Vlogging the Vice Presidency: Sara Duterte’s TikTok Content as Politainment
Jethro Bryan S Andrada
Discipline: Politics
Abstract:
TikTok, an online video-sharing platform, has taken the Philippines by storm since the pandemic, emerging as one of the most downloaded social media applications in the country (Kemp, 2021). Filipino fascination with TikTok has become almost an extension of public life, drastically affecting political participation. Filipino politicians, including Vice President Sara Duterte-Carpio, who have long taken advantage of social media as campaign and public relations tools, have begun to create their own TikTok accounts to bolster their clout and reputation. As a Duterte, Sara’s likeness to her tough-talking father has benefitted her career in government, yet she has also shown on many occasions that she is her own person and not merely a carbon copy of the Duterte patriarch. With the aim of scrutinizing the image that Sara portrays for herself on TikTok, this study enacted a content analysis of the 33 videos posted on her account from its creation on December 15, 2023 to June 7, 2024. Under the lens of politainment, particularly entertaining politics, it was revealed that Sara’s image in the platform strays from the tough-talking, informal demeanor of her father, exhibiting instead two complementary personalities: a relatable persona and an efficient official. By analyzing the enactment of politainment on an up-and-coming platform like TikTok, this study’s results provide novel knowledge about how politicians can style themselves and maintain their relevance post-elections using the affordances of new media technologies. In a country where the celebrification of politics has naturally extended to social networking sites, it also provides further directions for research about how influencer-like techniques that bank on relatability and intimacy may be co-opted by politicians to keep the public engaged in their lives.
References:
- Abdullah, N. A. B. (2023). Social Media and Election Campaign: Tiktok as 2022 Malaysian General Election Battleground. International Islamic University Malaysia.
- Abidin, C. (2020). Mapping internet celebrity on TikTok: Exploring attention economies and visibility labours. Cultural Science Journal, 12(1), 77–103. https://doi.org/10.5334/csci.140
- Abidin, C., Lee, J., & Kaye, D. B. V. (2023). Introduction to the Media International Australia special issue on “TikTok cultures in the Asia Pacific.” Media International Australia, 186(1), 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878X221130126
- ABS-CBN News. (2021, October 7). Celebs rally behind Robredo as she launches presidential bid. ABS-CBN News. https://news.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/10/07/21/celebs-rally-behind-robredo-as-she-runs-for-president
- Alcazaren, H. K., & Labor, J. S. (2023). Queered affordances: Gender expressions of Filipino TikTok content creators. Plaridel. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.52518/2023-07aznlbr
- Ampon, R. K. S., & Salathong, J. (2023). ‘Battleground of Philippine elections’: Political message strategies of Bongbong Marcos and Leni Robredo on social media. International Journal of Social Science and Human Research, 06(07). https://doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v6-i7-32
- Andrada, J. B., Tamayo, I. J., & Tarubal, N. J. (2023). Rhetorical Motives of the Marcos Family in Select Media Statements. Southeast Asian Media Studies Journal, 5(2), 21–48.
- Arguelles, C. V. (2019). “We are Rodrigo Duterte”: Dimensions of the Philippine populist publics’ vote. Asian Politics & Policy, 11(3), 417–437. https://doi.org/10.1111/aspp.12472
- Arugay, A. A., & Baquisal, J. K. A. (2022). Mobilized and polarized: Social media and disinformation narratives in the 2022 Philippine elections. Pacific Affairs, 95(3), 549–573. https://doi.org/10.5509/2022953549
- Babbie, E. (2009). Chapter 11: Unobtrusive Research. In The Practice of Social Research (12th ed., pp. 331–357). Cengage Learning.
- Baclig, C. E. (2023, March 30). PH among most TikTok-crazed countries in the world | Inquirer News. Inquirer.Net. https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1750258/ph-among-most-TikTok-crazed-countries-in-the-world
- Balancio, J. (2024, June 25). Three Dutertes to run for Senate, VP Sara Duterte says. ABS-CBN News. https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/2024/6/25/three-dutertes-to-run-for-senate-vp-sara-duterte-says-1504
- Baquisal, J. K. A., & Arugay, A. A. (2023). The Philippines in 2022: The “dance” of the dynasties. Southeast Asian Affairs, 2023(1), 234–253.
