HomeInternational Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Researchvol. 5 no. 8 (2024)

Philippine Social Security System: An Evaluation Of Strategic Approach To Digital Services

Glenn Mhar B. Galang | Elizabeth S. Villa-Buena

Discipline: social sciences (non-specific)

 

Abstract:

This study was conducted to assess the digital services of the Philippine Social Security System in terms of processing of personal data, organizational measures, physical measures, and technical measures. The research employed a descriptive-correlational approach, utilizing a questionnaire as the primary data gathering instrument. However, interviews among the 5 heads of the 5 biggest branches of SSS in the NCR were utilized to validate the data taken in the questionnaire among the 3 groups of respondents: BPOs (120), front-liners (180), and clients (1292). For BPOs and front-liners, complete enumeration was used, while convenience sampling was utilized for clients. Weighted mean and one-way ANOVA were used for the treatment of the data. The study revealed that all the indicators in all four variables were, on average, partially implemented. The seriousness of the encountered problems led to a highly recommended assessment of the presented solutions. Further investigation revealed no significant differences in assessment among the three groups of respondents. The study's findings led to the conclusion that Philippine Social Security requires additional physical and electronic paperwork. Additionally, the Philippine Social Security System shares and exchanges personal data with other parties through digital channels. Furthermore, the corporate orientation course for newly hired or absorbed employees does not include security management, despite its availability. Finally, SSS has yet to use advanced technology to detect fake, altered, and fraudulent documents; hence, it still needs to use advanced technology to formulate a comprehensive data security manual to integrate digital measures against cybercrime. Therefore, the study's findings and conclusions inform the following recommendations: Firstly, we should archive and retain physical or electronic documents containing personal data in secure and protected record rooms, offsite storage facilities, or receptacles or cabinets, in accordance with the issued policies. Second, only with prior consent or authority from the data subjects, a judicial order, or a data sharing agreement can we use digital platforms to disclose and share personal data with third parties. Third, newly hired or absorbed employees should include data security management in their corporate orientation course. Fourth, we should use advanced technology to detect fake, altered, and fraudulent documents. Finally, we should formulate a data security manual to incorporate digital measures against cybercrime.



References:

  1. Acopiado,  I.  (2022).  Digital  payment  adoption during   the   COVID-19   pandemic   in   the Philippines.     Retrieved     December     02, 2022, from https://philjour-nalsci.dost.gov.ph/im-ages/pdf/pjs_pdf/vol151no3/adop-tion_of_digital_payment_during_pan-demic_in_the_Phils_.pdf
  2. Adomela, O. (2021). Towards an effective Infor-mation  Assurance  and  Risk  Management (IA&RM)  guide:  A  case  study.Retrieved June   01,   2022,   from https://www.re-searchgate.net/publica-tion/351587268_Towards_an_Effec-tive_Information_Assur-ance_and_Risk_Manage-ment_IARM_Guide_A_Case_Study
  3. Alokluk,  J.  (2019).  Archiving  and  document management at Tabiah University: A case study. Retrieved May 01, 2021, from https://www.researchgate.net/publica-tion/336012392
  4. Alzubi,  O.A.,  Qiqieh,  I.  &  Alzubi,  J.A.  Fusion  of deep learning based cyberattack detec-tion and classification model for intelli-gent  systems.  Cluster  Comput  26,  1363–1374 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-022-03686-0
  5. Amhag, L., Hellstrom, L., & Stigmar, M. (2019). Teacher educators’ use of digital tools and needs for digital competence   in   higher education.  Journal  of  Digital  Learning  in Teacher  Education,  35(4),  203–220.  Re-trieved December 02, 2023, from https://doi.org/10.1080/21532974.2019
  6. Basantes, A., Cabezas, M., & Casillas, S. (2020). Digital competences relationship between gender  and  generation  of  university  pro-fessors.    International    Journal    on    Ad-vanced  Science  Engineering  Information Technology, 10(1), 205–211.
