Implementation and Challenges of Reading Intervention Programs in Face-to-Face Classes
Charlyn Tolentin
Discipline: Education
Abstract:
A reading intervention program refers to a pedagogical approach aimed at enhancing the fluency and
comprehension skills of those who experience difficulties in Reading. The instructional approach encompasses
strategies to enhance word reading abilities, develop fluency, expand vocabulary, and improve comprehension.
Additionally, peer discourse is utilized to foster reading engagement and enhance comprehension for individuals
facing difficulties in Reading. This paper determined the level of implementation of the reading intervention
program in terms of attainment of the objectives, teaching strategies, and the availability and adequacy of the
learning resources. Also, this paper captured the challenges experienced by the participants in implementing the
reading intervention program. The study employed an exploratory-sequential strategy to gather data pertaining
to the variables and phenomena under investigation. In the study, there were 43 participants for the quantitative
part and 30 informants for the qualitative part taken from Rosales District II, Rosales, Pangasinan. It was found
that of the three constructs, teaching strategies had the highest mean (µ=3.75) while attaining objectives got the
lowest (µ=3.62). Moreover, this paper revealed that challenges encountered by teachers are significantly
associated with the level of the implementation of the reading intervention program along with the attainment of
objectives and teaching strategies. The experiences in the performance of the reading intervention program were
captured in the following themes: reading intervention program offers new learning experiences and caters to
different learning styles; diverse materials are being used in the reading intervention program; incorporating
technology in the reading intervention program; values manifested towards the reading intervention program;
parental support plays a pivotal role in the reading intervention program; workloads and transfer of knowledge
pose a challenge in reading intervention program; rewards as incentives in reading intervention program; and
taking accountability and responsibility in reading intervention program. In conclusion, with the right attitude
and parental support, the total learning experience of struggling readers is enhanced and amplified by
incorporating technology.
References:
- Abalos, E. (2016). Husserlian phenomenology and Colaizzi’s method of data analysis: Exemplar in qualitative nursing inquiry using nursing as caring theory. International Journal of Human Caring, 20(1), 19-23.
- Alava, E. & Martinez, M. (2019). Impact of the teaching-learning process on the brain. International Journal of health sciences, 3(1), 33-40.
- Alyousef, H. S. (2005). Teaching reading comprehension to ESL/EFL learners. The Reading Matrix, 5(2): 143-145.
- Amin, M. (2019). Developing reading skills through practical reading approaches. International Journal of Social Science and Humanities, 4(1), 35-40.
- Andersen, S. C., & Nielsen, H. S. (2016). Reading intervention with a growth mindset approach improves children's skills. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(43), 12111-12113.
- Anandari, C. L., & Iswandari, Y. A. (2019). Extensive Reading in indonesian schools: A successful story. Teflin Journal, 30(2), 137–152. https://doi.org/10.15639/teflinjournal.v30i2/137-152
- Ask, A. S., Valand, I. U., & Aarek, I. (2019). Implementation of Action Plans -- Did the Plans End up in a Drawer? Journal of the International Society for Teacher Education.
- Banerjee, A., & Chaudhury, S. (2010). Statistics without tears: Populations and samples. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 19(1), 60-65. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-6748.7764
- Bippert, K. (2019). Perceptions of Technology, Curriculum, and Reading Strategies in One Middle School Intervention Program. RMLE Online, 42(3), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/19404476.2019.1565600
- Burke, A., Grabt, M. & Levitas, J. (2021). Reading Intervention Programs and Strategies.
- Cadime, I., Ribeiro, I., Cruz, J., Cosme, M. D., Meira, D., Viana, F. L., & Santos, S. (2022). An Intervention in Reading Disabilities Using a Digital Tool During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.862383
- Capellini, S. A., Pinto, C. D. A. R., & Cunha, V. L. O. (2015). Reading comprehension intervention program for teachers of 3rd-grade students. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 174, 1339-1345.
- Damayanti, M. M. I., Damayanti, M. I., Sukartiningsih, W., & Darmawati, E. (2019, December). Implementation of Literacy Programs in Basic High School Class. In 5th International Conference on Education and Technology (ICET 2019) (pp. 99-103). Atlantis Press.
- David W. Stewart & Prem Shamdasani (2017) Online Focus Groups, Journal of Advertising, 46:1, 48-60, DOI: 10.1080/00913367.2016.1252288
- Dowdall, N., Melendez‐Torres, G. J., Murray, L., Gardner, F., Hartford, L., & Cooper, P. J. (2020). Shared picture book reading interventions for child language development: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Child development, 91(2), e383-e399.