- Barker, A. (2021, June 26). Sara Duterte rides motorbikes and gets into fist fights. She may also be the Philippines’ next president. ABC News.https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-06-27/sara-duterte-from-fist-fights-to-presidential-frontrunner/100213174
- BBC News. (2022, May 9). Rodrigo Duterte profile: The provocative but popular Philippines strongman. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-36659258
- BenarNews Staff. (2022, June 19). Rodrigo Duterte’s daughter sworn in as new Philippine vice president. Benar News. https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/philippine/sara-duterte-sworn-in-as-new-philippine-vice-president-06192022105801.html
- Berrocal-Gonzalo, S., Zamora-Martínez, P., & González-Neira, A. (2023). Politainment on Twitter: Engagement in the Spanish legislative elections of April 2019. Media and Communication, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v11i2.6292
- Bongbong Marcos. (n.d.). bongbong marcos—YouTube. Retrieved June 28, 2024, from https://www.youtube.com/
- Bouckaert, P. (2017). “License to kill.” Human Rights Watch. https://www.hrw.org/report/2017/03/02/license-kill/philippine-police-killings-dutertes-war-drugs
- Cabato, R., & Westfall, S. (2022, May 10). Marcos family once ousted by uprising wins Philippines vote in landslide. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/05/10/philippines-presidential-election-result-ferdinand-bongbong-marcos/
- Cabbuag, S., & Benitez, C. J. (2021). All hail, the Baklang Kanal!: Subversive frivolity in two Filipino influencers. Plaridel. https://doi.org/10.52518/2021-11cabben
- Cariaso, B. (2024, February 1). Ex-cop: Sara approved ‘tokhang’ in Davao City | Philstar.com. Philstar.Com. https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2024/02/01/2330079/ex-cop-sara-approved-tokhang-davao-city
- Centeno, D. D. G. (2010). Celebrification in Philippine politics: Exploring the relationship between celebrity endorsers’ parasociability and the public’s voting behavior. Social Science Diliman, 6(1), 66–85.
- Cervi, L., Tejedor, S., & Blesa, F. G. (2023). TikTok and political communication: The latest frontier of politainment? A case study. Media and Communication, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v11i2.6390
- Cervi, L., Tejedor, S., & Marín Lladó, C. (2021). TikTok and the new language of political communication. Cultura, Lenguaje y Representación, 26, 267–287. https://doi.org/10.6035/clr.5817
- Cervi, L., & Marín-Lladó, C. (2021). What are political parties doing on TikTok? The Spanish case. Profesional de La Información, 30(4), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2021.jul.03
- Corner, J., & Pels, D. (2003). Media and the Restyling of Politics: Consumerism, Celebrity and Cynicism. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446216804
- Curato, N. (2017). Flirting with authoritarian fantasies? Rodrigo Duterte and the new terms of Philippine populism. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 47(1), 142–153. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472336.2016.1239751
- Curato, N., & Combinido, P. (Eds.). (2021). Curing “patient zero”: Reclaiming the digital public sphere in the Philippines. In From grassroots activism to disinformation: Social media in Southeast Asia (pp. 19–42). ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute.
