HomePsychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journalvol. 16 no. 7 (2023)

Language Performance and Experiences of JHS Students in the Printed Modular Distance Learning Modality

Merra Mae Ramos

Discipline: English studies

 

Abstract:

This QUANqual research study determined the students’ profile and the selected indicators of language performance and the experiences of both teachers and students in the printed modular distance learning (MDL) delivery modality. It was found that there were more female student participants than males; they belonged to the bottom three categories of socio-economic status (SES); they had available devices at home, internet signal, and internet access; memory, metacognitive, and social strategies were their most frequently used language learning strategies (LLSs); majority of them belonged to satisfactory and very satisfactory levels of English language performance; there was no significant correlation between their profile (sex, SES, and technical capabilities) and language performance, but it correlated with LLSs; six themes emerged from the teachers’ and students’ experiences in the printed MDL delivery modality in times of the COVID-19 crisis; and a relevant proposal entitled; “Self-Learning Modules in English 8” were crafted. It is concluded that the students’ profile and the selected indicators of language performance and the experiences of both teachers and students are not determinants of students’ performances in the printed modular distance learning (MDL) delivery modality. Despite the teachers’ drawbacks in terms of content, monitoring, and assessment, teachers managed to accommodate their students. Eventually, their students performed regardless of their challenges in content, access, and support in times of the COVID-19 health crisis. It is recommended that the proposed self-learning modules may be utilized to help teachers and students overcome the challenges of remote modes of teaching and learning.



References:

  1. Abdu-Raheem, B.O. (2015). Parents' socio-economic status as predictor of secondary school students' academic performance in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Journal of Education and Practice, 6, 123-128. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1083795.pdf
  2. Abel Jr., A. (2020). The phenomenon of learning at a distance through emergency remote teaching amidst the pandemic crisis. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 15(1), 127-143.
  3. Adeyemi, B.A., & Adeyemi, B.B. (2013). A comparative study of secondary school students’ performance in English and Social Studies in junior secondary schools in Osun State, Nigeria. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, 3(7), 121-125.
  4. Adeyemi, S.B. (2014). The effect of gender on secondary school students' achievement in map work. European Journal of Educational Studies, 6(1), 21-31. 
  5. Ahmadi, M.R. (2018). The use of technology in English language learning: A literature review. International Journal of Research in English Education, 3(2), 115-125. https://doi.org/10.29252/ijree.3.2.115
  6. Akat, M. & Karataş, K. (2020). Psychological effects of COVID-19 pandemic on society and its reflections on education. Turkish Studies, 15(4), 1-13. https://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.44336
  7. Alcazaren, H.K., & Rafanan, E. (2016). Language learning strategies: The case of foreign multilinguals in a Philippine secondary school. The International Academic Forum. http://papers.iafor.org/wp-content/uploads/papers/acll2016/ACLL2016_24515.pdf
  8. Alfanta, K.M.J.B., & Abarquez, C.A. (2023). Challenges to teachers in modular distance learning modality. Psych Educ, 7, 969-977. https://doi.org/110.5281/zenodo.7777577
  9. Aljuaid, H.T.K. (2015). Language learning strategies used by a group of Saudi Arabian EFL learners. [Published dissertation]. Griffiths University, Queensland, Australia. https://doi.org/10.25904/1912/2905
  10. Alkahtani, S.S. (2016). Language learning strategies among Saudi EFL college students and their relationship to students’ perceptual learning style, gender, academic major, and proficiency level. [Published dissertation]. University of Tennessee, Tennessee, America. Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange (TRACE). https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/4122
  11. Al-Mously, N., Salem, R., & Al-Hamdan, N. (2013). The impact of gender and English language on the academic performance of students: An experience from new Saudi medical school. Journal of Contemporary Medical Education. 1(3), 170-176. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/jcme.20130226121358
  12. Ambayon, C. (2020). Modular-based approach and students’ achievement in literature. International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies, 8(3), 32-36. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijels.v.8n.3p.32
  13. Ansyari, M.F. & Rahmi, H.L. (2016). Comparison between male and female student’s’ language learning strategies preference. Indonesian Journal of Integrated English Language Teaching-IJIELT, 2(1), 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.24014/ijielt.v2i1.2370
  14. Antaramian, S.P. (2017). Cogent Education. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2017.1307622
  15. Anzaldo, G. (2021). Modular distance learning in the new normal education amidst COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Scientific Advances, 2(3), 263-266. https://doi.org/10.51542/ijscia.v2i3.6
  16. Ariani, M.G., & Ghafournia, N. (2016). The relationship between socio-economic status, general language learning outcome, and beliefs about language learning. International Education Studies, 9(2), 89-98.
