Home⇛International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research⇛vol. 4 no. 11 (2023)

The Effect of Non-Cash Payments on the Money Supply in Indonesia During the Covid-19 Pandemic Period

Hamas Faza | Siti Aisyah Tri Rahayu | Lukman Hakim

 

Abstract:

The development of non-cash payments is predicted to have an effect on real money demand, not only in Indonesia. The use of electronic money in Indonesia itself continues to increase especially in the covid-19 pandemic and it supported by technological developments. The purpose of this study was to analyse the effect of non-cash payments on real money demand in Indonesia. The method used is Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) using secondary data from Januari 2019 to December 2022. The independent variable is the amount of money circulated by Bank Indonesia, and the independent variables used are the value of debit / ATM card transactions, credit cards, and e -money. The results indicate that in the long run debit cards and e-money have a significant negative effect on money supply, while credit cards have positive effect on money supply but it’s not significant. While in the short term, all variables debit cards, credit cards and e-money are not significant on money supply.



References:

  1. A Survey of LGBT Americans Attitudes, Expe-riences and Values in Changing Times. (2013). In Pew Research Center. Re-trieved February 1, 2023, from https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2013/06/13/chapter-6-religion/
  2. Arcelus, J., Bouman, P. W., Haycraft, E., & Jones, B. A. (2019). Mental Health and Quality of Life in Non-Binary Transgender Adults: A Case Control Study. International Journal of Transgen-derism, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2019.1630346
  3. Baker, D., Goodship, N., Rimes, K. A., Ussher, G., & West, E. (2017). Non-Binary and Bi-nary Transgender Youth: Comparison of Mental Health, Self-Harm, Suicidality, Substance Use and Victimization Experi-ences. International Journal of Transgen-derism, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2017.1370627
  4. Bass, M., Colip, L., Conklin, J., Gonzalez, L. J., & Sharon, N. (2018). Rethinking gender: The nonbinary approach. American Jour-nal of Health-System Pharmacy, 75(22). 1821–1823. https://doi.org/10.2146/ajhp180236
  5. Beagan, B., & Hattie, B. (2015, April). Religion, Spirituality, and LGBTQ Identity Integra-tion. ResearchGate. Retrieved April 12, 2023, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276119041_Religion_Spirituality_and_LGBTQ_Identity_Integration
  6. Benotsch, E. G., Perrin, P. B., & Tabaac, A. (2017). Discrimination, Mental Health, and Body Image Among Transgender and Gender-Non-Binary Individuals: Con-structing a Multiple Mediational Path Model. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 30(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538720.2017.1408514
  7. Brody, J. E. (2017). Social Interaction Is Critical for Mental and Physical Health. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/12/well/live/having-friends-is-good-for-you.html
  8. Budge, S. L., Rossman, H. K., & Sinnard, M. T. (2021). Nonbinary individuals’ emotional experiences: implications for advancing counseling psychology beyond the binary. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 1–24. doi:10.1080/09515070.2021.1940102
  9. Carlile, A., Paechter, C., & Toft, A. (2021). Non-binary young people and schools: peda-gogical insights from a small-scale inter-view study. Pedagogy, Culture & Society, 29(5), 695-713. Taylor & Francis Online. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681366.2021.1912160
  10. Chang, K. W., Dev, S., Monajatipoor, M., Ovalle, A., Phillipis, J. M., & Subramonian, A. (2021). Harms of Gender Exclusivity and Challenges in Non-Binary Representation in Language Technologies. arXiv Forum. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2108.12084
  11. Chacko, M. A. (2019). Freedoms in the khaki: gendering a ‘gender-neutral’ uniform. Gender and Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2019.1632419
  12. Cleland, J. A. (2017). The qualitative orienta-tion in medical education research. Kore-an Journal of Medical Education, 29(2), 61-71. https://doi.org/10.3946/kjme.2017.53
  13. Dresden, D. (2021). What is Homophobia? Medical News Today.
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/homophobia
  14. Duggal, P. & Sood, Y. (2020). Gendered Cloth-ing: The Beginning of the End. https://www.manipalthetalk.org/miscellaneous/gendered-clothing-the-beginning-of-the-end/
  15. Galupo M. P., Pulice-Farrow, L., & Pehl, E. (2020) ‘‘There is nothing to do about it’’: nonbinary individuals’ experience of gender dysphoria. Transgender Health X:X, 1–10. doi:10.1089/trgh.2020.0041.