- De Chavez, J., & Pacheco, V. (2020). Masculinity in the age of (Philippine) populism: Spectacle, hypermasculinity, and Rodrigo Duterte. Masculinities & Social Change, 9, 261. https://doi.org/10.17583/mcs.2020.5157 Department of Trade and Industry. (2024). DTI, TikTok eye stronger partnership to accelerate e-commerce and boost MSMEs in PH. Department of Trade and Industry Philippines. https://www.dti.gov.ph/news/dti-TikTok-eye-stronger-partnership-accelerate-e-commerce-boost-msmes-ph/
- Di Nubila, K., Ballesteros-Herencia, C. A., Etura, D., & Martín-Jiménez, V. (2023). Technopopulism and Politainment in Brazil: Bolsonaro Government’s Weekly YouTube Broadcasts. Media and Communication, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v11i2.6470
- Duterte, S. [@inday.saraduterte]. (n.d.). Inday.saraduterte (@inday.saraduterte) Official. TikTok. Retrieved June 30, 2024, from https://www.TikTok.com/@inday.saraduterte?lang=en
- Duterte, S. [@inday.saraduterte]. (2023a, December 20). @DepEd Philippines. . . . . #BansangMakabata #BatangMakabansa #MahalinNatinAngPilipinas 🇵🇭. TikTok. https://www.TikTok.com/@inday.saraduterte?lang=en
- Duterte, S. [@inday.saraduterte]. (2023b, December 25). Merry Christmas to all! Ayan na sa mga ng request! ✌️ Sa mga ng ask, sunod na yung dance 😂 #Christmas #fyp. TikTok. https://www.TikTok.com/@inday.saraduterte/video/7316508631308979462?lang=en
- Duterte, S. [@inday.saraduterte]. (2023c, December 26). Pasko Pahalipay sa Davao 2023 🎄 Salamat sa pagbibigay nyo ng tuwa at kaligayahan sa ating mga kababayan 💚. . . TikTok. https://www.TikTok.com/@inday.saraduterte?lang=en
- Duterte, S. [@inday.saraduterte]. (2024a, January 1). Thank you 2023! I wish all of you a progressive and peaceful #2024 Patuloy nating mahalin ang Pilipinas 🇵🇭 #FYP. TikTok. https://www.TikTok.com/@inday.saraduterte?lang=en
- Duterte, S. [@inday.saraduterte]. (2024b, January 11). Catch Up Fridays 💚 starting tomorrow Jan. 12, 2024 #PatuloyNatingMahalinAngPilipinas #CatchUpFridays. TikTok. https://www.TikTok.com/@inday.saraduterte/video/7322819819236117765?lang=en
- Duterte, S. [@inday.saraduterte]. (2024c, January 23). PAHAYAG January 23, 2024 Sa mga taon na nagsilbi ako bilang Vice Mayor at Mayor ng Davao City, ni minsan. TikTok. https://www.TikTok.com/@inday.saraduterte/photo/7327210035199610118?lang=en
- Duterte, S. [@inday.saraduterte]. (2024d, January 31). PAHAYAG Mga kababayan, Assalamualaikum. Taos-puso po akong nagpapasalamat kay Pangulong Ferdinand Marcos Jr. Para sa kanyang patuloy na tiwala at. TikTok. https://www.TikTok.com/@inday.saraduterte/video/7330199063771581702?lang=en
- Duterte, S. [@inday.saraduterte]. (2024e, February 4). Exclusive here on TikTok 🤣 Happy Sunday everyone 💚 #Swiftie with #Shark. TikTok. https://www.TikTok.com/@inday.saraduterte/video/7331703492786162950?lang=en
- Duterte, S. [@inday.saraduterte]. (2024f, February 25). Help me caption this 😂. . . . #LouisVuitton daw 🤣 #LV. TikTok. https://www.TikTok.com/@inday.saraduterte?lang=en
- Duterte, S. [@inday.saraduterte]. (2024g, March 3). Extra rice pls 😂 #Jollibee #FilipinoFood is the best ❤️. TikTok. https://www.TikTok.com/@inday.saraduterte/video/7342102903852649733?lang=en
- Duterte, S. [@inday.saraduterte]. (2024h, April 4). Ito ang mga sandaling hindi mababayaran nang kahit ano, ang makita ko ang mga ngiti, ang dedikasyon, ang sipag at. TikTok. https://www.TikTok.com/@inday.saraduterte?lang=en
- Duterte, S. [@inday.saraduterte]. (2024i, April 14). Happy Sunday everyone! Comment your fave weekend food? 😝. TikTok. https://www.TikTok.com/@inday.saraduterte/video/7357633964590353670?lang=en
- Edelman, M. (1988). Constructing the political spectacle. University of Chicago Press.
- Escober, E. (2020). How TikTok became the pastime of a country in quarantine. CNN. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-06-27/sara-duterte-from-fist-fights-to-presidential-frontrunner/100213174
- Esguerra, A. (2022, May 7). ‘Our generation’s fight’: Robredo’s campaign to stop Marcos Jr. Al Jazeera. Retrieved June 30, 2024, from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/5/7/our-generations-fight-the-robredo-campaign-to-stop-marcos-jr
- Gaw, F., Bunquin, J. B. A., Cabbuag, S. I., Lanuza, J. M. H., Sapalo, N. H., & Yusoph, A.-H. B. (2023). Political Economy of Covert Influence Operations in the 2022 Philippine Elections [Research]. Internews.
