Employee Attrition of Civilian Human Resources: The Case of the Philippine Military Academy
Maria Victoria Dariano
Discipline: Development Studies
Abstract:
The high attrition of employees sends a signal of its unhealthy organizational
culture. This study explores the reasons for leaving of the civilian human resources
of the Philippine Military Academy by discovering: their socio-demographic
profiles, the reasons that prompted them to leave, and the possible areas to
improve employee turnover policies. A case study through interviews was
conducted among the 17 who voluntarily left the service. Findings revealed that the
majority of those who left belonged to Generation Y, females, held a second-level
plantilla position, were college graduates, and rendered service from 1 to 5 years.
Common reasons for leaving are lack of organizational support, biased leadership
style, poor management of stress, poor working conditions, poor management
practices, unequal distribution of training opportunities, and issues with the pay
rate. This study recommends investing in a comprehensive retention policy that
incorporates competitive benefits, career development programs, and a positive
work environment.
References:
- Aburumman, O., Salleh, A., Omar, K., & Abadi, M. (2020). The impact of human resource management practices and career satisfaction on employee’s turnover intention. Management Science Letters, 10(3), 641-652.
- Alam, A. (2022). Mapping a sustainable future through conceptualization of transformative learning framework, education for sustainable development, critical reflection, and responsible citizenship: an exploration of pedagogies for twenty-first century learning. ECS Transactions, 107(1), 9827.
- Aldawood, H., & Skinner, G. (2019). Reviewing cyber security social engineering training and awareness programs—Pitfalls and ongoing issues. Future Internet, 11(3), 73.
- Al-Omar, H. A., Arafah, A. M., Barakat, J. M., Almutairi, R. D., Khurshid, F., & Alsultan, M. S. (2019). The impact of perceived organizational support and resilience on pharmacists’ engagement in their stressful and competitive workplaces in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 27(7), 1044-1052.
- Anasi, S. N. (2020). Perceived influence of work relationship, work load and physical work environment on job satisfaction of librarians in South-West, Nigeria. Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication, 69(6/7), 377-398.
- Baudel, T., Verbockhaven, M., Cousergue, V., Roy, G., & Laarach, R. (2021). ObjectivAIze: Measuring performance and biases in augmented business decision systems. In Human-Computer Interaction–INTERACT 2021: 18th IFIP TC 13 International Conference, Bari, Italy, August 30–September 3, 2021, Proceedings, Part III 18 (pp. 300-320). Springer International Publishing.
- Bharadwaj, S., Khan, N. A., & Yameen, M. (2022). Unbundling employer branding, job satisfaction, organizational identification and employee retention: a sequential mediation analysis. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration, 14(3), 309-334.
- Bridges, D., Wulff, E., & Bamberry, L. (2023). Resilience for gender inclusion: Developing a model for women in male‐dominated occupations. Gender, Work & Organization, 30(1), 263-279.
- Chen, H., & Eyoun, K. (2021). Do mindfulness and perceived organizational support work? Fear of COVID-19 on restaurant frontline employees’ job insecurity and emotional exhaustion. International journal of hospitality management, 94, 102850.
- Choy, M. W., & Kamoche, K. (2021). Identifying stabilizing and destabilizing factors of job change: A qualitative study of employee retention in the Hong Kong travel agency industry. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(10), 1375-1388.
- Cialdini, R., Li, Y. J., Samper, A., & Wellman, N. (2021). How bad apples promote bad barrels: Unethical leader behavior and the selective attrition effect. Journal of Business Ethics, 168, 861-880.
- Creswell, J. W., & Clark, V. L. P. (2017). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Sage publications.
- Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2016). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing among Five Approaches. Sage Publications, 1-447.
- Francisco, C. D., & Nuqui, A. V. (2020). Emergence of a Situational Leadership during COVID-19 Pandemic Called New Normal Leadership. Online Submission, 4(10), 15-19.
- Gabrieli, G. (2021). Is the halo effect universal? An investigation of the generalizability and applications of the halo effect.
- Hassan, M. M., Jambulingam, M., Alam, M. N., & Islam, M. S. (2019). Redesigning the retention strategy against the emerging turnover of Generation Y: Revisiting the long-standing problems from 20Th to 21St century. International Journal of Entrepreneurship, 23(2), 1-16.
- Herzberg, F. (2005). Motivation-hygiene theory. Organizational behavior one: Essential theories of motivation and leadership, eds JB Miner, ME Sharpe Inc, New York, 2(4), 61-74.
- Ju, B., & Li, J. (2019). Exploring the impact of training, job tenure, and education-job and skills-job matches on employee turnover intention. European Journal of Training and Development, 43(3/4), 214-231.
- Jung, H. S., Jung, Y. S., & Yoon, H. H. (2021). COVID-19: The effects of job insecurity on the job engagement and turnover intent of deluxe hotel employees and the moderating role of generational characteristics. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 92, 102703.
- Kang, E., & Lee, H. (2021). Employee compensation strategy as sustainable competitive advantage for HR education practitioners. Sustainability, 13(3), 1049.
- Kasper, M., Böhm, R., Xiao, Q., & Columbus, S. (2023). Individuals benefit individual out-group members rather than harm in-group members. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120(12), e2301107120.
