How Do Non-Counseling Supervisors Impact School Counselors' Self-Efficacy?: A Comparative Analysis
Hardie Gieben Cruz
Discipline: Education
Abstract:
Most school counselors are not supervised, and then they need to complete other duties that are not
part of their obligations. This can also lead to burnout, decreased self-efficacy, and decreased
professional satisfaction. Although it is well known that school counselors rely on the support of
supervisors, there is very little investigation on the part of supervision in the functions of counselors.
The study investigated the impact of school counselors’ non-counseling supervisors on their selfefficacy. One hundred fifty (75 non-counseling supervisors and 75 school counselors) from private
and public schools and universities in the National Capital Region (NCR) participated in this
descriptive comparative study. Boderhorn and Skaggs’ School Counselor Self-Efficacy Scale (2005)
was administered in assessing the school counselors’ confidence in their capabilities to handle
various responsibilities and tasks. The results showed that school counselors seem to be generallyhighly confident in their capability to handle various responsibilities and tasks. However, noncounseling supervisors revealed that their school counselors are often slightly-moderately assured in
their ability to handle various tasks and responsibilities. Data also displayed that there are significant
differences in the scores of non-counseling supervisors and school counselors. This means that the
non-counseling supervisors’ assessment has an influence on school counselors’ self-efficacy. This
research also provides strategies to support them in improving self-efficacy; therefore, it will help
them understand how to improve their practice and career satisfaction as school counselors.
References:
- American School Counselor Association. (2012). The SchoolCounselor and School Counseling Programs. The School Counselorand School Counseling Programs - American School CounselorA s s o c i a t i o n ( A S C A ) . https://schoolcounselor.org/Standards-Positions/Position-Statements/ASCA-Position-Statements/The-School-Counselor-and-School-Counseling-Program
- Bandura, A. (1977). Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control -Chapter 2. https://www.uky.edu/~eushe2/Pajares/effbook2.html.
- Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective.Annual Review of Psychology, 5 2 , 1 - 2 6 .https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.1
- Benshoff, J. M., & Paisley, P. O. (2011, December 23). TheStructured Peer Consultation Model for School Counselors. WileyO n l i n e L i b r a r y . https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1996.tb01872.x.
- Bodenhorn, N., & Skaggs, G. (2005). Development of the SchoolCounselor Self-Efficacy Scale. Taylor & Francis. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07481756.2005.11909766.
- Butts, C. M., & Gutierrez, D. (2018). Dispositional Mindfulness andPersonal Distress as Predictors of Counseling Self-Efficacy.Counselor Education and Supervision, 57, 271 – 284. https://doi.org/10.1002/ceas.12116
- Cashwell, & Dooley. (2001). The impact of supervision oncounselor self-efficacy. American Psychological Association. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2001-01360-003.
- Cervoni, A. D. L.-W. (2010, November 30). Role Conflict andAmbiguity as Predictors of Job Satisfaction in High SchoolC o u n s e l o r s . J o u r n a l of S c h o o l C o u n s e l i n g . https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ914271.
- Cinotti, D. (2013, November 30). The Relationship between Aspectsof Supervision and School Counselor Self-Efficacy. ProQuest LLC.https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED553066.
- Cinotti, D., & Springer, S. I. (2018). Examining the Impact of Non-Counseling Supervisors on School Counselor Self-Efficacy.S e m a n t i c S c h o l a r . https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Examining-the-Impact-of-Non-Counseling-Supervisors-Cinotti-Springer/08279f9fb02473339177d1fa52b31ef03f624b04.
- Corey, G. (2009). Theory and practice of counseling andpsychotherapy. Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole.
- Crutchfield, & Borders. (1997). Impact of two clinical peersupervision models on practicing school counselors. AmericanP s y c h o l o g i c a l A s s o c i a t i o n . https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1997-07829-006.
- Culbreth, J. R., Scarborough, J. L., Banks-Johnson, A., & Solomon,S. (2011, December 23). Role Stress Among Practicing SchoolC o u n s e l o r s . W i l e y O n l i n e L i b r a r y . https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/j.1556-6978.2005.tb00130.x.
- Daniels, J. A., & Larson, L. M. (2011, December 23). The Impact ofPerformance Feedback on Counseling Self◻Efficacy andCounselor A n x i e t y . W i l e y O n l i n eL i b r a r y . https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/j.1556-6978.2001.tb01276.x.
- Dollarhide, C. T., & Miller, G. M. (2011, December 23).Supervision for Preparation and Practice of School Counselors:Pathway s to Excellen ce. Wiley Online Lib rary. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/j.1556-6978.2006.tb00001.x.