  16. Gates, J. J., Millon, G., Taylor, J., & Zalewska, A. (2018). An exploration of the lived expe-riences of non-binary individuals who have presented at a gender identity clinic in the United Kingdom. International Journal of Transgenderism, 20(2-3), 195-204. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2018.1445056
  17. Hayter, M., Laiti, M., Parisod, H., Pakarinen, A., Sariola, S., & Salantera, S. (2020). LGBTQ+ Students’ Experiences of Junior High School Nursing in Finland: A Quali-tative Study. The Journal of School Nurs-ing, 37(6). https://doi.org/10.1177/1059840520910796
  18. Human Rights Watch. (2017). Just Let Us Be: Discrimination Against LGBT Students in the Philippines. https://www.hrw.org/report/2017/06/21/just-let-us-be/discrimination-against-lgbt-students-philippines#_ftn37
  19. Losty, M., & O’Connor, J. (2017). Falling out-side of the “nice little binary box”: a psy-choanalytic exploration of the non-binary gender identity. Psychoanalytic Psycho-therapy, 32(1), 40–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/02668734.2017.1384933
  20. Manalastas, E. J. (2013). Sexual Orientation and Suicide Risk in the Philippines: Evi-dence from a Nationally Representative Sample of Young Filipino Men. Philippine Journal of Psychology, 46(1), 6-7. https://pages.upd.edu.ph/sites/default/files/ejmanalastas/files/manalastas_2013_fil_gay_suicide_risk.pdf
  21. Manalastas, E. J. (2016). Suicide Ideation and Suicide Attempt Among Young Lesbian and Bisexual Filipina Women: Evidence for Disparities in the Philippines. Asian Women, 32(3), 109. http://www.e-asianwomen.org/xml/07910/07910.pdf
  22. Matsuno, E., & Budge, S. (2017). Non-binary/Genderqueer Identities: a Critical Review of the Literature. Curr Sex Health Rep. doi:10.1007/s11930-017-0111-8
  23. McMurray, S. (2021). School Uniforms: Cost, Gender and Behavioral Considerations. North Ireland Assembly Research and In-formation Service Briefing Paper, 158(21).
  24. Pascual, G. (2016). Sward speaks (Gay lingo) in the Philippine context: A morphological analysis. International Journal of Ad-vanced Research in Management and So-cial Sciences, 5(12), 32–36. https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:ijarmss&volume=5&issue=12&article=004
  25. Pew Research Center. (2019, December 31). Chapter 6: Religion. Pew Research Cen-ter's Social & Demographic Trends Project. Retrieved April 12, 2023, from https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2013/06/13/chapter-6-religion/
  26. Pew Research Center. (2022). The Experienc-es, Challenges, and Hopes of Transgender and Nonbinary U.S. Adults. https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2022/06/07/the-experiences-challenges-and-hopes-of-transgender-and-nonbinary-u-s-adults/
  27. Psychological Association of the Philippines. (2011). Statement of the Psychological Association of the Philippines on non-discrimination based on sexual orienta-tion, gender identity, and expression. Philippine Journal of Psychology, 44 (2), 229-230. http://www.tinyurl.com/yd67gbmc
  28. Smith, N. J., & Wright, T. E. (2015). A Safer Place? LGBT Educators, School Climate, and Implications for Administrators. The Educational Forum, 79(4), 394–407. doi:10.1080/00131725.2015.1068901
  29. Thorne, N., Witcomb, G. L., Nieder, T., Nixon, E., Yip, A., & Arcelus, J (2018): A compari-son of mental health symptomatology and levels of social support in young treatment-seeking transgender individu-als who identify as binary and non-binary.
  30. International Journal of Transgenderism. doi:10.1080/15532739.2018.1452660
  31. Understanding Non-Binary People: How to Be Respectful and Supportive. (2018). Na-tional Center for transgender equality. https://transequality.org/issues/resources/understanding-non-binary-people-how-to-be-respectful-and-supportive
  32. University of Warwick. (2021). What is Phe-nomenology? Education Studies. https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/ces/research/current/socialtheory/maps/phenomenology/
  33. Van Bergen, D. D. (2020). Parental Responses to Coming Out by Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Queer, Pansexual, or Two-Spirited People across Three Age Cohorts. Journal of Marriage and Family. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12731
  34. Wilkins, C. L., Wellman, J. D., Toosi, N. R., Mil-ler, C. A., Lisnek, J. A., & Martin, L. A. (2022). Is LGBT progress seen as an at-tack on Christians?: Examining Chris-tian/sexual orientation zero-sum beliefs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychol-ogy, 122(1), 73–101. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000363

Tools


Copyright © 2024  KITE Digital Educational Solutions |  Exclusively distributed by CE-Logic