analysis: A Practical, Step-by-Step Guide for Learning and Teaching Scholars. All Ireland Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 3.
  35. Miller, M. H., Esbensen, F. A., & Freng, A. (2012). Parental attachment, parental supervisionand adolescent deviance in intact and non-intact families. Journal of Crime and Justice, 22, 1999 (2), 1-29.
  36. Miner, M. (2009). The Impact of Child-parent Attachment, Attachment to God and Religious Orientation on Psychological Adjustment. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 37(2), 114-124.
  37. Moga, M. J. (2013) The Mysterious Human Self. Philippines: St. Paul’s.
  38. Monteiro L., Veríssimo M., Vaughn B., Santos A. J., Torres N., Fernandes M. (2010). The organization of children's secure base behaviour in two parent Portuguese families and Father's participation in child related activities. European Journal of Development, 7, 545–560.
  39. Mukherjee P., & Mukherjee, H. (2015) Presence of both the parents in determining child’s well-being. International Journal of Health and Well-Being, 6 (10), 990-993.
  40. Murray, C. (2009). Parent and Teacher Relationships as Predictors of School Engagement and Functioning Among Low-Income Urban Youth. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 29(3), 376- 404.
  41. Rathus, S. (2013) Psychology. Philippines: Cengage Learning.
  42. Reinert, D. F. & Edwards, C. E. (2014). Attachment Theory and Concepts of God: Parent Referencing Versus Self-Referencing. SAGE PUB, 1-9. DOI: 10.1177/2158244014560547
  43. Riley P. (2011). Attachment Theory and the Teacher-Student Relationship: A Practical Guide for Teachers, Teacher Educators and School Leaders. Abingdon: Routledge.
  44. Sabol, T. J., & Pianta, R. (2012). Recent trends in research on teacher-child relationships. Attachment and Human Development, 14, 213–231.
  45. Saikia, R. (2017) Broken Family: Its causes and effect on the development of children. International Journal of Applied Research, 3 (2).
  46. Sierra, P. G. (2012). Attachment and preschool teacher: an opportunity to develop a secure base. International Journal of Early Childhood and Special Education, 4, 1–16.
  47. Sim, T. N. & Yow, S. A. (2010). God Attachment, Mother Attachment, and Father Attachment in Early and Middle Adolescence. Journal of religion and health. 50. 264-78. 10.1007/s10943-010-9342-y.
  48. Sinnott, J. D. (2010). Coherent themes: Individuals' relationships with god, their early childhood experiences, their bonds with significant others, and their relational delusions during psychotic episodes all have similar holistic, existential, and relational themes. Journal of Adult Development, 17(4), 230–244.
  49. Stanford, P. (2010) 50 ideas you really need to know religion. China: Quercus Publishing Plc.
  50. Veríssimo, M., Torres, N., Silva, F., Fernandes, C., Vaughn, B. E., & Santos, A. J. (2017). Children's Representations of Attachment and Positive Teacher-Child Relationships. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 2270.
  51. Verschueren K., Doumen S., Buyse E. (2012). Relationships with mother, teacher and peers: unique and joint effects on young children's self-concept. Attachment and Human Development, 14, 233–248.
  52. Verschueren, K. & Koomen, H. M.Y. (2012). Teacher-child relationships from an attachment perspective. Attachment and Human Development, 14(3), 205-11.
  53. Williams, L. H. (2013) Attachment to God: Exploring its Impact on the Teaching and Learning Orientations of Christian Adult Educators. An unpublished dissertation, Alabama: Auburn University.
  54. Young, R. E. (2013). The Influence of Parent-Child Attachment Relationships and Self-Esteem on Adolescents' Engagement in Risky Behaviors. An unpublished dissertation. Boston, Massachusetts: Brandeis University
  55. Zeratsion, H., Dalsklev, M., Bjertness, E., Lien, L., Haavet, O. R., Halvorsen, J. A., Claussen, B. (2013). Parental divorce in late adolescence does not seem to increase mental health problems: A population study from norway. BMC Public Health, 13, (413).
  56. Zhai, H., Bai, B., Chen, L., Han, D., Wang, L., Qiao, Z., Yang, Y. (2015). Correlation between Family Environment and Suicidal Ideation in University Students in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12(2), 1412–1424.

Tools


Copyright © 2024  KITE Digital Educational Solutions |  Exclusively distributed by CE-Logic