Home⇛PCS Review⇛vol. 16 no. 1 (2024)

Nanonokhang v. Tinotokhang: Paghahambing sa Representasyon ng Mga Aktor ng Gera Kontra Droga Lugar sa Pangmasa at Alternatibong Midya

Jonel S. Biscocho

Discipline: media studies

 

Abstract:

Ang pananaliksik na ito ay naglalantad ng representasyon nina Rodrigo Duterte, pulisya, at mga binsangang adik sa lathalaing pabalita ng pangmasang pahayagan na Manila Bulletin at Philippine Daily Inquirer at alternatibong pahayagan na Bulatlat at Pinoy Weekly. Ang pananaliksik ay tinuklas ang inklusyon at ekslusyon, ang istratehiya ng representasyon, at ang positibo o negatibong presentasyon ng aktor ng Gera Kontra Droga. Ang pananaliksik ay nakabatay sa teyoretikal na balangkas ng Critical Discourse Analysis ni Norman Fairclough (1995). Mula rito, gamit ang konsepto ng microstructure, nilapat ang Representation of Social Actors ni Theo Van Leeuwen (2008) at Ideological Square ni Teun Van Dijk (1986) bilang mga kasangkapang panuri. Natuklasan ng pag-aaral na ang dominyo ng tunggalian ng Gera Kontra Droga ay lumalagpas patungo sa dominyo ng diskurso sa midya. Ang tunggalian na ito ay nahati sa pagitan ng Nanonokhang at Tinotokhang. Ang pamamahayag ng pangmasang pahayagan ay kinakitaan na may pangunahing tuon sa naratibo ng aktor na si Duterte at sa pulisya bilang mga Nanonokhang. Samantala, ang mga alternatibong pahayagan ay pangunahing nagbigay tuon sa naratibo ng mga aktor na adik bilang Tinotokhang. Sa pangmasang pahayagan, pangunahing nakasangkapan ang supresyon at pagpapasalikod upang bigyang ekslusyon ang Nanonokhang mula sa akto ng panonokhang at nabigyang inklusyon gamit ang personalisasyon at ispesipikasyon. Nabigyang inklusyon naman ang aktor na Tinotokhang gamit ang impersonalisasyon at objektibasyon. Sa kabilang dako, sa alternatibong pahayagan, ang Nanonokhang ay nabigyang inklusyon sa diskurso ng panonokhang gamit ang generisasyon habang ang Tinotokhang ay nabigyang-diin gamit ang personalisasyon at ispesipikasyon. Mula sa mga siping teksto, nakita sa pangmasang pahayagan ang positibong presentasyon ng aktor ng Gera na sina Duterte at ang pulisya bilang mga tagapagligtas at negatibong presentasyon ng adik bilang estadistika at hindi tao. Samantala, sa mga alternatibong pahayagan, nakita ang mga aktor na sina Duterte bilang mangwawasak at pulisya bilang mga kriminal sa kanilang negatibong katangian at ang mga adik bilang naghihirap na mahirap. Sa kabuuan, ang naturang digma bukod sa pagiging digma laban sa droga, ay maituturing din bilang isang digma laban sa tao, karapatang pantao, kahirapan, at katotohanan.



References:

  1. Almario, V.S. (2016). Batayang Pagsasalin, Ilang Patnubay at Babasahín para sa Baguhan. Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino.
  2. Ames, H., Glenton, C., & Lewin, S. (2019). Purposive sampling in a qualitative evidence synthesis: a worked example from a synthesis on parental perceptions of vaccination communication. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-019-0665-4
  3. Amnesty International (2019). ‘They Just Kill’: Ongoing Extrajudicial Executions and Other Violations in the Philippines’ ‘War on Drugs’. https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa35/0578/2019/en/
  4. Angeles, M. (2018). Salita ng Taon 2018. Diliman Information Office. https://upd.edu.ph/salita-ng-taon-2018/ 
  5. Babao, R. (2017). Framing the drug war: analysis of illegal drug-related articles in three major Philippine dailies during the first 100 days of President Rodrigo Duterte's term. [Undergraduate thesis, University of the Philippines Los Banos].
  6. Bautro, K.J. (2019). Comparative Analysis of Rappler’s and Inquirer.Net’s Coverage of Duterte’s War on Drugs [Undergraduate thesis, University of the Philippine Los Baños].
  7. Beauvoir, S. & Parshley, H. M. (1949). The second sex. Penguin Books. 
  8. Clark, O. (2021). Interpreting Mainstream and Alternative Media Accounts of Hong Kong’s 2019 Protests. E-International Relations. https://www.e-ir.info/2021/01/09/interpreting-mainstream-and-alternative-media-accounts-of-hong-kongs-2019-protests/
  9. Council on Foreign Relations. (2016). Human Rights and Duterte’s War on Drugs. https://www.cfr.org/interview/human-rights-and-dutertes-war-drugs
  10. Craig, R.T. (2004). Business, Advertising, and the Social Control of News. SAGE. https://doi.org/10.1177/0196859904264686
  11. Deutsch, J. A., & Deutsch, D. (1963). Attention: Some theoretical considerations. Psychological Review, 70(1), 80–90. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0039515
  12. Diamante, Jennifier. (2022). Diamante: Social actor representation in mining discourse in the Philippines: A critical discourse analysis. 13. 53-67. 
  13. Digital News Report 2022. (2022). Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/digital-news-report/2022
  14. Doğu, B. (2015). Comparing Online Alternative and Mainstream Media in Turkey: Coverage of the TEKEL Workers Protest Against Privatization. International Journal of Communication, 9, 630–651.
  15. Downing, J. D. H. (1995). Alternative media and the Boston Tea Party. In J. D. H. Downing, A. Mohammadi, & A. Sreberny-Mohammadi (Eds.), Questioning the media: A critical introduction (pp. 238–252). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. 
  16. Duanprakhon, P. (2012). Critical Discourse Analysis of News Headlines: A Case of Youth Crime in Thailand. [Master’s thesis, National Institute of Development Administration]. 
  17. Entman, R.M. (2006). Framing Bias: Media in the Distribution of Power. Journal of Communication. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00336.x
  18. Fairclough, N. (1995). Critical Discourse Analysis, The Critical Study of Language. Routledge.
  19. Fernquest, J. & Johnson D. (2018). Governing through Killing: The War on Drugs in the Philippines. Asian Journal of Law and Society, 5(2), 359-390. https://doi.org/10.1017/als.2018.12n
  20. Gadavanij, S. (2002). Discursive Strategies for Political Survival: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Thai No-Confidence Debates. Doctoral dissertation, University of Leeds.   
  21. Gavilan, J. (2023, August 17). Even under Marcos, CHR still out of the loop in drug war review panel. Rappler. https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/in-depth/commission-human-rights-still-excluded-bongbong-marcos-jr-administration-drug-war-review-panel/
  22. Habermas, J. & Lenox, S. (1974). The Public Sphere: An Encyclopedia Article. New German Critique.
  23. Harcup, T. (2003). “The unspoken - said”: The journalism of alternative media. Journalism, 4(3), 356–376. https://doi.org/10.1177/14648849030043006
  24. Homolar, A., & Georg Löfflmann. (2021). Populism and the Affective Politics of Humiliation Narratives. Global Studies Quarterly, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.1093/isagsq/ksab002
  25. Jamil, S. (2020). Handbook of Research on Combating Threats to Media Freedom and Journalist Safety. IGI Global.
