HomeJournal of Education and Liberal Studiesvol. 1 no. 1 (2024)

The Seriousness of Problems Encountered in Online Learning, Students’ Motivation and Self-Efficacy in Mathematics among Based – Mathematics Students in Trece Martires City College

John Paul T. Tatualla

Discipline: Education

 

Abstract:

This study looked into the constructs of the seriousness of problems encountered in online learning, students’ motivation and self-efficacy in Mathematics among BSED – Mathematics Students. This research aimed to determine the seriousness of problems encountered in online learning, students’ motivation and self-efficacy in Mathematics among BSED – Mathematics Students. This study employed a descriptive-correlational research design to describe the level and correlate the said variables of the study. The population of the study came from 100 BSED - Mathematics students at Trece Martires City College, academic year 2023-2024. The actual sample of 80 was computed using the Raosoft Calculator and chosen through the random sampling method (Rahi, 2019) with a confidence level of 95% and a margin of error of 5%.A survey instrument that was modified and adopted from prior studies was employed after being validated by the experts and was tested for its reliability using Cronbach’s alpha measure of internal consistency. the results from Trece Martires City College highlight substantial challenges in online learning. The foremost concern is "Isolation and lack of social interaction." Additionally, significant issues include "Time management," "Communication issues," and "Limited access to resources." Notably, "Technological issues" also present a concern, albeit ranking fifth in severity. The BSED-Mathematics students in Trece Martires City College exhibit a high level of motivation in mathematics. The BSE Mathematics students at Trece Martires City College exhibited a strong sense of self-efficacy in various aspects of online learning. They displayed proficiency in adopting new online learning technologies, sourcing teaching materials, strategizing to complete coursework, searching for answers online, maintaining focus despite distractions or challenges, effectively navigating online learning platforms, and successfully completing group projects or assignments in the online format. It's important to consider other factors that might influence motivation in mathematics, independent of the encountered online learning problems. The higher the level of Students’ Motivation, the higher the level of self-efficacy in Mathematics among BSED-Mathematics Student There is no strong evidence to suggest a significant relationship between the identified problems in online learning and the level of self-efficacy in mathematics among BSED-Mathematics students at Trece Martires City College.



References:

  1. Abdous, M. H. (2019). Well begun is half done: Using online orientation to foster online students' academic selfefficacy. Online Learning, 23(3)
  2. Abiog, E. (2022). Strengthening Adult Education: An Assessment of Technical and Vocational Texts. Asian Journal of Vocational Education And Humanities, 3(1), 33-41.
  3. Abuhassna, H., Yahaya, N., Zakaria, M. A. Z. M., Zaid, N. M., Samah, N. A., Awae, F., ... & Alsharif, A. H. (2023). Trends on Using the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) for Online Learning: A Bibliometric and Content Analysis. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 13(1).
  4. Adams, R. V., & Blair, E. (2019). Impact of time management behaviors on undergraduate engineering students’ performance. Sage Open, 9(1), 2158244018824506.
  5. Adarkwah, M. A. (2021). “I’m not against online teaching, but what about us?”: ICT in Ghana post Covid-19. Education and information technologies, 26(2), 1665-1685.
  6. Aguilera-Hermida, A. P. (2020). College students’ use and acceptance of emergency online learning due to COVID-19. International journal of educational research open, 1, 100011.
  7. Ahmad, S., Batool, A., & Choudhry, A. H. (2019). Path Relationship of Time Management and Academic Achievement of Students in Distance 191-208.
  8. Alawamleh, M., Al-Twait, L. M., & Al-Saht, G. R. (2020). The effect of online learning on communication between instructors and students during Covid-19 pandemic. Asian Education and Development Studies, 11(2), 380-400.
  9. Albano, G., & Dello Iacono, U. (2019). A scaffolding toolkit to foster argumentation and proofs in mathematics: some case studies. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 16(1), 4.
  10. Albelbisi, James, P. C. (2021). What Determines Student Satisfaction in an E- Learning Environment? A Comprehensive Literature Review of Key Success Factors. Higher Education Studies, 11(3), 1-9.
  11. Almarashdi, H., & Jarrah, A. M. (2021). Mathematics distance learning amid the COVID-19 pandemic in the UAE:High school students' perspectives. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 20(1), 292-307.
  12. Alyami, A., Abdulwahed, A., Azhar, A., Binsaddik, A., & Bafaraj, S. M. (2021). Impact of time-management on the student’s academic performance: a cross-sectional study. Creative Education, 12(3), 471-485.
