Emotional Intelligence, Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment and Its Relationship to Job Performance: Basis for Professional Development Plan
Rommel Sacramento
Discipline: Education
Abstract:
This study investigated the relationship between job satisfaction, emotional intelligence, and organizational commitment to job
performance among teachers in the Aparri East District. Involving 145 teachers across five secondary schools, the study used a
descriptive-correlational research method. Results showed high levels of emotional intelligence among teachers, despite room
for improvement in stress management. Teachers reported high job satisfaction but were dissatisfied with the promotion speed.
The workload and paperwork were stressful, and concerns were raised about policy fairness, despite satisfaction with salaries
and benefits. Several factors influenced teachers' emotional intelligence, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment,
including educational attainment, nature of appointment, plantilla position, monthly income, type of school, and school
assignment. A complex relationship was found between emotional intelligence, job satisfaction, organizational commitment,
and job performance. Emotional intelligence negatively correlated with job satisfaction but positively with job performance.
Job satisfaction and organizational commitment negatively correlated, without significant correlation to job performance. The
study proposes recommendations to improve job satisfaction and performance, including promoting gender diversity,
supporting early-career teachers, fostering an inclusive curriculum, encouraging continuous professional development,
reducing workload and administrative burdens, enhancing supervisor fairness, improving promotion prospects and recognition,
optimizing working conditions, fostering positive co-worker relationships, and further research. Implementation of these
recommendations can enhance job satisfaction, improve performance, and lead to better student outcomes.
References:
- Aamodt, M. (2009). Industrial/ Organizational Psychology.Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning.
- Acton, G. S. (2001). Five-Factor Model: http://www.personalityresearch.org.
- Alexander, J.A; Liechtenstein, R.O, & Hellmann E. (1997). A causalmodel of voluntary turn-over among nursing personnel in long termpsychiatric setting. Research in Nursing and Health 21 (5),415-427.
- Al-Hosam, A., Ahmed, S., Ahmed, F., & Joarder, M. (2016). Impactof transformational leadership on phsycological empowerment andjob satisfaction relationship : a case of Yemeni Banking. BinusBusiness Review.
- Armstrong, M., & Taylor, S. (2014). Armstrong’s handbook ofhuman resource management practice (13 ed.). London: MichaelArmstrong. Retrieved 10 15, 2016.
- Aswathappa, K. (2010). Organizational Behavior. HimalayaPublishing House,Mumbai.
- Awan, A., & Asghar, I. (2014). Impact of employee job satisfactionon their performance... a case study of banking sector inMuzaffargarh district, Pakistan. Global Journal of Human ResourceManagement, 2(4), 71-94.
- Aziri, B. (2011). Job Satisfaction: A Literature Review.Management Research and Practice, 3(4), 77-86. Retrieved 10 11,2016.
- Bay, Amelia b., An, Imelda l., and Laguador, Jake M. (2014).Organizational satisfaction and working engagement of Filipinoteachers in an Asian University. International Journal ofMultidisciplinary Academic Research. 2(4) 32-41
- Balasundaram, N., & Brabete, V. (2010). Job satisfaction andemployees work performance: case study of peoples bank in JaffanaPeninsula, Sri Lanka. Article in Management & Marketing, 43-47.Retrieved October 11, 2016.
- Bay, Amelia b., An, Imelda l., and Laguador, Jake M. (2014).Organizational satisfaction and working engagement of Filipinoteachers in an Asian University. International Journal ofMultidisciplinary Academic Research. 2(4) 32-41
- Baylor, K. (2010). The Influence of Intrinsic and Extrinsic JobSatisfaction Factors and Affective Commitment on the Intention toQuit for Occupations Characterized by High Voluntary Attrition.Nova Southeastern University NSU Works, H. Wayne HuizengaSchool of Business and Entrepreneurship.
- Bhattacherjee, A. (2012). Social Science Research: Principles,Methods, and Practices (2 ed.). Florida, USA: Textbooks Collection.Retrieved 10 26, 2016.