  17. Asif, M., Sheeraz, M., & Sacco, S.J. (2022). Evaluating the impact of technological tools on the academic performance of English language learners at tertiary level: A pilot investigation. Pegem Journal of Education and Instruction, 12(1), 272-282. https://www.pegegog.net/index.php/pegegog/article/view/1631/499
  18. Attah, R.F., & Ita, P.M. (2017). Gender as predictor of academic achievement in English among senior secondary school two students in Calabar Metropolis, Cross River State. Global Journal of Educational Research, 16, 149-153. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjedr.v16i2.9.
  19. Babikkoi, M.A., & Binti-Abdul-Razak, N.Z. (2014). Implications of parents’ socioeconomic status in the choice of English language learning strategies among Nigeria’s secondary school students. English Language Teaching, 7(8). https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v7n8p139
  20. Betlen, E. A. (2021). Effect of modular learning approach on the academic achievement of students. Global Scientific Journals, 9(7), 2995- 3004. https://www.globalscientificjournal.com/researchpaper/EFFECT_OF_MODULAR_LEARNING_APPROACH_ON_THE_ACADEMIC_ACHIEVEMENT_OF_STUDENTS.pdf
  21. Bichi, A. (2015). Gender issue in students’ academic achievement in English language. Kano Journal of Educational Studies, 4, 31-38. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281590724_GENDER_ISSUE_IN_STUDENTS'_ACADEMIC_ACHIEVEMENT_IN_ENGLISH_LANGUAGE
  22. Bin-Hady, W.R., Al-kadi, A., Alzubi, A., & Mahdi, H.S. (2020). Assessment of language learning strategies in technology-enhanced learning environment. ICT-based assessment, methods, and programs in tertiary education. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3062-7.ch005  
  23. Biria, R., Mohhamadi, G. Koosha, M., & Shahsavari, A. (2013). The relationship between foreign language anxiety and language learning strategies among university students. Academy Publisher, 3(4), 637-646. http://dx.doi.org/610.4304/tpls.3.4.637-646
  24. Boholano, H.B. Jamon, B.E., & Cabanes-Jamon, M.G.M. (2022). Modular-distance learning experiences of public-school teachers in the Philippines: A phenomenology. London Journals Press. https://journalspress.com/LJRHSS_Volume22/Modular-Distance-Learning-Experiences-of-Public-School-Teachers-in-the-Philippines-A-Phenomenology.pdf
  25. Bonner, E., & Reinders, H. (2018). Augmented and virtual reality in the language classroom: Practical ideas. Teaching English with Technology, 18(3), 33–53.     
  26. Brown, H.D. (2006). Principles of language learning and teaching (5th edition). Longman.
  27. Bugais, C.A.S. (2022). Parenting styles, parents’ socio-economic status, and grade point average of students in public and private junior high schools. [Unpublished thesis]. Cebu Normal University, Cebu, Philippines. 
  28. Bunghanoy, K.C. (2022). ESL students’ affective filter and language learning strategies in online classes. [Unpublished thesis]. Cebu Normal University, Cebu, Philippines. 
  29. Cadusale, G.B. (2021). Engagement of special Science class in the use of printed modules in learning English. [Unpublished thesis]. Cebu Normal University, Cebu, Philippines. 