  13. Anthony Jnr, B., Abbas Petersen, S., Helfert, M., Ahlers, D., & Krogstie, J. (2021). Modeling pervasive platforms and digital services for smart urban transformation using an enterprise architecture framework. Information Technology & People, 34(4), 1285- 1312.
  14. Azlan, N. A. B., Zakaria, S. B., & Yunus, M. M. (2019). Integrative task-based learning: Developing speaking skill and increase motivation via Instagram. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 9(1), 620-636.
  15. Batbaatar, N., & Amin, G. (2021, May). STUDENTS’TIME MANAGEMENT DURING ONLINE CLASS. In International Conference Universitas Pekalongan 2021 (Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 189-194).
  16. Basar, Z. M., Mansor, A. N., Jamaludin, K. A., & Alias, B. S. (2021). The effectiveness and challenges of online learning for secondary school students–A case study. Asian Journal of University Education, 17(3), 119-129.
  17. Basuony, M. A., EmadEldeen, R., Farghaly, M., El-Bassiouny, N., & Mohamed, E. K. (2021). The factors affecting student satisfaction with online education during the COVID-19 pandemic: an empirical study of an emerging Muslim country. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 12(3), 631-648.
  18. Baxter, G., & Hainey, T. (2023). Using immersive technologies to enhance the student learning experience. Interactive Technology and Smart Education.
  19. Beck, K., Scherer, M., Taylor, E. P., Romosz, A., Voas, R., & Romano, E. (2021). A latent class analysis of DUI offender motivation and awareness as predictors of performance while on alcohol ignition interlocks. Journal of substance use, 26(3), 250-255.
  20. Bhatti K., Shetty, Akbari, M., Danesh, M., Moumenihelali, H., & Rezvani, A. (2023). How does Identity Theory contribute to the Continuance Use of E- learning: The mediating role of Inertia and moderating role of computer Selfefficacy. Education and Information Technologies, 28(6), 6321-6345.
  21. Bordoloi, R., Das, P., & Das, K. (2021). Perception towards online/blended learning at the time of Covid-19 pandemic: an academic analytics in the Indian context. Asian Association of Open Universities Journal, 16(1), 41-60.
  22. Brandisauskiene, A., Buksnyte-Marmiene, L., Cesnaviciene, J., Daugirdiene, A., Kemeryte-Ivanauskiene, E., & Nedzinskaite-Maciuniene, R. (2021). Sustainable school environment as a landscape for secondary school students’ engagement in learning. Sustainability, 13(21), 11714.
  23. Cassibba, R., Ferrarello, D., Mammana, M. F., Musso, P., Pennisi, M., & Taranto, E. (2020).Teaching mathematics at distance: A challenge for universities. Education Sciences, 11(1), 1.
  24. Chaturvedi, S. K. Philip, S., Molodynski, A., Barklie, L.,& Bhugra, D., (2021). Psychological well-being and burnout amongst medical students in India: a report from a nationally accessible survey. Middle East Current Psychiatry, 28(1), 1-6.
  25. Chiu, T. K. (2022). School learning support for teacher technology integration from a self-determination theory perspective. Educational technology research and development, 70(3), 931-949.
  26. Das, B., Peters, H. C., Attia, M., & Parker, M. M. (2023). COVID‐19 and pre‐tenure counseling faculty: A collaborative autoethnographic investigation. Journal of Employment Counseling, 60(1), 2-16.
  27. Day, R. R. Zhou, J., (2021). Online extensive reading in EAP courses.
  28. Davidovitch, N., & Dorot, R. (2023). The Effect of Motivation for Learning among High School Students and Undergraduate Students--A Comparative Study. International Education Studies, 16(2), 117-127.
  29. Dumitrache, L., Stănculescu, E., Nae, M., Dumbrăveanu, D., Simion, G., Taloș, A. M., & Mareci, A. (2021). Post lockdown effects on students’ mental health in Romania: Perceived stress, missing daily social interactions, and boredom proneness. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(16), 8599.
  30. Donitsa-Schmidt, S., & Ramot, R. (2020). Opportunities and challenges: teacher education in Israel in the Covid-19 pandemic. Journal of Education for Teaching, 46(4), 586-595.
  31. Dridi, M. A., Radhakrishnan, D., Moser-Mercer, B., & DeBoer, J. (2020). Challenges of blended learning in refugee camps: When internet connectivity fails, human connection succeeds. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 21(3), 250-263.