- Bockerman, P., and Ilmakunnas, P. (2006). Do Job Disamenitiesraise wages or ruin job dissatisfaction? International journal ofManpower, 27(3), 290-302.
- Buchanan, K. (2006). Job performance and satisfaction.
- Caballero, M. (2004). Job satisfaction of occupational therapy teachers. Amajor project submitted to the National Teacher Training Center forthe Health Professions, UP Manila; [unpublished].
- Campbell, J., & Wiernik, B. (2015). The Modeling and Assessmentof Work Performance. The Annual Review of OrganizationalPsychology and Organizational Behavior, 2, 47 - 74. Retrieved 1014, 2016.
- Cartwright, S. and Pappas, C. (2007). Emotionalintelligence, its measurement and implication for the workplace.
- Celen, O. , Teke, A., and Cihangiroglu, N. (2013). OrganizationalBehavior. Himalaya Publishing House,Mumbai.
- Chen, Y. (2015). The link between flexible work arrangements andemployee work outcome: a multilevel model. The State Universityof New Jersey.
- Cote, S., & Miners, C. T. H. (2006). Emotional intelligence, cognitive intelligence, and job performance.Administrative Science Quarterly, 51,1–28. https://doi.org/10.2189/asqu.51.1.1
- Cucina, J., & Bowling, N. (2015). Robert Hoppock: Early JobSatisfaction and Vocational Guidance Pioneer. The Industrial-Organizational Psychologist, 53(2), 114. Dailey, R. (2012).Organisational Behavior. Edinburgh Business School Heriot-WattUniversity.
- Folami, L., & Jacobs, F. (2005). The Joint Effect of TaskCharacteristics and Organizational Context On Job Performance: ATest Using SEM. Journal of Business & Economics Research, 3(7),25-40. Retrieved 10 6, 2016.
- Fugar, F. (2007). Fredrick Herzberg motivation-hygientheoryrevised: the concept and its applicability to clergy. Journal ofscience and technology, 27(1).
- Funmilola, O., Sola, K., & Olusola ,A. (2013). Impact Of Job Satisfaction Dimensions On JobPerformance In A Small And Medium Enterprise In Ibadan, SouthWestern, Nigeria. Interdisciplinary Journal of ContemporaryResearch in Business, 4(11), 509521. Retrieved 10 11, 2016.
- Goleman, D. (2007). Emotional Intelligence. New York, NY:Bantam Books.
- Griffin, R. (2005). Management (8 ed.). New York:Houghton Mifflin Company. Grund, C. and Schmitt, A. (2013).Work councils, wages and job satisfaction. Applied Economics, Vol.45, pp. 299-310.
- Gupta, K., Kaur, S., Gupta , P., Jain , L., & Sharma, S. (2012).Impact of Job Satisfaction on Employee Performance, a Challengefor HR Managers in Changing Environment. International Journal ofScientific Research and Reviews, 1(3), 88-95.
- Heffner, C. (2016). Qualitative Research. Retrieved 10 26, 2016,from AllPsych.
- Hamdan, M. H. (2011). Mediators of the relationshipbetween person-organization fit and individual outcomes. PhDthesis, Queensland University of Technology.
- Herzberg, F.; Mausner, B.; Snyderman, B.B. (1959). The Motivationto Work. New York: Wiley Huang, Y.H., Robertson, M. M., andChang K.I. (2004). The role of environmental control onenvironmental satisfaction, communication, and psychologicalstress: effects of officeergonomics training. Environmental andBehavior, 36(1), 617-638.
- Indermun, V., & Bayat, M. (2013). The Job satisfaction-Employeeperformance relationship: a theoretical perspective. Internationaljournal of Innovative Research in Management, 11(2), 1-9.
- Jamal, M. (1997). Job stress, satisfaction and mental health: Anempirical examination of self employed and non- sel employedCanadians. Journal of Small Business Managemen 35 (4), 48-57.
- Javed, M., Balouch, R., & Hassan, F. (2014). Determinants of JobSatisfaction and its Impact on Employee Performance and TurnoverIntentions. International Journal of Learning & Development.