  30. Campos, M.J.C. (2022). Modular approach in the new normal: Teachers’ and parents’ lived experience. [Unpublished thesis]. Cebu Normal University, Cebu, Philippines. 
  31. Castroverde, F., & Acala, M. (2021). Modular distance learning modality: Challenges of teachers in teaching amid the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Research Studies in Education, 10(8), 7-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5861/ijrse.2021.602.
  32. Catubay, R.C.F. (2022). Teachers’ experiences in the implementation of most essential learning competencies (MELCs) in flexible teaching modality. [Unpublished thesis]. Cebu Normal University, Cebu, Philippines. 
  33. Chang, C., & Liu, H. (2013). Language learning strategy use and language learning motivation of Taiwanese EFL university students. Electronic Journal of Foreign Language Teaching. 10(2), 196–209. https://e-flt.nus.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/v10n22013/chang.pdf
  34. Dangle, Y.R.P., & Sumaoang, J.D. (2020, November 27-29).  The implementation of modular distance learning in the Philippine secondary public schools. 3rd International Conference on Advanced Research in Teaching and Education. Dublin, Republic of Ireland. https://www.dpublication.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/27-427.pdf
  35. Daniel, S.J. (2020). Education and the COVID 19 pandemic. Prospects, 49, 91-96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11125-020-09464-3
  36. Dawadi, S. (2017). Language learning strategies profiles of EFL learners in Nepal. European Journal of Educational and Social Sciences, 2(2), 42-55. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED578188.pdf
  37. De Guzman, W.G.L., & De Vera, P.V. (2018). English language performance and difficulties of pupils in the mother tongue-based (MTB) medium of instruction. Journal of English as an International Language, 13(2.2), 106-132. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1247323.pdf
  38. Dela Cruz, H. A. (2023). Teachers and parents’ experiences and feedbacks on the use of modules: Basis for improved instructional materials. Psych Educ, 8, 119-141. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7808994
  39. Department of Education (2020a). DepEd Order No. 012, s. 2020. Adoption of the basic education learning continuity plan for school year 2020-2021 in light of the COVID-19 public health emergency.  https://www.deped.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/DO_s2020_012.pdf
  40. Department of Education. (2020b). Learning opportunities shall be available: The basic education learning continuity plan in the time of COVID-19. https://www.deped.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/DepEd_LCP_July3.pdf
  41. Department of Education. (2020c). Policy guidelines for the provision of learning resources in the implementation of the basic education learning continuity plan. https://www.deped.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/DO_s2020_018.pdf.
  42. Department of Education (2021). DepEd Order No. 032, s. 2021. Guidelines on enrollment for school year 2021-2022 in the context of the continuing national public health emergency due to COVID-19. https://www.deped.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/DO_s2021_032.pdf
  43. Department of Education. (2022). DepEd Order No. 37, s. 2022. Guidelines on the cancellation or suspension of classes and work in schools in the event of natural disasters, power outrages/power interruptions, and other calamities. https://www.deped.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/DO_s2022_037.pdf
  44. Department of Education, Sport, and Culture. (2020). Review into the provision of remote learning on the Isle of Man during the COVID-19 pandemic. https://www.gov.im/media/1370577/review-into-the-provision-of-remote-learning-during-covid-final_compressed.pdf
  45. Erarslan, A., & Höl, D. (2014). A study on language learning strategies of Turkish EFL learners at a state university. Journal of Second and Multiple Language Acquisition, 2(2). 1-21. https://www.academia.edu/8011367/A_study_on_language_learning_strategies_of_Turkish_EFL_learners_at_a_state_university
  46. Gantalao, J.J. (2021). Printed modular instruction in oral communication: English teachers’ voices. [Unpublished thesis]. Cebu Normal University, Cebu, Philippines. 