  32. Dweck, C. S., & Yeager, D. S. (2019). Mindsets: A view from two eras. Perspectives on Psychological science, 14(3), 481-496.
  33. Elmer, T., & Stadtfeld, C. (2020). Depressive symptoms are associated with social isolation in face-to-face interaction networks. Scientific reports, 10(1), 1444.
  34. Firdaus Kanhalelo, G. N. A. (2019). The use of calculators during problem-solving activities in a Grade 9 mathematics classroom (Doctoral dissertation, North- West University (South Africa)).
  35. France-Presse, A. (2020). Home Schooling Online? Half of World’s Locked-Down Students Lack Computer. ABS-CBN News.
  36. Fiorella, L., Yoon, S. Y., Atit, K., Power, J. R., Panther, G., Sorby, S., ... & Veurink, N. (2021). Validation of the Mathematics Motivation Questionnaire (MMQ) for secondary school students. International Journal of STEM Education, 8, 1-14.
  37. Garcia-Martinez P., Pavin Ivanec, T. (2022). The lack of academic social interactions and students’ learning difficulties during COVID-19 Faculty Lockdowns in Croatia: the mediating role of the perceived sense of life disruption caused by the pandemic and the Adjustment to Online studying. Social Sciences, 11(2), 42.
  38. Glerum, J., Loyens, S. M., & Rikers, R. M. (2020). Is an online mindset intervention effective in vocational education?. Interactive Learning Environments, 28(7), 821-830.
  39. Guinocor, M., Almerino, P., Mamites, I., Lumayag, C., Villaganas, M. A., & Capuyan, M. (2020). Mathematics performance of students in a Philippine State University. International Electronic Journal of Mathematics Education, 15(3), em0586.
  40. Giusti, L., Casacchia, M., Cifone, M. G., Giusti, L., Fabiani, L., Gatto, R., Lancia, L., & Roncone, R. (2021). Distance education during COVID 19: an Italian survey on the university teachers’ perspectives and their emotional conditions. BMC medical education, 21(1), 1-17.
  41. Groen, J., Ghani, S., Germain-Rutherford, A., & Taylor, M. (2020). Institutional Adoption of Blended Learning: Analysis of an Initiative in Action. Canadian Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, 11(3), n3.
  42. Hagger, Hamilton, Hossein-Mohand, H., & Hossein-Mohand, H. (2023). Influence of motivation on the perception of mathematics by secondary school students. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1111600.
  43. Hassan, K. A. F. A. (2023). THE EFFICACY OF INTEGRATING AUGMENTED REALITY IN EDUCATION ON LEARNER’S MOTIVATION AND REFLECTIVE THINKING AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS (Doctoral dissertation, Faculty of Graduate Studies This Dissertation is Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of PhD in Teaching and Learning, Faculty of Graduate Studies,
  44. Hernando-Malipot, M., & San Juan, A. (2020). Learning in the time of coronavirus. Manila Bulletin. https://news. mb. com. ph/2020/03/11/learning-in-thetime-of-coronavirus. An-Najah National University).
  45. Hillmayr, D., Ziernwald, L., Reinhold, F., Hofer, S. I., & Reiss, K. M. (2020). The potential of digital tools to enhance mathematics and science learning in secondary schools: A context-specific meta-analysis. Computers & Education, 153, 103897.
  46. Hong J., Zhu, Z., & Zhou, J. (2021, July). Data-free knowledge distillation for heterogeneous federated learning. In International conference on machine learning (pp. 12878-12889). PMLR.
  47. Hsu H.C., Wang, C, Bonem, E. M., Moss, J. D., Yu, S., Nelson, D. B., & Levesque- Bristol, C. (2019). Need satisfaction and need dissatisfaction: A comparative study of online and face-to-face learning contexts. Computers in Human Behavior, 95, 114-125.
  48. Huang, Y., & Zhang, J. (2020). Social media use and entrepreneurial intention: The mediating role of selfefficacy. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 48(11), 1-8.
  49. Isa, N. K. M., Nordin, N. A., Saari, E. M., Isa, N. J. M., & Yunos, M. Y. M. (2023). Student Motivation in Learning through the Use of 21st Century Learning Activities. Educational Administration: Theory and Practice, 29(2).
  50. Jalli N., Yeap, C. F., Suhaimi, N., & Nasir, M. K. M. (2021). Issues, challenges, and suggestions for empowering technical vocational education and training education during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Malaysia. Creative Education, 12(8), 1818-1839.