- Ernst, K. A. (2012). Self-Efficacy, Attachment, and SchoolCounselor Service Delivery (Order No. 3502534). Available fromProQuest Central; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses A&I; ProQuestDissertation s & Theses Global. (963698641). https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/self-efficacy-attachment-school-counselor-service/docview/963698641/se-2?accountid=28547
- Gündüz, B. (2012). Self-efficacy and burnout in professional schoo counselors. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 12(3).1761-1767.
- Gysbers, N. C., & Henderson, P. (2014, November). Developing andManaging Your School Guidance and Counseling Program, 5thE d i t i o n . W i l e y . c o m . https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Developing+and+Managing+Your+School+Guidance+and+Counseling+Program%2C+5th+Edition-p-9781119026341.
- Hailey, M., Marin, M. R., & Gelgand, J. C. (2015). LanguageAnxiety and Counseling Efficacy. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 43, 162 – 172 . https://doi.org/10.1002/jmcd.12012
- Haron, S., Jaafar, W. M. W., Baba, M. (2010). The influence ofschool climate towards counselor’s self-efficacy. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5,445-448 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.120
- Hatch, T., & Chen-Hayes, S. (2008). School Counselor Beliefs aboutASCA National Model School Counseling Program ComponentsUsing the SCPCS - Trish Hatch, Stuart F. Chen-Hayes, 2008. SAGEJ o u r n a l s . https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2156759X0801200104.
- Herlihy, Gray, & McCollum. (2002). Legal and Ethical Issues inSchool Counselor Supervision. Professional School Counseling.https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ655211.
- Holden, G., Barker, K., Kuppens, S., & Rosenberg, G. (2017). Self-Efficacy Regarding Social Work Competencies. Research on SocialW o r k P r a c t i c e , 2 7 ( 5 ) , 5 9 4 - 6 0 6. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731515586466
- Kirchner, & Setchfield. (2005, September 22). School Counselors'and School Principals' Perceptions of the School Counselor's Role.Education. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ725152.
- Lambie, G. W. & Mullen, P. R. (2016, February 8). THECONTRIBUTION OF SCHOOL COUNSELORS' SELF◻EFFICACY TO THEIR PROGRAMMATIC SERVICED ELIVERY. Wiley Online Library. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/pits.21899.
- Luke, M., & Bernard, J. M. (2006). The School CounselingSupervision Model: An Extension of the Discrimination Model. Wiley Online Library. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/j.1556-6978.2006.tb00004.x.
- Morrison, M. A., & Lent, R. W. (2018). The Working Alliance,Beliefs About the Supervisor, and Counseling Self-Efficacy:Applying the Relational Efficacy Model to Counselor Supervision.Journal of Counseling Psychology, 65(4), 512 – 522. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000267
- Moyer, M. (2011, November 30). Effects of Non-GuidanceActivities, Supervision, and Student-to-Counselor Ratios on SchoolCounselor Burnout. Journal of School Counseling. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ933171.
- Oberman, A., & Studer, J. R. (2006). The Use of the ASCA National Model ® in Supervision. SAGE Journals. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2156759X0601000102.
- Ooi, P. B., Jaafar, W. M. B. W., & Baba, M. B. (2017). Relationshipbetween sources of counseling self-efficacy and counseling self-efficacy among Malaysian school counselors. The Social ScienceJ o u r n a l , 5 5 ( 3 ) , 3 6 9 – 3 7 6 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2017.05.005
- Perry, J., Parikh, S., Vazquez, M., Sau nders, R., Bolin, S., &Dameron, M. (2020). School Counselor Self-Efficacy in Advocatingfor Self: How Prepared Are We?. The Journal of CounselorPreparation and Supervision, 13(4). Retrieved from https://repository.wcsu.edu/jcps/vol13/iss4/5
- Pyne, J. R. (2011). Comprehensive School Counseling Programs,Job Satisfaction, and the ASCA National Model - Jaymes R. Pyne,2 0 1 1 . SAGE Journals. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2156759X1101500202.
- Scarborough, J. L. (2005, February 1). The School CounselorActivity Rating Scale: An Instrument for Gathering Process Data.Professional School Counseling. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ710410.
- Springer, S. I. (2015, November 30). Examining Predictors of GroupLeader Self-Efficacy for Preservice School Counselors. Journal forSpecialists in Group Work. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1118832.
- Springer, Cinotti, Moss, Gordillo, & Canella. (2015). VISTASCounselor Education and Supervision. ACA(WEBusage) . https://www.counseling.org/knowledge-center/vistas/by-subject2/vistas-education-and-supervision/docs/default-source/vistas/school-counselor-self-efficacy.
- Sutton, J. M., & Fall, M. (1995). The Relationship of SchoolClimate Factors to Counselor Self◻Efficacy. Wiley OnlineLibrary. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1995.tb01759.x.