  7. Basilotta,  V.,  García-Valcárcel,  A.,  Casillas,  S.,  & Cabezas, M. (2020). Evaluación de compe-tenciasinformacionalesen escolares y es-tudio de algunas variables influyentes. Re-vista  Complutense  De  Educación,  31(4), 517–528.  Retrieved  December  02,  2022, from https://doi.org/10.5209/rced.65835
  8. Basolitta, V. et al. (2022). Teachers’ digital com-petencies in higher education: a system-atic literature review. Retrieved Decem-ber  02,  2022,  from https://educational-technologyjournal.springeropen.com/ar-ticles/10.1186/s41239-021-00312-8
  9. Belanger, C. (2022). Pulsar security: USB secu-rity  risks|When  flash  drives  become  dan-gerous. Retrieved December 2, 2022, from https://blog.pulsarsecurity.com
  10. Betz, A. (2012). The experiences of adult/child identity theft victims. Iowa State Univer-sity.  Retrieved  December  02,  2022,  from https://dr.lib.iastate.edu/entities/publi-cation/0ed04671-6774-478f-a112-30822839b61e
  11. Bird & Bird (2019). Big data, issues, & oppor-tunities:   Data   sharing   agreements.   Re-trieved October 10, 2020, from https://www.twobirds.com
  12. Bolpagni, R. Gavina, & D. Ribeiro (Eds.), Indus-try 4.0 for the built environment: method-
  13. Cabero, J. (2020). Aprendiendo del tiempo de la COVID-19. Revista   Electrónica   Educare, 24(Suppl.1), 4–6. Retrieved October 10, 2023, from https://doi.org/10.15359/ree.24-s.
  14. Cabero, J., & Palacios, A. (2020). Marco Europeo de Competencia Digital Docente «DigCompEdu» y cuestionario «DigCompEdu  Check-In». EDMETIC,  Re-vista  De  Educación  Mediática  y  TIC,  9(1), 213–234. Retrieved   October   10,   2023, from https://doi.org/10.21071/ed-metic.v9i1.12462
  15. Cabero, J., Barroso, J., & Palacios, A. (2021). Dig-ital  competences  of  educators  in  health sciences: Their relationship with some variables.  Educación  Médica,  22(2),  94–98.   Retrieved   October   10,   2023,   from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edumed.2020.11.014
  16. Cabero, J., Barroso, J., Palacios, A., & Llorente, C. (2020). Marcos de competencias digitales para  docentes  universitarios:  Su  evalu-ación a través del coeficiente competencia experta.  Revista  Electrónica  Interuniver-sitaria De Formación     Del    Profesorado, 23(2),  1–18.  Retrieved  October  10,  2023, from https://doi.org/10.6018/rei-fop.413601
  17. Caena,   F.   &   Redecker,   C.   (2019).   Aligning teacher  competence  frameworks  to  21st century challenges: The case for the Euro-pean  digital  competence.  Framework  for educators (DigCompEdu). European Jour-nal  of  Education,  54(3),  1–14.  Retrieved October 10, 2023, from https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.12345
  18. Casado-Aranda,  L.-A.,  Sánchez-Fernández,  J.,  & Viedma-del-Jesús, M. I. (2020). Analysis of the scientific production of the ef-fect of COVID-19 on the environment:  A bibliometric   study.   Environmental   Re-search,  193,  1–12.  Retrieved  October10, 2023, from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.en-vres.2020.110416
  19. Casado-Aranda,   L.-A.,   Sánchez-Fernández,   J., Montoro-Ríos,  F.  J.,  &  Horcajadas,  M. I.  A. (2021). Evaluation of the work-integrated learning  methodology:  Teaching  market-ing through practitioner experience in the classroom. Mathematics, 9(17), 2164.  Re-trieved October 10, 2023, from https://doi.org/10.3390/math9172164
  20. Cham,  T.  et  al.  (2022).  Digitalization  of  public service  delivery  in  Asia.    Retrieved  June 19, 2022, from https://link.springer.com/arti-cle/10.1057/s41270-022-00167-6
  21. Chang, JW., Yen, N. & Hung, J.C. Design of aNLP-empowered    finance    fraud    awareness model: the anti-fraud chatbot for fraud de-
  22. Choi,  P.  &  Xavier,  D.  (2021).  Digitalization  of public service delivery in Asia.   RetrievedJune 19, 2022, from https://www.apo-to-kyo.org/papers
  23. DeLiema, M., Burnes, D., & Langton, L. (2021).  The  financial  and  psychological impact   of   identity   theft   among   older  adult.  Innovation in Aging, 5(4), 1–11. Re-trieved June 19, 2022, from https://doi.org/10.1093/
  24. GERONI/IGAB043digital  transformation:  How  to  lead service  employees  effectively  during  the COVID-19
  25. Durmaz, O., Hawrami, S. S., & Hamasaeed, A. M. (2022). The suitable leadership for indus-try4.0. Retrieved June 21, 2023, from Journal of Global Economics and Busi-ness, 3(8), 113–124.