  51. Jamaluddin, J., Mahali, M., Mohd Din, N., Nias Ahmad, M. A., Mohamad Fadzillah, N. S., & Abdul Jabar, F. (2020). Students’ Motivation Level in Gamification of Accounting Teaching and Learning–A Case of ‘Accounting on the Block’. Social and Management Research Journal (SMRJ), 17(1), 17-34.
  52. Jaradat L.,Ajlouni, A., Almahaireh, A., & Whaba, F. (2023). Students’ Perception of Using ChatGPT in Counseling and Mental Health Education: The Benefits and Challenges. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET), 18(20), 199-218.
  53. Ali, K. A. G., Khalil, H. E. M., & El-Sharkawy, F. M. (2020). Impact of online remote education on the learning process among nursing students. Open Journal of Nursing, 10(9), 810-830.
  54. Khasanah, S. N. F. I., Maliki, R., Widodo, C. L., & Kusmanto, H. (2023). THE ATTITUDE OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDENTS TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INDONESIAN LANGUAGE COURSES. PROCEEDING: The 2nd International Webinar Series Educational Revolution “Building Resilience and Competitive Advantage in Education”, 46.
  55. Krugman, D. W., Manoj, M., Nassereddine, G., Cipriano, G., Battelli, F., Pillay, K,& Schor, M. (2022). Transforming global health education during the COVID-19 era: perspectives from a transnational collective of global health students and recent graduates. BMJ global health, 7(12).
  56. Jingco F.G.,Brombuela, G. B., Atienza, D., & Caparas, E. (2021). Instructional Barriers and Challenges Faced by Faculty and Students of Graduate School in One Hei in The New Normal Set Up. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research, 2(4), 1-1
  57. Labrague, L. J., JAAD, S., & Falguera, C. (2021). Social and emotional loneliness among college students during the COVID-19 pandemic: the predictive role of coping behaviours, social support, and personal resilience.
  58. Law, K. M., Geng, S., & Li, T. (2019). Student enrollment, motivation and learning performance in a blended learning environment: The mediating effects of social, teaching, and cognitive presence. Computers & Education, 136, 1-12.
  59. Lee, H., & Kim, J. H. (2019). The effects of technostress from using blockchain on the technology acceptance model (TAM). Journal of Convergence for Information Technology, 9(8), 27- 34.
  60. Li, R., Lu, Y., Ma, J., & Wang, W. (2021). Examining gifting behavior on live streaming platforms: An identitybased motivation model. Information & Management, 58(6), 103406.
  61. Mailizar, M., Hidayat, M., & Al-Manthari, A. (2021). Examining the impact of mathematics teachers’ TPACK on their acceptance of online professional development. Journal of Digital learning in teacher eDucation, 37(3), 196- 212.
  62. Mamolo, L. A. (2022). Online learning and students’ mathematics motivation, self- efficacy, and anxiety in the “New Normal”. Education Research International, 2022, 1-10.
  63. Marler, E. K., Bruce, M. J., Abaoud, A., Henrichsen, C., Suksatan, W., Homvisetvongsa, S., & Matsuo, H. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 on university students’ academic motivation, social connection, and psychological wellbeing. Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Psychology.
  64. Matvienko, O., Kuzmina, S., Yamchynska, T., Kuzmin, Y., & Glazunova, T. (2021). New Challenges Imposed by the Pandemic on a UkrainianUniversity. ArabWorld English Journal (AWEJ) Special Issue on Covid, 19.
  65. Mazllami, A. (2020). The impact of rewards on employee performance: In Smes in Polog Region. ECONOMIC VISION-International Scientific Journal in Economics, Finance, Business, Marketing, Management and Tourism, 7(13- 14), 53-62.
  66. Meadows-Fernandez, A. R. (2018). Investigating Institutional Racism. Enslow Publishing, LLC.
  67. Michaelides, M. P., Brown, G. T., Eklöf, H., Papanastasiou, E. C., Michaelides, M. P., Brown, G. T., & Papanastasiou, E. C. (2019). The relationship of motivation with achievement in Mathematics. Motivational Profiles in TIMSS Mathematics: Exploring Student Clusters Across Countries and Time, 9-23.
  68. Moreno-Guerrero, A. J., Aznar-Díaz, I., Cáceres-Reche, P., & Alonso-García, S. (2020). E-learning in the teaching of mathematics: An educational experience in adult high school. Mathematics, 8(5), 840.