  47. Gevero, M.C. (2021). Engagement of parents on modular teaching approach: A literature review. Global Scientific Journals, 9(10), 2475-2481. https://www.globalscientificjournal.com/researchpaper/ENGAGEMENT_OF_PARENTS_ON_MODULAR_TEACHING_APPROACH_A_LITERATURE_REVIEW.pdf
  48. Ghaemi, F., & Yazdanpanah, M. (2014). The relationship between socio-economic status and academic achievement in the EFL classroom among Iranian University students. European Journal of English Language and Literature Studies. European Centre for Research Trading and Development, 2(1), 49-57. https://www.eajournals.org/wp-content/uploads/The-Relationship-between-Socio-economic-Status-and-Academic-Achievement.pdf
  49. Giannini, S., & Lewis, S.G. (2020). Three ways to plan for equity during the coronavirus school closures. https://gemreportunesco.wordpress.com/2020/03/25/three-ways-to-plan-for-equity-during-the-coronavirus-school-closures/
  50. Gobena, G.A. (2018). Family socio-economic status effect on students’ academic achievement at college of education and behavioral sciences, Haramaya University, Eastern Ethiopia. Journal of Teacher Education and Educators, 7(3), 207-222. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1207284.pdf
  51. Godwin-Jones, R. (2017). Emerging technologies: Smartphones and language learning. Language Learning & Technology, 21(2), 3–17.
  52. Gueta, M.F. & Janer, S.S. (2021). Distance learning challenges on the use of self-learning module. United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT), 2(7), 58-71. https://uijrt.com/articles/v2/i7/UIJRTV2I70010.pdf
  53. Gupta, A. (2019). Principles and practices of teaching English language learners. Education Studies, 12(70), 49-57. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1220844.pdf
  54. Habók, A., & Magyar, A. (2017). The effect of language learning strategies on proficiency, attitudes, and school achievement. Front. Psychol., 8, 2358. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02358
  55. Haro, D.A., & Haro, G.L.J.C. (2022). Challenges encountered by secondary school teachers in the new normal: Basis for intervention plan. Psych Educ, 5(1), 481-488. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7312070
  56. Hassan, M., Sarwar, S., & Zia, M.H. (2020). Gender oriented performance of language learners: Examining the case of business schools in Karachi. Bahria University Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 3, 22-41. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340626738_Gender_Oriented_Performance_of_Language_Learners_Examining_the_Case_of_Business_Schools_in_Karachi
  57. Hossain, M.M., Islam, M.J., Biswas, B., & Hossain, M.K. (2017). The impact of students “socio-economic condition on academic performance in public and national university of Bangladesh”. Asian Research Journal of Mathematics, 7(3), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.9734/ARJOM/2017/37650
  58. Ibyatova, L. & Oparina, K. & Rakova, E. (2018). Modular approach to teaching and learning English grammar in technical universities. Society. Integration. Education. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference, 1, 139. https://doi.org/110.17770/sie2018vol1.3229
  59. Jamon, B.E.V., Boholano, H.B., Cabanes-Jamon, M.G., & Pardillo, M.F. (2021). Teachers lived experiences in the new normal in Philippine public schools: A phenomenology. International Journal of Research, 8(2), 773-782, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350276047_Teachers_Lived_Experiences_In_The_New_Normal_In_Philippine_Public_Schools_A_Phenomenology
  60. Jayaram, K., & Dorababu, K.K. (2020). Self-learning materials in distance education system. International Journal of Current Research, 7(10), 21929-21934. https://www.journalcra.com/article/self-learning-materials-distance-education-system
  61. Kamalizad, J., & Kalilzadeh, K.J. (2016). Language learning strategy preferences of Asian EFL learners. English Language Teaching, 3(1), 31-47 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332401789_Language_Learning_Strategy_Preferences_of_Asian_EFL_Learners