- Duran, Mary Rose & Duran, V. (2022). Challenges in Implementing K to 12 Reading Activities in English 8. education program. Journal of Moral Education, 29(4), 413-427.
- Dwiningtiyas, G. N., Sofyan, D., & Puspita, H. (2020). Teachers’ strategies in teaching reading comprehension. Journal of Applied Linguistic and Literacy, 4(2), 66-77.
- Flippo, R. (2014). Assessing readers' qualitative diagnosis and instruction. 2nd Edition. Chapter 2 Retrieved from http://www.reading.org/Libraries/books/assessing-readers--second-ed-
- Foorman, B. (2016). Introduction to the special issue: Challenges and solutions to implementing an effective reading intervention in schools. In B. Foorman (Ed.), Challenges to implementing the effective reading intervention in schools. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 154, 7–10.
- Foorman, B. R., Francis, D. J., Winikates, D., Mehta, P., Schatschneider, C., & Fletcher, J. M. (2021). Early interventions for children with reading disabilities. In Components of Effective Reading Intervention (pp. 255-276). Routledge.
- Frankel, K. K., & Pearson, P. D. (2016). READING INTERVENTIONS. What is New in Literacy Teaching?: Weaving Together Time-Honored Practices with New Research.
- Fusch, P. et.al (2015). Are We There Yet? Data Saturation in Qualitative Research. The Qualitative Report, 20(9), 1408-1416. doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2015.2281.
- Gielnik, M. M., Frese, M., Kahara-Kawuki, A., Wasswa Katono, I., Kyejjusa, S., Ngoma, M., ... & Dlugosch, T. J. (2015). Action and action-regulation in entrepreneurship: Evaluating a student training for promoting entrepreneurship. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 14(1), 69-94.
- González García, E., Colomo Magaña, E., & Cívico Ariza, A. (2020). Quality education as a sustainable development goal in the context of 2030 agenda: Bibliometric approach. Sustainability, 12(15), 5884.
- Grabe W. and F. L. Stoller. (2002). Teaching and Researching Reading. Harlow: Pearson Education Ltd. Retrieved August 19th, 2017, from http://www.llas.ac.uk/resources/gpg/1420
- Graham, J. & Kelly, S. (2019). How effective are early interventions? A review of the evidence. Educational Research Review, 27, 155-175.
- Graham, S., Liu, X., Aitken, A., Ng, C., Bartlett, B., Harris, K. R., & Holzapfel, J. (2018). Effectiveness of literacy programs Balancing Reading and writing instruction: A meta‐analysis. Reading Research Quarterly, 53(3), 279-304.
- Gustanti, Y., & Ayu, M. (2021). THE CORRELATION BETWEEN COGNITIVE READING STRATEGIES AND STUDENTS’ENGLISH PROFICIENCY TEST SCORE. Journal of English Language Teaching and Learning, 2(2), 95-100.
- Guthrie, J. T., & Wigfield, A. (2000). Engagement and motivation in Reading. In M. L. Kamil, P. B. Mosenthal, P. D. Pearson, & R. Barr (Eds.), Handbook of reading research (Vol. 3, pp. 403–422). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Hamed, E., Shakshaka, H., & Gargoum, S. (2021). The Effect of Learning Using Cooperative on the Students' Performance in Reading Comprehension. https://study.com/learn/lesson/reading-intervention-programs-strategies.html
- Hudson, A. (2021). Elementary Teachers' Knowledge of Reading Comprehension, Classroom Practice, and Students' Performance in Reading Comprehension.
- Hulme, C., & Snowling, M. J. (2013). Learning to read: What we know and need to understand better. Child Development Perspectives, 7, 1–5. doi:10.1111/cdep.12005
- Kazakoff, E. R., Macaruso, P., & Hook, P. (2018). Efficacy of a blended learning approach to elementary school reading instruction for students who are English Learners. Educational Technology Research and Development, 66, 429-449.
- Kim, J. S., Hemphill, L., Troyer, M., Thomson, J. M., Jones, S. M., LaRusso, M. D., & Donovan, S. (2017). Engaging struggling adolescent readers to improve reading skills. Reading research quarterly, 52(3), 357-382.
- Komiyama, R. & McMorris, A. (2017). Examining International Students' Motivation to Read in English from a Self-Determination Theory Perspective. CATESOL Journal, 29(2), 61-80.
- Küfeoğlu, S. (2022). SDG-4 Quality Education (pp. 255–275). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07127-0_6
- Lagarto, R. A. (2021). Reading Proficiency Level among Grade 7: Basis for Reading Intervention Program. ‖ International Research Journal of Advanced Engineering and Science, 6(1), 233–236.