  26. Jazeera, A. (2023, July 18). ICC rejects attempt to block investigation on Duterte’s drug war. Al Jazeera; Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/18/icc-rejects-manilas-attempt-to-block-investigation-on-drug-war
  27. Jordan, T. (2002). Activism! Direct action, hacktivism and the future of society. London, UK: Reaktion Books. 
  28. Kenix, L. (2011). "The Modern Media Continuum." Alternative and Mainstream Media: The Converging Spectrum. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 17–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781849665421.ch-002
  29. Mahboob, A. & Paltridge, B. (2013). Critical Discourse Analysis and Critical Applied Linguistics. The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics. Blackwell.
  30. Makkai, T. & Teece, M. (2000). Print media reporting on drugs and crime. Trends & issues in crime and criminal justice. Australian Institute of Criminology. https://www.aic.gov.au/publications/tandi/tandi158
  31. Malindog-Uy, A. (2021). Duterte’s Legacy: Authenticity, War on Drugs. The Asean Post. https://theaseanpost.com/article/dutertes-legacy-authenticity-war-drugs
  32. McCombes, S. (2019). Sampling Methods | Types and Techniques Explained. Scribbr. https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/sampling-methods/?fbclid=IwAR0g7Xw0PoObDkvGRdKfJWJAlg1kGrQXN0r9bQXxDICGvMVe_SRjml2gaCU#:~:text=Common%20non%2Dprobability%20sampling%20methods,snowball%20sampling%2C%20and%20quota%20sampling
  33. Montagne, M. (2011). Drugs and the Media: An Introduction. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2011.570609
  34. Murji, K. (1998). Agony and Ecstasy: Drugs, Media and Moral Panic. Policing Drugs (1st ed.). Routledge. 
  35. Nuha, H. (2013). Representation of Social Actors on the News of Syrian Crisis Issued by www.nytimes.com [Undergraduate thesis, State Islamic University of Malang]. 
  36. Ramanathan, R. ( 2015). Application of Critical Discourse Analysis in Media Discourse Studies. The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies, 21 (2). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283712478_Application_of_Critical_Discourse_Analysis_in_Media_Discourse_Studies
  37. Saldaña, J. (2013). The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers (2nd ed.). SAGE.
  38. Samovar, L.A., Porter, R.E. & McDaniel, E.R. (2010). Communication between Cultures (7th ed.). Wadsworth Cengage Learning, Boston, MA, 150.
  39. Sepe, F.G. (2018). Healing The Wounds from The Drug War. ABS-CBN News. https://news.abs-cbn.com/specials/healing-drug-war
  40. Talabong, R. (2017). How Kian delos Santos was killed, according to police. Rappler. https://www.rappler.com/nation/179400-how-kian-delos-santos-was-killed-according-to-police/
  41. Terrazola, V.E. (2021). Alvarez on Duterte's war on drugs: 'Too many' died, mostly poor Filipinos. Manila Bulletin. https://mb.com.ph/2021/08/03/alvarez-on-dutertes-war-on-drugs-too-many-died-mostly-poor-filipinos/
  42. Timberman, D.G. (2019). Philippine Politics Under Duterte: A Midterm Assessment. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. https://carnegieendowment.org/2019/01/10/philippine-politics-under-duterte-midterm-assessment-pub-78091
  43. Van Dijk, T. A. (1986). Studying Writing: Linguistic Approaches. In News Schemata. Greenbaum, S. and Cooper, C. R., eds. SAGE. 
  44. Van Dijk, T.A. (1990). Context Models in Discourse Processing. http://www.discourses.org/OldArticles/Context%20models%20in%20discourse%20processing.pdf
  45. Van Dijk, T. A. (1995). Political Communication and Action. In Power and the News Media. Paletz, D., ed. Hampton Press.
  46. Van Dijk, T. A. (2001). Handbook of Discourse Analysis. In Critical Discourse Analysis. Tannen, D.; Schiffrin, D. and Hamilton, H., eds. Blackwell.
  47. Van Dijk, T.A. (2002). Ideology and discourse, A Multidisciplinary Introduction. http://www.discourses.org/UnpublishedArticles/Ideology%20and%20discourse.pdf
  48. Van Leeuwen, T.J. (2008). Discourse and Practice. New Tools for Critical Discourse Analysis. Oxford University Press.
  49. Wang, S. (1992). Factors influencing cross-national news treatment of a critical national event: A comparative study of six countries' media coverage of the 1989 Chinese student demonstrations. Gazette (Leiden, Netherlands), 49(3), 193-214.

Tools


Copyright © 2024  KITE Digital Educational Solutions |  Exclusively distributed by CE-Logic