  62. Kessler, G. (2018). Technology and the future of language teaching. Foreign Language Annals, 51(1), 205–218. https://doi.org/10.1111/flan.12318
  63. Ko, M.H. (2017). Learner perspectives regarding device type in technology-assisted language learning. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 30(8), 844–863. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2017.1367310
  64. Koban-Koç, D. (2016). The effects of socio-economic status on prospective English language teachers’ academic achievement. Novitas-ROYAL (Research on Youth and Language), 10(2), 100-112. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1167209.pdf
  65. Kormos, J. & Kiddle, T. (2013). The role of socio-economic factors in motivation to learn English as a foreign language: The case of Chile. System, 41(2), 399-412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2013.03.006
  66. Krashen, S.D. (2009). Principles and practice in second language acquisition (1st internet ed.). In S. Krashen. Principles and practice in second language acquisition. (1982). Pergamon Press. http://www.sdkrashen.com/content/books/principles_and_practice.pdf
  67. Kupczynski, L., Brown, M., Holland, G., & Uriegas, B. (2014). The relationship between gender and academic success online. Journal of Educators Online, 11(1). https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1020184.pdf
  68. Lestari, M., & Wahyudin, A.Y. (2020). Language learning strategies of undergraduate EFL students. Journal of English Language Teaching and Learning, 1(1), 25-30. http://jim.teknokrat.ac.id/index.php/english-language-teaching/article/view/242/79
  69. Li, G., De Grâce, R.D., Sun, Z., Haslip, M., Burchell, D., Dexter, J.R., & Chen, X. (2021). Promoting second language learning during the COVID-19 pandemic: Parents’ and teachers’ coping strategies. https://rsc-src.ca/sites/default/files/Publication%20%2371%20-%20EN%20-%20Promoting%20Second%20Language%20Learning%20during%20the%20COVID-19%20Pandemic-%20Parents%E2%80%99%20and%20Teachers%E2%80%99%20Coping%20Strategies.pdf
  70. Lin, J.J., & Lin, H. (2019). Mobile-assisted ESL/EFL vocabulary learning: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 32(8), 878–919. https://doi.org/1 0.1080/09588221.2018.1541359
  71. Loewen, S., Crowther, D., Isbell, D.R., Kim, K.M., Maloney, J., Miller, Z.F., & Rawal, H. (2019). Mobile-assisted language learning: A duolingo case study. ReCALL, 31(3), 293-311. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0958344019000065
  72. Loewen, S., Isbell, D.R., & Sporn, Z. (2020). The effectiveness of app-based language instruction for developing receptive linguistic knowledge and oral communicative ability. Foreign Language Annals, 53(2), 209–233. https://doi.org/10.1111/flan.12454
  73. Mananay, J., Alda R., & Delos Santos, M.S. (2022). Glimpses of teaching in the new normal: Changes, challenges, and chances. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 21(4), 276-291, https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.21.4.16
  74. Mann, A., Schwabe, M., Fraser,         P., Fülöp, G., & Ansah, G.A. (2020). How the COVID-19 pandemic is changing education: A perspective from Saudi Arabia. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. http://www.oecd.org/education/How-coronavirus-covid-19-pandemic-changing-education-Saudi-Arabia.pdf
  75. Matolo, M.A. (2022). Modular distance learning: a phenomenological study on students’ challenges and opportunities during pandemic. Psych Educ, 6, 995-999. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7394182
  76. McLeod, S.A. (2019). Social identity theory. Simply Psychology. www.simplypsychology.org/social-identity-theory.html
  77. Miao, F., Huang, R., Liu, D., & Zhuang, R. (2020). Ensuring effective distance learning during COVID-19 disruption: Guidance for teachers. UNESCO. http://sli.bnu.edu.cn/uploads/soft/201216/2_1753415031.pdf
  78. Moore, M. (1997). Theory of transactional distance. In D. Keegan (Ed.), Theoretical principles of distance education. New York: Routledge.