- Haenlein, M., Anadol, E., Farnsworth, T., Hugo, H., Hunichen, J., & Welte, D. (2020). Navigating the new era of influencer marketing: How to be successful on Instagram, TikTok, & Co. California Management Review, 63(1), 5–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/0008125620958166
- Heydarian, R. J. (2018). Democracy under siege. In R. J. Heydarian (Ed.), The Rise of Duterte: A Populist Revolt against Elite Democracy (pp. 1–14). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5918-6_1
- Kemp, S. (2021, January 27). Digital 2021: Global overview report. DataReportal – Global Digital Insights. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2021-global-overview-report
- Kennedy, M. (2020). ‘If the rise of the TikTok dance and e-girl aesthetic has taught us anything, it’s that teenage girls rule the internet right now’: TikTok celebrity, girls and the Coronavirus crisis. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 23(6), 1069–1076. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549420945341
- Lamb, K. (2017, April 11). Philippine death squad whistleblower Arturo Lascanas flees to Singapore. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/11/philippine-death-squad-whistleblower-arturo-lascanas-flees-to-singapore
- Lanuza, J. M. H., Fallorina, R., & Cabbuag, S. (2021). Understudied Digital Platforms in the Philippines. Internews.
- Lema, K., & Lema, K. (2021, April 15). “Run, Sara, Run”: Is Duterte’s daughter playing her father’s game? Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/run-sara-run-is-dutertes-daughter-playing-her-fathers-game-2021-04-15/
- Lema, V., & Escudero, C. (2022, December 15). Here’s what Filipinos did on TikTok in 2022. RAPPLER. https://www.rappler.com/technology/social-media/TikTok-content-philippines-2022/ Marcos, Bongbong. [@bongbong.marcos] (n.d.). Bongbong Marcos (@bongbong.marcos) Official. TikTok. Retrieved June 28, 2024, from https://www.TikTok.com/@bongbong.marcos?lang=en
- Matejowsky, T. (2017). Jolly Dogs and McSpaghetti: Anthropological reflections on global/local fast-food competition in the Philippines. In Food and Culture (4th ed.). Routledge.
- Mateo, J. (2018, February 3). Philippines still world’s social media capital – study. Philstar.Com. https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/02/03/1784052/philippines-still-worlds-social-media-capital-study
- McCoy, A. (1994). An anarchy of families: State and family in the Philippines. Bibliovault OAI Repository, the University of Chicago Press, 53. https://doi.org/10.2307/2059319
- Mendoza, M. E. H. (2022). Philippine elections 2022: TikTok in Bongbong Marcos’ Presidential Campaign. Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs, 44(3), 389–395.
- Moir, A. (2023). The use of TikTok for political campaigning in Canada: The case of Jagmeet Singh. Social Media + Society, 9(1), 20563051231157604. https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051231157604
- Nieland, J. (2008). Politainment. In W. Donsbach (Ed.), The International Encyclopedia of Communication (1st ed.). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405186407.wbiecp047
- Nieva, V. M. D., Gallema, A. D. F., & Tatcho, O. B. (2022). Framing Sara Duterte-Carpio’s candidacy in the 2022 election. PCS Review, 69–109. Office of the Vice President of the Philippines. (n.d.). Biography—Office of the Vice President of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved June 28, 2024, from https://www.ovp.gov.ph/biography
- Ong, J. C. (2022). Philippine Elections 2022: The dictator’s son and the discourse around disinformation. Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs, 44(3), 396–403.
- Ong, J. C., & Cabañes, J. V. A. (2018). Architects of Networked Disinformation: Behind the Scenes of Troll Accounts and Fake News Production in the Philippines. The Newton Tech4Dev Network. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14394/8445
- Ong, J. C., Fallorina, R., Lanuza, J. M. H., Sanchez, F. I., & Curato, N. (2022). Parallel Public Spheres: Influence Operations in the 2022 Philippine Elections [Research]. Internews.