- Jex, S. M., and Britt, T. W. (2008). Organizational Psychology. NewJersey: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Journal of Business, Economics &Finance Vol. 1 2012.
- Judge, T.A.: Thoresen, C.J.: Bono, J.E.: Patton, G.K. (2001). TheJob Satisfaction – Job Performance Relationship: A Qualitative andQuantitative Review. Psychological Bulletin, 127(3) 376-407
- Kappagoda, S. (2012). Job Satisfaction And Its Impact On Task AndContextual Performance In The Banking Sector In Sri Lanka. 1stInternational Conference on Management and Economics 2012.Sahiwal: COMSATS Institute of Information Technology. Retrieved10 14, 2016.
- Laguador, J. M., De Castro, E. A., Portugal, L. M. (2014).Employees’ Organizational Satisfaction and Its Relationship withCustomer Satisfaction Measurement of an Asian AcademicInstitution, Quarterly Journal of Business Studies, 1(3), 83-93.
- Locke, E. (1976). The handbook of Industrial and OrganizationalPsychology. New York, Wiley.
- Loquias, Monet M. and Sana, Erlyn A. (2013). Job Satisfactionamong Faculty members in the Colleges of Pharmacy in MetroManila, Philippines. International Journal of Pharmacy Teaching andPractices 4(4), 787-792.
- Loscocco, K., & Roscelle, A. (1991). Influences on the quality ofwork and nonwork life: Two decades in review. Journal ofVocational Behavior, 39, 182-225.
- Lunenburg, F.C. & Ornstein, A.C. (2004). Educationaladministration: concepts and practices. (4th ed.). Belmont, CA:Wadsworth
- Luthans, F. (1998). Organizational Behaviour. 8th Ed. Boston: IrwinMcGraw-Hill.
- Maniram, R. (2007). An investigation into the factors affecting jobsatisfaction. KwaZulu Natal Further Education and Training College– SWINTON CAMPUS. Retrieved October 12, 2016.
- Maulabakhsh, A. (2015). Impact of Working Environment on Job Satisfaction. 2ndGlobal Conference on Business, Economics, Management andTourism.23, pp. 717 – 725. Prague: Procedia Economics andFinance. Retrieved 11 1, 2016.
- Menengi, C. (2015). Impact of organizational culture on job stressand burnout in graded accommodation establishments in the FreeState province, South Africa.
- Michailova, S. (2002). When common sense becomes uncommon:participation and empowerment in Russian companies with Westernparticipation. Journal of World Business.
- Mitchell, T. R.and Daniels, D. (2003). Motivation handbook ofpsychology Vol. 12. Industrial Organizational Psychology. Ed WCBorman, D. R. Ilgen, RJ. Klimoski. Pp. 225-54. New Jersey: JohnWiley and Sons, Inc.
- Moccia, S. (2016). Happiness At Work. Psychologist Papers, 37(2),143-151. Retrieved 11 1, 2016.
- Mohr, R. (1996). Office space is a revenue Enhancer, Not anExpense. National Estate Investor, 38(7), 46-47.
- Moser, K. & Galais, N. (2007). Self-Monitoring and JobPerformance: The Moderating Role of Tenure. International Journalof Selection and Assessment, 15(1), 83-93.
- Mote, A. A., Bunyi, C. D., Cay, E. M. L., De Sagun, C. H., Labores,A. J. L. A., Villarosa, J. M. E., Apritado, J. M. M., & Mejia, R. C. B.(2014). Awareness of External Environment to the InternationalCurriculum of College of International Tourism and HospitalityManagement, Asia Pacific Journal of Education, Arts and Sciences,1(3), 49-56.
- Motowidlo, S. (2003). Job performance. in W. Borman, D. Ilgen, &R. Klimoski (Ed.), Comprehensive Handbook of Psychology (12)39-53. New York, NY: Wiley.
- Muchinsky, P. M. (2003). Psychology Applied to Work (7th ed.).Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
- Nash, M. (1985). Managing Organizational Performance. Jossey-Bass, an Francisco, CA. Retrieved October 11, 2016.