  79. Moore, M.G. (2018). The theory of transactional distance. In M.G. Moore & W.C. Diehl (Eds.). Handbook of distance education. (4th ed.) Routledge. https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315296135-4
  80. Morrow, R., Rodriguez, A., & King, N. (2015). Colaizzi’s descriptive phenomenological method. The Psychologist, 28(8), 643-644. https://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/26984/
  81. Motteram, G. (2013). The benefits of new technology in language learning. Voices Magazine. https://www.britishcouncil.org/voices-magazine/the-benefits-new-technology-language-learning
  82. Musa, A.K.J., Dauda, B., & Umar, M.A. (2016). Gender differences in achievement goals and performances in English language and Mathematics of senior secondary schools students in Borno State, Nigeria. Journal of Education and Practice, 7(27), 165-175. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1115862.pdf
  83. Lestari, M., & Wahyudin, A.Y. (2020). Language learning strategies of undergraduate EFL students. Journal of English Language Teaching and Learning, 1(1), 25-30. http://jim.teknokrat.ac.id/index.php/english-language-teaching/article/view/242/79
  84. Natividad, E.D. (2021). Perceived effectiveness of self-learning modules in the implementation of modular distance learning in the elementary level. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3889429
  85. National Economic and Development Authority. (2016). Ambisyon natin 2040: Technical details of the national survey. (Filipino 2040: Aspirations, values, and principles of Filipino people). http://2040.neda.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/AmBisyonNatin2040_Technical-Details-of-the-National-Survey.pdf
  86. Nyamubi, G.J. (2019). Socio-economic status as determinants of students’ performance in English language in secondary schools in Tanzania. Education Journal, 8, 110. https://doi.org/110.11648/j.edu.20190803.14.
  87. Oflaz, A. (2019). The effects of anxiety, shyness and language learning strategies on speaking skills and academic achievement. European Journal of Educational Research, 8(4), 999-1011. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.8.4.999
  88. Ogenyi, L. C. (2015). Strategy use and language performance by second language learners in Nigeria. Advances in Literary Study, 3(3), https://doi.org/10.4236/als.2015.33011
  89. Olanipekun, S. (2015) Analysis of students’ academic performance in general English in Kwara State College of Education (Tech.), Lafiagi, Nigeria. Open Access Library Journal, 2, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1101262.
  90. Olivo, M.G. (2021). Parents’ perception on printed modular distance learning in Canarem elementary school: Basis for proposed action plan. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research, 2(4), 296-309. https://doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.02.04.03
  91. Oppus-Mercader, K.L., & Abadiano, M.N. (2021). Kaleidoscopic features of home tutorial in modular distance learning: A confession of functional illiterate parents. Psychology and Education, 58(2), 10389-10400. https://doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i2.4008
  92. Owolewa O,O., & Olagundoye, O.C. (2017). Socio-economic status as determinants of students’ achievements in English language. Journal of Education and Practice, 8(21), 110-112.
  93. Oxford, R.L. (1990). Language learning strategies: What every teacher should know. Newbury House. 
  94. Özyurt, Ö. & Özyurt, H. (2017). A qualitative study about enriching programming and algorithm teaching with flipped classroom approach. Pegem Journal of Education and Instruction, 7(2), 189. https://doi.org/10.14527/pegegog.2017.007
  95. Palma, M., Escucha, T., Distor, Z., Tuyao, B., Malaco, A., & Estrellan, J. (2021). Parental academic support in online and modular learners amidst pandemic: A comparative study. Indonesian Journal of Community and Special Needs Education, 1(1), 31-36. https://doi.org/10.17509/ijcsne.v1i1.33369   
  96. Panilag-Doldolea, K.H. (2021). Junior high school students’ experiences in modular distance learning: A phenomenological study. [Unpublished thesis]. Cebu Normal University, Cebu, Philippines. 
  97. Parajuli, M., & Thapa, A. (2017). Gender differences in the academic performance of students. Journal of Development and Social Engineering, 3(1), 39-47. https://doi.org/HYPERLINK http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jdse.v3i1.27958  \t "_blank" 10.3126/jdse.v3i1.27958
  98. Philippine Statistics Authority. (2022). Official poverty statistics of the Philippines: Preliminary 2021 full year. https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/Preliminary%202021%20Full%20Year%20Poverty%20Statistics%20Publication_25Aug2022_1.pdf
  99. Quibilan, M.J.U. (2017). Language learning strategies of BSE – English major students of PSU Asingan Campus. PSU Journal of Education, Management and Social Sciences, 1(1), 40-44. https://psurj.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/JEMSS_0007.pdf
  100. Ramasubramanian, S., & Murphy, C.J. (2014). Experimental studies of media stereotyping effects. In M. Webster, Jr. & J. Sell (Eds.), Laboratory experiments in the social sciences (2nd ed.). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2011-0-07562-2
  101. Reimers, F.M. & Schleicher, A. (2020). A framework to guide an education response to the COVID-19 Pandemic of 2020. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. https://oecd.dam-broadcast.com/pm_7379_126_126988-t63lxosohs.pdf
  102. Rotas, E.E., & Cahapay, M.B. (2020). Difficulties in remote learning: Voices of Philippine University students in the wake of COVID-19 crisis. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 15(2), 147-158. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4299835.