  26. Eberl, J. K., & Drews, P. (2021). Digital leader-ship–mountain    or    molehill?    Retrieved June 21, 2023, from A literature review. In international conference on Wirtschaftsinformatik (pp. 223–237).
  27. Elevant,  I.  (2021).  Consent  as  a  basis  of  pro-cessing  personal  data  in  the  Internet  of Things.   Retrieved   May   5,   2024,   from https://helda.hel-sinki.fi/server/api/core/bit-streams/c054519f-50a3-4f4b-b526d0eb2fa13be8/content.
  28. Emerging Science Journal, 5, 21–36.Leadership compass:   Six   competencies   for   digital transformation  entrepreneurship.  Inter-national
  29. Fabian,  N.  (2022).  Digital  transformation  and organizational     implications.     Retrieved June 29, 2022, from https://re-search.rug.nl/en/publications/digital-transformation-and-organizational-impli-cations
  30. Fabito,  B.  et  al.  (2018).  Data  Privacy  Act  of 2012: A case study approach to Philip-pine   government   agencies   compliance. Retrieved June 29, 2022, from https://www.researchgate.net/publica-tion/327281053
  31. Forsell, T. (2020). "You're kind of a student, but at  a  distance":  Problematic  school  absen-teeism  from  the  perspective  of  students, parents, and school staff.” Retrieved Feb-ruary  10  2022,  from http://urn.kb.se/re-solve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-155437
  32. Gfrerer  A.E.  et  al.  (2021)  Digital  needs  diver-sity:    Innovation  and  digital  leadership from a female managers perspective.    In Schallmo  D.R.A.,  Tidd  J.    (eds)  Digitaliza-tion,  Management  for  Professionals.  Re-trieved February 10, 2022, from Springer, Cham, 335-349.
  33. Gudergan,  G.  et  al.  (2021),  Digital  Leadership -Which  leadership  dimensions  contribute to digital transformation success.Re-trieved   February   10,   2022,   from   2021 IEEE  International  Conference  on  Engi-neering, Technology     and     Innovation, Cardiff, 1-8.
  34. Guzman,  V.  et  al.  (2020),  Characteristics  and skills of leadership in the context of indus-try. Retrieved February 10,  2022,  from Procedia Manuf. Shangai, 43, 543–550.
  35. Hai, T. N., Van, Q. N., & Tuyet, M. N. T. (2021). Digital transformation: Opportunities and challenges  for  leaders  in  the  emerging countries  in  response  to  COVID-19  pan-demic.   Retrieved   June   21,   2023,   from Emerging Science Journal, 5, 21–36.Hani, A. (2021). Adopting AI-powered technol-ogy for fraud prevention in the Philip-pines. Retrieved June 21, 2022, from https://opengovasia.com/adopting-ai-powered-technology-for-fraud-preven-tion-in-the-philippines/
  36. Heredia,   J.,   Castillo-Vergara,   M.,   Geldes,   C.,Gamarra, F. M.  C., Flores, A., &  Heredia,W. (2022). How  do  digital  capabilities  affect firm performance? The mediating role of technological capabilities in the ‘new nor-mal.’ Retrieved June 21, 2023, from Jour-nal of Innovation & Knowledge,7(2),100171.
  37. Hinterhuber,  A.  et  al.  (2021).  Managing  digital transformation: Understanding the strate-gic process (1st ed.). Routledge. Retrieved June 21, 2022, from https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003008637
  38. Ilzan,  A.  et  al.  (2023)  Understanding  the  phe-nomenon  and  risks  of  identity  theft  and fraud on social media. Retrieved August 20, 2022, from https://jour-nals.plos.org/plosone/arti-cle?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0256822In International conference onWirtschaftsinformatik (pp. 223–237).