- Lavelli, M., Barachetti, C., Majorano, M., Florit, E., Brotto, C., & Miottello, P. (2019). Impacts of a shared book‐reading intervention for Italian‐speaking children with developmental language disorder. International journal of language & communication disorders, 54(4), 565-579.
- Leming, R. (2000). Tell me a story: An evaluation of a literature-based character
- Lemmello, H. (2022). What is Reading Intervention?
- Lobe, B. (2017). Best practices for synchronous online focus groups. A new era in focus group research: Challenges, innovation and practice, 227-250.
- Manjale, N. B., & Abel, C. (2017). Significance and adequacy of instructional media as perceived by primary school pupils and teachers in Kinondoni District, Tanzania. International Journal of Educational Policy Research and Review, 4(6), 151-157.
- Meniado, J. C. (2016). Metacognitive Reading Strategies, Motivation, and Reading Comprehension Performance of Saudi EFL Students. English Language Teaching, 9(3), 117-129.
- Merto, M. A. (2019). Implementation of school-based reading program in the Division of Lucena City. International Journal of Advanced Research and Publications, 3(11), 34–41. Retrieved from www.ijarp.org
- Mitchell, C., & Begeny, J. C. (2014). Improving student reading through parents’ implementation of a structured reading program. School Psychology Review, 43(1), 41–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/02796015.2014.12087453
- Morris, M. H. (2015). Entrepreneurship as experience. Wiley Encyclopedia of Management, 1-6.
- Mortazavi, F., & Ghardashi, F. (2021). The lived experiences of pregnant women during COVID-19 pandemic: a descriptive phenomenological study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 21(1). doi:10.1186/s12884-021-03691-y.
- Ms. Zarina G. Llarena. (2023). EXPLORING THE ROLES OF SCHOOL HEADS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF READING PROGRAMS. EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR), 60–64. https://doi.org/10.36713/epra12848
- Norman, D. (2021). Problems Encountered in Teaching and Learning Reading. Aptitude, learning, and instruction, 237-244.
- O’Brien, B. A., Habib, M., & Onnis, L. (2019). Technology-based tools for English literacy intervention: Examining intervention grain size and individual differences. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2625.
- Oesterreich, R., & Volpert, W. (1986). Task analysis for work design on the basis of action regulation theory. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 7(4), 503-527.
- Olson, R. K., Wise, B., Ring, J., & Johnson, M. (2021). Computer-based remedial training in phoneme awareness and phonological decoding: Effects on the posttraining development of word recognition. In Components of Effective Reading Intervention (pp. 235-253). Routledge.
- Omar, S., & Bidin, A. (2015). The Impact of Multimedia Graphic and Text with Autistic Learners in Reading. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 3(12), 989-996.
- Peres, S. P. (2017). Eidetic psychology and theory of knowledge in Logical Investigations by Husserl. Psicologia USP, 28, 118-124.
- Rai, N., & Thapa, B. (2015). A study on purposive sampling method in research. Kathmandu: Kathmandu School of Law, 1-12.
- Razali, K and Razali, I. (2013). Strategies in Improving Reading Comprehension Through Vocabulary Acquisition. Englisia, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1-16
- Roe, B., Smith, S. H., & Kolodziej, N. J. (2018). Teaching Reading in today's elementary schools. Cengage Learning.
- Romnick T. Sancada. (2022). Remedial Reading Program in the Schools Division of Iloilo: Challenges and Effective Practices. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6957238
- Sadang, J. M. (2021). The lived experience of Filipino nurses’ work in COVID-19 quarantine facilities: a descriptive phenomenological study. Pacific Rim International Journal of Nursing Research, 25(1), 154-164.
- SDG 4 and the ‘Education Quality Turn.’ (2020). In Grading Goal Four (pp. 194–213). BRILL. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004430365_009
- Sari, G., Santihastuti, A., Wahjuningsil, E. (2020). Students' Perception of Reading Comprehension Problems in Narrative Text. LLT Journal: A Journal on Language and Language Teaching, 23(2), 342-353.
- Scammacca, N. K., Roberts, G. J., Cho, E., Williams, K. J., Roberts, G., Vaughn, S. R., & Carroll, M. (2016). A century of progress: Reading interventions for students in grades 4–12, 1914–2014. Review of Educational Research, 86(3), 756-800.
- Sheridan S., & Moorman Kim E. (Eds) (2016). Family-School Partnerships in context. (Research on Family-School Partnerships, Vol 3). Dordrecht: Springer.