  103. Sabra, S. (2018). Gender differences in young learners’ English skills in Swedish schools: A study of perceived and actual gender differences in skills, attitude towards and interest in the English language. http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1212666/FULLTEXT01.pdf
  104. Salehudin M., Zulherman, Arifin A., & Napitupulu D. (2021). Extending Indonesia government policy fore-learning and social media usage. Pegem Journal of Education and Instruction, 11(2), 14-26. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1301972.pdf
  105. Schleicher, A. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on education - Insights from Education at a Glance 2020. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. https://www.oecd.org/education/the-impact-of-covid-19-on-education-insights-education-at-a-glance-2020.pdf
  106. Shyr, W.J., Feng, H.Y., Zeng, L.W., Hsieh, Y.M., & Shih, C.Y. (2017). The relationship between language learning strategies and achievement goal orientations from Taiwanese engineering students in EFL learning. EURASIA Journal of Mathematics Science and Technology Education, 13(10), 6431-6443. http://dx.doi.org/10.12973/ejmste/76660
  107. Soharwardi, M.A., Fatima, A., Nazir, R., & Firdous, A. (2020). Impact of parental socioeconomic status on academic performance of students (A case study of Bahawalpur). Journal of Economics and Economic Education Research, 21(2). https://www.abacademies.org/articles/Impact-of-parental-socioeconomic-status-on-academic-performance-of-students-1533-3604-21-2-176.pdf
  108. Solak, E., & Cakir, R. (2015). Language learning strategies of language e-learners in Turkey. E-Learning and Digital Media, 12(1), 107–120 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2042753014558384
  109. Tudy, I.G., & Villasor, H.D. (2017). English language learning, strategy use and academic performance of college students. Slongan, 3(1), 30–47.  https://rpo.cjc.edu.ph/index.php/slongan/article/view/12/11
  110. United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). (2020). Guidance on distance learning modalities to reach all children and youth during school closures: Focusing on low- and no-tech modalities to reach the most marginalized. https://www.unicef.org/rosa/media/7996/file/Guidance%20Continuity%20of%20Learning%20during%20COVID-19%20-%20Reaching%20All%20Children_UNICEF%20ROSA.pdf
  111. Villegas, F.L. (2021). Implementation of modular learning modality and the academic performance of pupils. International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Studies, 1(4), 10-24. https://www.ijams-bbp.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/IJAMS-December-25-researches-10-24.pdf
  112. Völkel, G., Seabi, J., Cockcroft, K., & Goldschagg, P. (2016). The impact of gender, socioeconomic status, and home language on primary school children's reading comprehension in KwaZulu-Natal. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(3), 322. https://doi.org/10.3390/Ijerph13030322   
  113. Worlds Literacy Foundation. (2020). Pandemic causing catastrophic rise in illiteracy, hidden rates of COVID 19 being revealed. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/pandemic-causingcatastrophic-rise-in-illiteracy-hidden-rates-of-covid-19-being-revealed-301125061.html
  114. Yunus, M.M., Sulaiman, N.A., & Embi, M.A. (2013). Malaysian gifted students' use of English language learning strategies. English Language Teaching, 6 (4), 97-109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v6n4p97
  115. Zoghi, M., Kazemi, S., & Kalani, A. (2013). The effect of gender on language learning. Journal of Novel Applied Sciences, 2(4). 1124-1128.