  39. Ioannou, A. et al. (2021) Privacy nudges for dis-closure  of  personal  information:  A  sys-tematic literature review and meta-analy-sis. Retrieved August 20, 2022, from https://journals.plos.org/plosone/arti-cle?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0256822.
  40. Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Re-search.
  41. Kane, G.C.,  Nguyen-Phillips,  A.,  Copulsky, J., & Andrus,    G.  (2019),    How  digital    leader-ship    is(n't)  different.  MIT  SloanManage-ment Review, 60(3), 34-3
  42. Karippur,   N.   K.   &   Balaramachandran,   P.   R. (2022). Retrieved June 21, 2023, from An-tecedents of effective digital leadership of enterprises in Asia Pacific
  43. Kazım, F. A. B. (2019), Digital transformation and   leadership   style:   A   multiple   case study.  Journal  of  International  Business, 3(1), 24–33.
  44. Khando, K. et al. (2022). The emerging technol-ogies  of  digital  payments  and  associated challenges: A systematic literaturere-view. Retrieved December 28, 2022, from https://www.researchgate.net/publica-tion/366700399_The_Emerging_Technol-ogies_of_Digital_Payments_and_Associ-ated_Challenges_A_Systematic_Litera-ture_Review
  45. Klein,  M.  (2020).  Leadership  characteristics  in the era of digital transformation. Re-trieved August 20, 2023, from Business & Management Studies: An International Journal (BMIJ), 8(1), 883–902.
  46. Klein,  M.  (2020).  Leadership characteristics  in the   era   of   digital   transformation.   Re-trieved June 21, 2023, from
  47. Kokot, K., Kokotec, I. Đ., & Čalopa, M. K. (2021), Impact  of  leadership  on  digital  transfor-mation.  Retrieved  August  20,  2023,  from 2021 IEEE Technology & Engineering Management  Conference-Europe  (TEM-SCON-EUR), Dubrovnik, 1-6.
  48. Kraus,  S.,  Jones,  P.,  Kailer,  N.,  Weinmann,  A., Chaparro-Banegas,  N.,  &  Roig-Tierno,  N. (2021).  Digital  transformation:  An  over-view  of  the  current  state  of  the  art  of  re-search. Sage Open, 11(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211047576Lawry,   C.   (2019).   The   vital   im-portance    of    digitizing    non-disclosure agreements.  Retrieved  August  28,  2021, from https://www.swipe-don.com/blog/digitizing-non-disclosure-agreements
  49. Lee,  C.-H.,  Wang,  D.,  Desouza,  K.,  &  Evans,  R. (2021).   Digital   transformation   and   the new normal in China: How can enterprises use   digital   technologies   to   respond   to COVID-19? Retrieved June 21, 2023, from Sustainability, 13(18), 10195.
  50. McCarthy, P., Sammon, D., & Alhassan, I. (2021).  Digital transformation  leadership  charac-teristics:  A  literature  analysis.  Retrieved August 28, 2023, from   Journal   of   Deci-sion Systems, 1-30.
  51. Mihardjo L.,  Sasmoko  S.,  Alamsjah F.,  & Djap E. (2019), Digital leadership role in devel-oping business model innovation and cus-tomer experience orientation in indus-try  4.0.  Retrieved  August  28,  2021,  from Management   Science   Letters,   9,   1749–1762.
  52. Mishra,  A.  (2022).  Cybersecurity  enterprises policies: A comparative study. Re-trieved January 17, 2023, from https://pub-med.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35062504
  53. Mohamed,  A.  et  al.  (2022).  A  systematic  litera-ture  review  for  authorization  andaccess control:  Definitions,  strategies  and  mod-els. Retrieved August 10, 2023,from https://www.emerald.com/insight/con-tent/doi/10.1108/IJWIS-04-2022-0077/full/html
  54. Morgan, B., & Papadonikolaki, E. (2022). Digital leadership for the built environment. In M. Bolpagni, R. Gavina, & D. Ribeiro (Eds.), Industry 4.0  for  the  built  environment: Method-ologies,  technologies,  and  skills (pp.  591–608).  Springer.  Retrieved  June 21, 2023,from https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82430-3_2514.