- Shih, Y. C., Chern, C. L., & Reynold, B. L. (2018). Bringing extensive Reading and reading strategies into the Taiwanese junior college classroom. Reading in a Foreign Language, 30(1), 130-151.
- Simkus, J. (2022, Jan 26). Simple Random Sampling: Definition, Steps, and Examples. Simply Psychology. www.simplypsychology.org/simple-random-sampling.html
- Taboada Barber, A., Buehl, M. M., Kidd, J. K., Sturtevant, E. G., Richey Nuland, L., & Beck, J. (2015). Reading engagement in social studies: Exploring the role of a social studies literacy intervention on reading comprehension, reading self-efficacy, and engagement in middle school students with different language backgrounds. Reading Psychology, 36(1), 31-85.
- Tekin, A. K. (2019). HOW TO ACHIEVE QUALITY EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION FOR ALL: GOAL 4 OF THE UNITED NATIONS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. Journal of Sustainable Development Education and Research, 3(1), 71. https://doi.org/10.17509/jsder.v3i1.17173
- The Empowered School: The Management and Practice of Development Planning, School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 4:3, 236-239, DOI: 10.1080/0924345930040305
- Timperley, S., Schaughency, E., Riordan, J., Carroll, J., Das, S., & Reese, E. (2022). Tender shoots: effects of a preschool shared book reading preventive intervention on parent–child reading and parents’ involvement in the first year of school. School Mental Health, 14(2), 238-253.
- Tomas, M. J. L., Villaros, E. T., & Galman, S. M. A. (2021). The Perceived Challenges in Reading of Learners: Basis for School Reading Programs. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 9, 107-122. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2021.95009
- Torgesen, J. K., Wagner, R. K., & Rashotte, C. A. (2021). Prevention and remediation of severe reading disabilities: Keeping the end in mind. In Components of Effective Reading Intervention (pp. 217-234). Routledge.
- Trigueros, R. et.al. (2017). Qualitative and quantitative research instruments: Research tools. Handbook of research methods and applications in political science, 341-342.
- Tudy, R. A., & Gauran-Tudy, I. (2020). Struggles, coping mechanisms, and insights of childless teachers in the Philippines: A descriptive phenomenological approach. The Qualitative Report, 25(5), 1256-1278.Typhoon Haiyan. Journal on National Defense University Press.
- Tunmer, W. E., & Hoover, W. A. (2017). Cognitive and linguistic factors in learning to read. In Reading acquisition (pp. 175-214). Routledge.
- Velten, J., & Mokhtari, K. (2016). Challenges Inherent in the Design and Implementation of After-School Intervention Programs for Middle Grade Underachieving Readers. Texas Journal of Literacy Education, 4(1), 14-20.
- Vernon‐Feagans, L., Bratsch‐Hines, M., Varghese, C., Bean, A., & Hedrick, A. (2015). The targeted reading intervention: Face‐to‐face vs. webcam literacy coaching of classroom teachers. Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, 30(3), 135-147.
- Vietnam, V. I. E. T. N. A. M. (2015). Factors affecting students’ speaking performance at Le Thanh Hien high school. Asian Journal of Educational Research Vol, 3(2), 8-23.
- Wanzek, J., Stevens, E. A., Williams, K. J., Scammacca, N., Vaughn, S., & Sargent, K. (2018). Current evidence on the effects of intensive early reading interventions. Journal of learning disabilities, 51(6), 612-624.
- Wanzek, J., Vaughn, S., Scammacca, N., Gatlin, B., Walker, M. A., & Capin, P. (2016). Meta-analyses of the effects of tier 2 type reading interventions in grades K-3. Educational psychology review, 28, 551-576.
- Wigfield, A., Gladstone, J. R., & Turci, L. (2016). Beyond cognition: Reading motivation and reading comprehension. Child development perspectives, 10(3), 190-195.
- Wigfield, A., Gladstone, J. R., & Turci, L. (2016). Beyond cognition: Reading motivation and reading comprehension. Child development perspectives, 10(3), 190-195.
- Woodyatt, C. R., Finneran, C. A., & Stephenson, R. (2016). In-person versus online focus group discussions: A comparative analysis of data quality. Qualitative health research, 26(6), 741-749.
- Ylinen, S., & Kujala, T. (2015). Neuroscience illuminating the influence of auditory or phonological intervention on language-related deficits. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 137.
- Yulianti, T., & Sulistyawati, A. (2021). Online Focus Group Discussion (OFGD) Model Design in Learning.
- Zacher, H., & Frese, M. (2018). Action regulation theory: Foundations, current knowledge, and future directions.