- Nimalathasan, B., & Brabete, V. (2010). Job satisfaction andemployees’ work performance: A case studyof people’s bank inJaffna peninsula, Sri Lanka. Management and Marketing Journal,8(S 1), S 43-S47.
- Nisha, P. R. and Sudeep Kumar, N. K. (2012). Job Satisfactionamong Teachers of Madras Veterinary College. Tamilnadu J.Veterinary and Animal Sciences 8 (5) 307 – 312
- Ozdevecioglu, M. and Doruk, N.C. (2009). Organizational Behavior.Himalaya Publishing House,Mumbai.
- Paul, T. (2016). Job Satisfaction of National Bank Limited: A CaseStudy of Kaliakoir Branch, Gazipur. Internship Report, University ofDhaka, Department of `Management, Dhaka. Retrieved 11 1, 2016.
- Platis, C., Reklitis, P., & Zimeras, S. (2015). Relation between jobsatisfaction and job performance in healthcare. Procedia - Social andBehavioral Sciences(175), 480 - 487. Retrieved 10 12, 2016.
- Pugno, M., & Depedri, S. (2009). Job performance and jobsatisfaction: an integrated survey. Retrieved 10 11, 2016.
- Putman, D. (2002). Job Satisfaction and Performance Viewed Froma Two Dimensional. The Journal of Defense Software Engineering.
- Robbins, S., & Judge, T. (2013). Organizational behavior (15th ed.)
- Rose, M. (2003). Good deal, bad deal Job satisfaction inoccupations. Work, Employment and Society, 17(3), 503–530.
- Rozell, E.J. et al. (2002). Emotional Intelligence and EducationalAchievement. Saari, L., & Judge, T. (2004). Employee Attitudes andJob satisfaction. Human Resource Management, 43(4), 395–407.Retrieved November 19, 2016.
- Saiyadain, M. (2009). Human Resource Management (4th ed.).
- Shmailan, A. (2016). The relationship between job satisfaction, jobperformance and employee engagement: An explorative study.Issues in Business Management and Economics Original ResearchArticle, 4(1), 1-8.
- Skibba, J. (2002). Personality and job satisfaction.
- Sonnentag, S.,Volmer, J., & Spychala, A. (2008). Job Performance. (B. Julian, Ed.)SAGE, 1, 427- 447. Retrieved 10 14, 2016. 38. Spector, P. (1997).Job Satisfaction: Application, Assessment, Causes andConsequences. London.
- Staw, B.M., & Ross, J. (1985). Stability amid change: Adispositional approach to job attitudes. Journal of AppliedPsychology, 70(3), 469-480.
- University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing. (2015). Principles ofManagement (2015 ed.). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota.
- Usop, AM, Askandar, K., Langguyuan-Kadtong, M. and Usop, D..(2013). Work performance and job satisfaction among teachers.International Journal of Humanities and Social Science. 3(5)245-252
- Pollock, T.G., Whitbred, R.C., & Contractor, N. (2000). Socialinformation processing and job characteristics: a simultaneous testof two theories with implications for job satisfaction. HumanCommunication Research, 26(2), 292-330.
- Sacramento, Rommel, Job Satisfaction and Emotional Intelligence:Their Association to Job Performance (May 20, 2021). Available atSSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4407147 orhttp://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4407147
- Schultz, D. P. and Schultz, S.E. (2010). Psychology and work today:an introduction to industrial and organizational psychology (10thed). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall Watson, T.(2012). Sociology, Work and Organization. London: Routledge.
- Weiss, E.M. (1999). Perceived Workplace Conditions and First-yearTeacher’s Morale, Career Choice Commitment and PlannedRetention: A Secondary Analysis. Teaching and Teacher Education,15, 861-879.
- Wentzel, K.R.: Wigfield, A. (2009) Handbook of Motivation atSchool. Routledge, New YorkVroom, V. H. (1964). Work and motivation. New York: John Wiley& Sons.