  55. Normal in China: How can enterprises use digi-tal technologies to respond to COVID-19?of enterprises in Asia Pacificologies, technologies   and   skills   (pp.   591–608). Springer.    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-
  56. On business agility during COVID-19 era. Pro-cedia  Computer  Science,  197,  326–335.pandemic.   Journal   of   Service   Manage-ment, 32(1), 71–85.
  57. Phillip, J. & Aguilar, M.  G.  (2021).  Students’ perceptions of leadership skills neces-sary  for  digital  transformation.  Retrieved August  10,  2023,  from  Journal  of  Educa-tion for Business, 1-13.
  58. Porfírio, J.  A., Carrilho, T., Felício, J. A., & Jardim, J.   (2021).  Leadership  characteristics  and digital  transformation.  Retrieved  August 28,  2021,  from  Journal  of  Business  Re-search, 124, 610-619.
  59. Prakasa, Y., Raharjo, K., & Wiratama, I.  (2020), transformational leadership and digital maturity. Retrieved August 28, 2021, from The Mediating Role of Organizational Cul-ture, Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Inter-national Conference on Business and Pub-licAdministration  (AICOBPA  2019),  Ma-lang, 224-229.
  60. Promsri,  D.   C.    (2019).  The  developing    model  of  digital  leadership  for  a  successful  dig-ital  transformation.  Retrieved  August  10, 2023, from GPH-International Journal of Business Management (IJBM),  2(8),  1-8.
  61. Promsri,  C.  (2019).  The  developing  model  of digital  leadership  for  a  successful  digital transformation.  Retrieved  June  21,  2023, from  GPH-International  Journal  of  Busi-ness Management, 2(08), 1–8.
  62. Pu,  W.  et  al.  (2022).  To  disclose  or  not  to  dis-close: An evaluation of the effects of infor-mation  control  and  social  network  trans-parency.  Retrieved  July  01,  2023,from https://www.sciencedirect.com/sci-ence/arti-cle/abs/pii/S0167404821003333
  63. Sacolick, I. (2023). Digital transformation chal-lenges  and  14  ways  to  solve  them.  Re-trieved June 20, 2023, from https://www.tech-target.com/searchcio/tip/3-biggest-digi-tal-transformation-challenges-and-how-to-solve-them
  64. Sağbaş, M. et al. (2022). Digital leadership: A systematic  conceptual  literature  review. Retrieved January 23, 2023, from https://www.researchgate.net/publica-tion/358729671_Digital_Leader-ship_A_Systematic_Conceptual_Litera-ture_ReviewSaglam,  R.  et  al.  (2022).  Personal  information: Perceptions,   types,   and   evolution.   Re-trieved January 23, 2023, from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jisa.2022.103163
  65. Saputra, N., Sasanti, N., Alamsjah, F., & Sadeli, F. (2022). Strategic role of digital capabil-ity
  66. Saputra, N., Sasanti, N., Alamsjah, F., & Sadeli, F. (2022).  Strategic  role  of  digital  capability on  business  agility  during  COVID-19  era. Retrieved  June  21,  2023,  from      Procedia Computer Science, 197, 326–335.
  67. Sbriz,  L.  (2021).  Communicating  information-security risk simply and effectively, Part 1. Retrieved June 19, 2022, from https://www.isaca.org/resources/isaca-journal/issues/2021/volume-6
  68. Schiuma  G.,  Schettini  E.,  Santarsiero  F.,  &  Car-lucci,  D.  (2021),  The  transformative  lead-ership compass: Six competencies for dig-ital transformation entrepreneurship, Re-trieved  January  23,  2023,  from  Interna-tional  Journal  Of  Entrepreneurial  Behav-ior & Research
  69. Schiuma, G., Schettini, E., Santarsiero, F., & Car-lucci,  D.  (2021).  The  transformative  lead-ership compass: Six competencies for dig-ital transformation entrepreneurship. Re-trieved June  21,  2023,  from  International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Re-search.