- Kirchmayer, Z., & Fratričová, J. (2020). What motivates generation Z at work? Insights into motivation drivers of business students in Slovakia. Proceedings of the Innovation management and education excellence through vision, 6019, 6030.
- Kumari, K., Barkat Ali, S., Un Nisa Khan, N., & Abbas, J. (2021). Examining the role of motivation and reward in employees’ job performance through mediating effect of job satisfaction: An empirical evidence. International Journal of Organizational Leadership, 10(4), 401-420.
- Kurniawaty, K., Ramly, M., & Ramlawati, R. (2019). The effect of work environment, stress, and job satisfaction on employee turnover intention. Management science letters, 9(6), 877-886.
- Lazzari, M., Alvarez, J. M., & Ruggieri, S. (2022). Predicting and explaining employee turnover intention. International Journal of Data Science and Analytics, 14(3), 279-292.
- Lee, C. C., Lim, H. S., Seo, D. J., & Kwak, D. H. A. (2022). Examining employee retention and motivation: the moderating effect of employee generation. In Evidence-based HRM: a Global Forum for Empirical Scholarship (No. ahead-of-print). Emerald Publishing Limited.
- Lee, W. R., Choi, S. B., & Kang, S. W. (2021). How leaders’ positive feedback influences employees’ innovative behavior: The mediating role of voice behavior and job autonomy. Sustainability, 13(4), 1901.
- McClelland, D. C. (1985). How motives, skills, and values determine what people do. American Psychologist, 40(7), 812.
- Mölders, S., Brosi, P., Spörrle, M., & Welpe, I. M. (2019). The effect of top management trustworthiness on turnover intentions via negative emotions: The moderating role of gender. Journal of Business Ethics, 156, 957-969.
- Mwangi, R. W. (2019). Department of the Army Civilian Employee Attrition in Calendar Year 2009.
- Ramakrishna, N. (2019). Henry fayol's principles of management and it's applicability in contract staffing. International Journal of Management, IT and Engineering, 9(3), 168-182.
- Rasheed, M. I., Okumus, F., Weng, Q., Hameed, Z., & Nawaz, M. S. (2020). Career adaptability and employee turnover intentions: The role of perceived career opportunities and orientation to happiness in the hospitality industry. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 44, 98-107.
- Rodríguez-Sánchez, J. L., González-Torres, T., Montero-Navarro, A., & Gallego-Losada, R. (2020). Investing time and resources for work–life balance: The effect on talent retention. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(6), 1920.
- Sen, A. (2014). Development as freedom (1999). The globalization and development reader: Perspectives on development and global change, 525.
- Shanock, L. R., Eisenberger, R., Heggestad, E. D., Malone, G., Clark, L., Dunn, A. M. & Woznyj, H. (2019). Treating employees well: The value of organizational support theory in human resource management. The Psychologist-Manager Journal, 22(3-4), 168.
- Smith, A. E., Hassan, S., Hatmaker, D. M., DeHart-Davis, L., & Humphrey, N. (2021). Gender, race, and experiences of workplace incivility in public organizations. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 41(4), 674-699.
- Soomro, M. A. (2020). Demographics and turnover intentions: Can there be any link?. Annals of Contemporary Developments in Management & HR (ACDMHR), 2(3), 9-14.
- Sull, D., Sull, C., & Zweig, B. (2022). Toxic culture is driving the great resignation. MIT Sloan Management Review, 63(2), 1-9.
- Suveren, Y. (2022). Unconscious Bias: Definition and Significance. Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar, 14(3), 414-426.
- Svensson, J., & Danielsson Wiksell, L. (2021). The Effect of Social Relationships on Employee Retention in a Remote Working Context: A Qualitative Case Study on which Talent Management Practices an Organisation uses to Retain Talented Employees in a Remote Context. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-53463.
- von Hlatky, S., & Lacoursière, A. (2019). Why Gender Matters in the Military and for its Operations. Centre for International and Defence Policy, 1-9.
- Wang, E., Hu, H., Mao, S., & Liu, H. (2019). Intrinsic motivation and turnover intention among geriatric nurses employed in nursing homes: The roles of job burnout and pay satisfaction. Contemporary nurse, 55(2-3), 195-210.
- Wang, H., Jin, Y., Wang, D., Zhao, S., Sang, X., & Yuan, B. (2020). Job satisfaction, burnout, and turnover intention among primary care providers in rural China: results from structural equation modeling. BMC family practice, 21, 1-10.
- Weerarathne, R. S., Walpola, M. D. C. P., Piyasiri, A. D. W. D., Jayamal, I. A. U. M., Wijenayaka, T. H. P. C., & Pathirana, G. Y. (2022). ‘Leave or remain’: intentions of Gen X and Y employees. Quality & Quantity, 1-20.
- Yoon, Y., & Sengupta, S. (2024). Can cutting pay be an alternative to cutting people when maintaining work attitudes is a concern? It can be if employees trust you. Journal of General Management, 49(2), 81-101.
- Yukongdi, V., & Shrestha, P. (2020). The influence of affective commitment, job satisfaction and job stress on turnover intention: A study of Nepalese bank employees. Review of Integrative Business and Economics Research, 9, 88-98.
ISSN 2980-4728 (Online)
ISSN 0117-3294 (Print)