- Pasion, L. (2024, February 18). World’s vlogging capital: Filipinos are number 1 in watching vlogs, following influencers. RAPPLER. https://www.rappler.com/technology/internet-culture/worlds-vlogging-capital-filipinos-outrank-rest-vlogs-influencers-digital-report-2024/
- Pertierra, R. (2014). Localizing mobile media: A Philippine perspective. In The Routledge Companion to Mobile Media. Routledge. Philippine Statistics Authority. (2017). Islam in Mindanao. Philippine Statistics Authority. https://rsso11.psa.gov.ph/system/files/attachment-dir/Factsheet%2520on%2520Islam%2520in%2520Mindanao%2520based%2520on%25202015%2520POPCEN%2520%25281%2529_2.pdf
- Presidential Communications Office. (2023, November 17). News Releases—PBBM sets partnership w TikTok on ‘edutainment,’ MSME devt to increase their income. https://pco.gov.ph/news_releases/pbbm-sets-partnership-w-TikTok-on-edutainment-msme-devt-to-increase-their-income/
- Quimpo, N. G. (2007). The Philippines: Political parties and corruption. In Southeast Asian Affairs 2007 (pp. 277–294). ISEAS Publishing.
- Ranada, P. (2018, January 27). The Dutertes: A family in the national spotlight. RAPPLER. https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/in-depth/194589-duterte-family-profile/
- Ratcliffe, R., & Bayani, L. (2022, May 23). Victims of Duterte’s drug war in Philippines exhumed as leases run out on their graves. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/may/23/victims-of-dutertes-drug-war-in-philippines-exhumed-as-leases-run-out-on-their-graves
- Riegert, K., & Collins, S. (2016). Politainment. In G. Mazzoleni (Ed.), The International Encyclopedia of Political Communication (1st ed., pp. 1–11). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118541555.wbiepc157
- Salazar, A. (2023). Scrolling politics in the politainment era. In L. Pérez Rastrilla, P. Sapag M., & A. Recio García (Eds.), Fast Politics: Propaganda in the Age of TikTok (pp. 41–57). Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-5110-9_3
- Sapag M., P., Rastrilla, L. P., & García, A. R. (2023). TikTok: New media, old propaganda—State of the art and possibilities for political communication. In L. Pérez Rastrilla, P. Sapag M., & A. Recio García (Eds.), Fast Politics: Propaganda in the Age of TikTok (pp. 3–19). Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-5110-9_1
- Shtern, J., Hill, S., & Chan, D. (2019). Social media influence: Performative authenticity and the relational work of audience commodification in the Philippines. International Journal of Communication, 13(0), Article 0.
- Sinha, S. (2022). Ethnicity and identity politics. In L. R. Kurtz (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, & Conflict (Third Edition) (pp. 689–699). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-820195-4.00251-X
- Sinpeng, A., Gueorguiev, D., & Arugay, A. A. (2020). Strong fans, weak campaigns: Social media and Duterte in the 2016 Philippine Election. Journal of East Asian Studies, 20(3), 353–374. https://doi.org/10.1017/jea.2020.11
- Soriano, C. R., Cao, R. J., & Sison, M. (2018). Experiences of ICT use in shared, public access settings in Philippine slums. Development in Practice, 28(3), 358–373. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2018.1430122
- Tadem, T. S. E., & Tadem, E. C. (2016). Political dynasties in the Philippines: Persistent patterns, perennial problems. South East Asia Research, 24(3), 328–340.
- Thompson, M. (2010). Reformism vs. Populism in the Philippines. Journal of Democracy, 21, 154–168. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2010.0002 TikTok Help Center. (n.d.). Stitch | TikTok Help Center. Retrieved June 30, 2024, from https://support.TikTok.com/en/using-TikTok/creating-videos/stitch
- Wong, A. C. (2021, December 1). Keeping up with the Dutertes. Asia Media Centre | New Zealand. https://www.asiamediacentre.org.nz/opinion-and-analysis/keeping-up-with-the-dutertes/
- Zeng, J., & Abidin, C. (2021). ‘#OkBoomer, time to meet the Zoomers’: Studying the memefication of intergenerational politics on TikTok. Information, Communication & Society. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1961007
ISSN 2961-3426 (Online)
ISSN 2094-8328 (Print)