  70. Schmitt, E. (2019). Identity theft resource guide information system monitoring access log database  on  database  server.  Retrieved June   21,   2021,   https://dn790009.ca.ar-chive.org
  71. Shah,  S.  S.  &  Patki,  S.  M.  (2020),  Getting  tradi-tionally  rooted  Indian  leadership  to  em-brace  digital  leadership:  Challenges  and way forward. Retrieved January 23, 2023,
  72. Šidlauskas, A. (2021). The role and significance of the data protection officer in the organ-ization.   Retrieved   May   5,   2024,   from https://www.researchgate.net/publica-tion/351874824_The_Role_and_Signifi-cance_of_the_Data_Protection_Of-ficer_in_the_Organization
  73. Skog, D. (2019).  The dynamics of  digital trans-formation:  The  role  of  digital  innovation, ecosystems, and logics in fundamental or-ganizational.   Retrieved   June   21,   2021, https://www.researchgate.net/publica-tion/330539207
  74. Sood P., Sharma C., Nijjer S., Sakhuja S.2023International  Journal  of  System  ssurance Engineering    and    Management14(6), pp.2120-2135
  75. Southekal, P. (2022). Data prioritization in dig-ital  transformation  programs.  Retrieved January 20, 2023, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncilSustainability, 13(18), 10195.
  76. Sy, F. et al. (2021). Philippine privacy com-mission  issues:  Data  sharing  agreement guidelines. Retrieved January 21, 2022, from https://www.zicolaw.com/re-sources/alerts/philippine-privacy-com-mission-issues-data-sharing-agreement-guidelines/
  77. Tabuena, A. et al. (2022). A literature review on digital marketing strategies and its impact on   online   business   sellers   during   the COVID-19  crisis.  Retrieved  December  15, 2022, from https://www.re-searchgate.net/publi-cation/360454336_A_Literature_Re-view_on_Digital_Marketing_Strate-gies_and_Its_Impact_on_Online_Busi-ness_Sellers_During_the_COVID-19_Cri-sistechnological capabilities in the ‘new normal.’  Journal  of  Innovation  & Knowledge, 7(2)
  78. Tierney,  M.  (2021).  Data  security  explained: Challenges  and  solutions.  Retrieved  Feb-ruary 15, 2022, from https://blog.netwrix.com/2021/07/26/data-security
  79. Torres, Q. (2021). Philippines: New circular on data sharing agreements issued by the Na-tional    Privacy    Commission.    Retrieved June    21,    2022,    from https://insight-plus.bakermckenzie.com transformation. GPH-International    Journal    of    Business Management, 2(08), 1–8.
  80. Treceñe,  J.  (2021).  The  digital  transformation strategies of the Philippines from 1992 to 2022:   A   review.   Retrieved   March   15, 2022, from https://www.re-searchgate.net/publica-tion/348958893_The_Digital_Transfor-mation_Strategies_of_the_Philip-pines_from_1992_to_2022_A_Review
  81. Turillazi, A. et al. (2022). Investigating accessi-bility of social security system (SSS) mobile application: A structural equa-tion  modeling  approach.  Retrieved  June 21, 2023, from https://pa-pers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?ab-stract_id=4007389.
  82. W.  (2022).  How  do  digital  capabilities  affectfirm performance? The mediating role ofYıkılmaz, I & Sürücü, L. (2021), Dijital Çağda Liderliğin  Yeni  Yüzü:  Dijital  Liderlik. İçinde, İ. Tarakçı, B. Göktaş (Ed.), Dijital Gelecek  Dijital  Dönüşüm-2,    Retrieved June 21, 2023, from İstanbul: Efe Akad-emi, 301-317.
  83. Yıkılmaz, İ. (2021a), Covid 19 pandemic as a digital   transformation   catalyst,   Hamza Şimşek Marcel Mečıar (Eds.) The Social and  Economic  Impact  of  Covid–19:  Rapid Transformation  of  the  21st  Century  Soci-ety. Retrieved June 21, 2023,from IJOPEC: London, 119-139.
  84. Yung-Tsan, J. et al. (2022). Investigating acces-sibility of social security system (SSS) mobile application: A structural equa-tion  modeling  approach.  Retrieved  June 21, 2023, from  https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/13/7939reconfiguration  of  so-cial and moral orders in the Philip-pines. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 51(1–2), 5–24. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022463420000211