  69. Morrison, G. R., Ross, S. J., Morrison, J. R., & Kalman, H. K. (2019). Designing effective instruction. John Wiley & Sons.
  70. Mulang, H. (2021). The effect of competences, work motivation, learning environment on human resource performance. Golden Ratio of Human Resource Management, 1(2), 84-93.
  71. Nearchou, F., Flinn, C., Niland, R., Subramaniam, S. S., & Hennessy, E. (2020). Exploring the impact of COVID-19 on mental health outcomes in children and adolescents: a systematic review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(22), 8479.
  72. Ngo & Eichelberger, A. (2021). College Students’ Perceived Self-efficacy and Use of Information and Communication Technologies in EFL Learning Hong Ngo Vietnam-USA Society English Centers, Vietnam. International Journal of Education and Development Using Information and Communication Technology (IJEDICT), 17(1), 34-44.
  73. Nigussie, EDIG, M. M. (2022). Time Management And Self-Directed Learning As Predictors Of Academic Performance Of Students In Mathematics. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 3(1), 57- 75.
  74. Nikolopoulou, K., Akriotou, D., & Gialamas, V. (2019). Early reading skills in English as a foreign language via ICT in greece: early childhood student teachers’ perceptions. Early childhood education journal, 47, 597-606.
  75. Nurul Haidah, Basar, Z. M., Mansor, A. N., Jamaludin, K. A., & Alias, B. S. (2021). The effectiveness and challenges of online learning for secondary school students–A case study. Asian Journal of University Education, 17(3), 119-129.
  76. Nurkarim, A. W.,Qonita, W., & Monterroza, D. (2023). The students mathematics motivation scale: a measure of intrinsic, extrinsic, and perceptions of mathematics. International Journal on Teaching and Learning Mathematics, 6(1), 42- 51.
  77. Ompusunggu, N. Sari N., Nisa, H., Namira, F., Jasmidi, J., Sudrajat, A., & Juwitaningsih, T. (2021). Analysis of online learning based edmodo in pandemic era in atomic structure classes x at senior high school harapan 1 Medan. Jurnal Pendidikan Kimia, 13(3), 212-222.
  78. Pedrotti, M., & Nistor, N. (2019). How students fail to self-regulate their online learning experience.In Transforming Learning with Meaningful Technologies: 14th European Conference on Proceedings 14 (pp. 377-385). Springer International Publishing.
  79. Ramsin, A., & Mayall, H. J. (2019). ASSESSING ESL LEARNERS’ONLINE LEARNING SELF-EFFICACY IN THAILAND: ARE THEY READY?. Journal of Information Technology Education, 18.
  80. Rasheed, R. A., Kamsin, A., & Abdullah, N. A. (2020). Challenges in the online component of blended learning: A systematic review. Computers & Education, 144, 103701.
  81. Reeve, J. , Aelterman, N., Vansteenkiste, M., Haerens, L., Soenens, B.,& Fontaine, J. R., (2019). Toward an integrative and fine-grained insight in motivating and demotivating teaching styles: The merits of a circumplex approach. Journal of Educational Psychology, 111(3), 497.
  82. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2020). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation from a self- determination theory perspective: Definitions, theory, practices, and future directions. Contemporary educational psychology, 61, 101860.
  83. Rojo Robas, V., Madariaga, J. M., & Villarroel, J. D. (2020). Secondary education students’ beliefs about mathematics and their repercussions on motivation. Mathematics, 8(3), 368.
  84. Rianto, A. (2020). Blended Learning Application in Higher Education: EFL Learners' Perceptions, Problems, and Suggestions. Indonesian Journal of English Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics, 5(1), 55-68.
  85. Rozgonjuk, D., Kraav, T., Mikkor, K., Orav-Puurand, K., & Täht, K. (2020). Mathematics anxiety among STEM and social sciences students: the roles of mathematics self-efficacy, and deep and surface approach to learning. International Journal of STEM Education, 7(1), 1-11.
  86. Sagone, E., De Caroli, M. E., Falanga, R., & Indiana, M. L. (2020). Resilience and perceived self-efficacy in life skills from early to late adolescence. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 25(1),882-890. Santos-Longhurst, A. (2019). Intrinsic motivation: How to pick up healthy motivation techniques. URL: https://www.healthline.com/health/intrinsicmotivation [11.02. 2019].
  87. Senneth, Thu, D. M. T. (2021). The influence of working motivation factors on financial planners: case: AIA exchange in Ho Chi Minh City.
  88. Silva M., Teixeira, P. J., Marques, M. M., Brunet, J., Duda, J. L., Haerens, L., ... & Hagger, M. S. (2020). A classification of motivation and behavior change techniques used in self-determination theory-based interventions in health contexts. Motivation science, 6(4), 438.
  89. Singh, V., & Thurman, A. (2019). How many ways can we define online learning? A systematic literature review of definitions of online learning (1988- 2018). American Journal of Distance Education, 33(4), 289-306.
  90. Sign, Ismail, S. N., Rahman, F. A., & Yaacob, A. (2020). School climate and academic performance. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Education.
  91. Siyuan, Y., & Sriwisathiyakun, K. (2023). Online Active Learning Activities to Enhance English Writing Skills for Nonnative speakers in Vocational College. International Journal of Educational Communications and Technology, 3(1), 42-53.
  92. Son, Changwon, et al. "Effects of COVID-19 on college students’ mental health in the United States: Interview survey study."Journal of medical internet research 22.9 (2020): e21279.
  93. Sriwichai, C. (2020). Students' Readiness and Problems in Learning English through Blended Learning Environment. Asian Journal of Education and Training, 6(1), 23-34.
  94. Suryaman, H., & Mubarok, H. (2020). Profile of online learning in building engineering education study program during the COVID-19 pandemic. IJORER: International Journal of Recent Educational Research, 1(2), 63-77.
  95. Tang,M.I. Kucharski, A. J., Klepac, P., Conlan, A. J., Kissler, S. M., Fry, H., ... & Simons, D. (2020). Effectiveness of isolation, testing, contact tracing, and physical distancing on reducing transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in different settings: a mathematical modelling study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 20(10), 1151-1160.
  96. Tokan, M. K., & Imakulata, M. M. (2019, February). Correlation between motivation and learning behavior with learning achievement: A case study on the Biology Education Department Faculty of Teacher Training andEducation University of Nusa Cendana. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1157, No. 4, p. 042128). IOP Publishing.
  97. Uno HB 2019. Motivation theory and measurement. Jakarta, Indonesia: Bumi Aksara.
  98. Usher, M., Barak, M., & Haick, H. (2021). Online vs. on-campus higher education: Exploring innovation in students' self-reports and students' learning products. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 42, 100965.
  99. Varea, V., & González-Calvo, G. (2021). Touchless classes and absent bodies: teaching physical education in times of Covid-19. Sport, education and society, 26(8), 831-845.
  100. Welsh, D., Bush, J., Thiel, C., & Bonner, J. (2019). Reconceptualizing goal setting’s dark side: The ethical consequences of learning versus outcome goals. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 150, 14-27.
  101. Widjaja, A., & Widjaja, Y. G. (2022). The influence of interaction, learner characteristics, perceived usefulness, and perceived satisfaction on continuance intention in e-learning system. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478), 11(2), 381-390.
  102. Wildana F., Basar, Z. M., Mansor, A. N., Jamaludin, K. A., & Alias, B. S. (2021).The effectiveness and challenges of online learning for secondary school students– A case study. Asian Journal of University Education, 17(3), 119-129.
  103. Yılmaz, A., & Karataş, S. (2022). Why do open and distance education students drop out? Views from various stakeholders. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 19(1), 1-22.
  104. Yokoyama, S. (2019). Academic self-efficacy and academic performance in online learning: A mini review. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 2794.
  105. Zakaria, N. B., Murdiati, E., Jawazi, J., & Musa, K. (2023). Does University Industry Engagement Assist Women in Generating Business Income in Emerging Economies? Evidence from
  106. Zakaria YF.,Massimiliano, B. (2021). Development of mathematics motivation scale: A preliminary exploratory study with a focus on secondary school students. Malaysia. Economies, 11(9), 239.
  107. Zalat, M. M., Hamed, M. S., & Bolbol, S. A. (2021). The experiences, challenges, and acceptance of e-learning as a tool for teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic among university medical staff. PloS one, 16(3), e0248758.
  108. Zientek, L., Dorsey, J., Stano, N., & Lane, F. C. (2019). An investigation of self- efficacy of students enrolled in a mathematics pathway course. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, 11(3), 636-652.
  109. Xhelili, P., Ibrahimi, E., Rruci, E., & Sheme, K. (2021). Adaptation and Perception of Online Learning during COVID-19 Pandemic by Albanian University Students. International Journal on Studies in Education (IJonSE), 3(2).