HomeJournal of Interdisciplinary Perspectivesvol. 3 no. 1 (2025)

Technological Leadership Behavior and Technological Formation as Predictors of Education 4.0 Competency Determination of Educators in Region XII: A Convergent Design

Mohamad T. Simpal | Sylvia Jorolan Pidor

Discipline: Education

 

Abstract:

This study determined the influence of technological leadership behavior and technological formation on Education 4.0 competency determination of educators in Region XII, Philippines. This study utilized mixed methods research, mainly convergent design. In the quantitative phase, adapted and validated survey questionnaires were employed, while an interview guide was utilized in the qualitative phase during in-depth interview (IDI) and focus group discussion (FGD). The statistical tools used in analyzing the quantitative data included mean, standard deviation, and multiple linear regression analysis, while thematic analysis was used for the qualitative data. The results revealed that the status of technological leadership behavior, technological formation, and Education 4.0 competency determination of educators were rated high. Moreover, technological leadership behavior and technological formation significantly influenced Education 4.0 competency determination. Further, facing limitations in the pedagogical and conceptual competencies related to Education 4.0, encountering inadequacy of resources, engaging in ICT upskilling and technology capacity-building activities, and becoming a proactive teacher were the themes generated from the lived experiences of educators. Furthermore, the themes extracted from the role of experiences that shaped their beliefs included learning is a continuous process, teaching is a vocation and bearing accountability to students. Likewise, manifesting resiliency, keeping a spirit of positivity, and embodying appropriate values were the themes generated from the experiences that shaped their attitude. Along with this, the themes that surfaced from the experiences that shaped the commitment of teachers involved visioning for knowledgeable students and manifesting passion for teaching. Finally, the nature of data integration revealed merging-converging.



References:

  1. Agustini, D., Lian, B., & Sari, A. P. (2020). School’s strategy for teacher’s professionalism through digital literacy in the industrial revolution 4.0. International Journal of Educational Review, 2(2), 160-173. https://doi.org/10.33369/ijer.v2i2.10967
  2. Alda, R., Boholano, H., & Dayagbil, F. (2020). Teacher education institutions in the Philippines towards education 4.0. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 19(8), 137-154. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.19.8.8
  3. Alemdag, E., Cevikbas, S. G., & Baran, E. (2020). The design, implementation and evaluation of a professional development programme to support teachers’ technology integration in a public education centre. Studies in Continuing Education, 42(2), 213-239. https://doi.org/10.1080/0158037x.2019.1566119
  4. Alfalah, S. F. (2018). Perceptions toward adopting virtual reality as a teaching aid in information technology. Education and Information Technologies, 23, 2633-2653. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-018-9734-2
  5. Alkrdem, M. (2014). Technological leadership behavior of high school headteachers in Asir region, Saudi Arabia. Journal of International Education Research (JIER), 10(2), 95-100. https://doi.org/10.19030/jier.v10i2.8510
  6. Almacen, R. M., Castilla, D., Gonzales, G., Gonzales, R., Costan, F., Costan, E., ... & Ocampo, L. (2023). Preparedness indicator system for education 4.0 with FUCOM and rough sets. Systems, 11(6), 288. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11060288
  7. Amhag, L., Hellström, L., & Stigmar, M. (2019). Teacher educators' use of digital tools and needs for digital competence in higher education. Journal of Digital Learning in Teacher Education, 35(4), 203-220. https://doi.org/10.1080/21532974.2019.1646169
  8. Andriani, S., Kesumawati, N., & Kristiawan, M. (2018). The influence of the transformational leadership and work motivation on teachers performance. International journal of scientific & technology research, 7(7), 19-29. https://doi.org/10.7176/ejbm/12-11-02
  9. Artacho, E., Martínez, T. S., Ortega Martin, J. L., Marin Marin, J. A., & Gomez Garcia, G. (2020). Teacher training in lifelong learning—the importance of digital competence in the encouragement of teaching innovation. Sustainability, 12(7), 2852. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072852
  10. Aslan, S. (2021). Analysis of digital literacy self-efficacy levels of pre-service teachers. International Journal of Technology in Education (IJTE), 4(1), 57-67. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijte.47
  11. Awang, Y., Taib, A., & Muda, N. (2020). Perceived challenges towards education 4.0 implementation among academicians: a preliminary analysis. e-Academia Journal, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.24191/e-aj.v9i2.11517
  12. Bandura, A. (2000). Self-efficacy: The foundation of agency. Control of human behavior, mental processes, and consciousness: Essays in honor of the 60th birthday of August Flammer, 16. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410605412-8
  13. Bass, B. M., & Riggio, R. E. (2006). Transformational leadership. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410617095
  14. Bereczki, E. O., & Karpati, A. (2018). Teachers’ beliefs about creativity and its nurture: a systematic review of the recent research literature. Educational research review, 23, 25-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2017.10.003
  15. Billiot, T. (2023). Continuous learning and advancing technologies: a framework for professional development and training in artificial intelligence. Development and learning in organizations: An International Journal, 37(3), 28–31. https://doi.org/10.1108/dlo-04-2022-0064
  16. Borah, M. (2021). Motivation in learning. Journal of Critical Reviews, 8(2), 550-552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lmot.2019.02.002
  17. Caena, F., & Redecker, C. (2019). Aligning teacher competence frameworks to 21st century challenges: The case for the European digital competence framework for educators (Digcompedu). European journal of education, 54(3), 356-369. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.12345
  18. Costan, E., Gonzales, G., Gonzales, R., Enriquez, L., Costan, F., Suladay, D., & Ocampo, L. (2021). Education 4.0 in developing economies: a systematic literature review of implementation barriers and future research agenda. Sustainability, 13(22), 12763. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132212763
  19. Creswell. J.W. and Creswell, J.D. (2017) Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. 4th edition, Sage, Newbury Park. http://www.ceil-conicet.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Creswell-Cap-10.pdf
  20. Daskan, A. (2023). The Characteristics of passionate educators and their role in education. International Journal of Social Sciences & Educational Studies, 10(1). http://eprints.tiu.edu.iq/id/eprint/1417
  21. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2012). Self-determination theory. Handbook of theories of social psychology, 1(20), 416-436. https://psikologi.unmuha.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/SAG
  22. Durnalı, M. (2022). The development and validation of technological leadership behavior instrument for school principal. Journal of Learning and Teaching in Digital Age, 7(2), 210-221. https://doi.org/10.53850/joltida.1035591
  23. ElSayary, A. (2023). The impact of a professional upskilling training programme on developing teachers' digital competence. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 39(4), 1154-1166.  https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.12788
  24. Emre, D. (2019). Prospective teachers’ perceptions of barriers to technology integration in education. Contemporary Educational Technology, 10(4), 381-398. https://doi.org/10.30935/cet.634187
  25. Erdoğmuş, C., Çoban, E., Korkmaz, Ö., & Özden, M. Y. (2021). Technological formation scale for teachers (TFS): development and validation. Participatory Educational Research, 8(2), 260-279. https://doi.org/10.17275/per.21.39.8.2
  26. Fetters, M. D., Curry, L. A., & Creswell, J. W. (2013). Achieving integration in mixed methods designs—principles and practices. Health services research, 48(6pt2), 2134-2156. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.12117
  27. Goh, P. S. C., & Abdul-Wahab, N. (2020). Paradigms to drive higher education 4.0. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 19(1), 159-171. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.19.1.9
  28. Gonzales, G., Costan, F., Suladay, D., Gonzales, R., Enriquez, L., Costan, E., & Ocampo, L. (2022). Fermatean fuzzy DEMATEL and MMDE algorithm for modelling the barriers of implementing education 4.0: insights from the Philippines. Applied Sciences, 12(2), 689. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12020689
  29. Gurr, D., & Drysdale, L. (2020). Leadership for challenging times. International Studies in Educational Administration, 48(1), 24-30. https://edu.thecommonwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/ISEA-2020-481.pdf#page=30
  30. Gyeltshen, L. G. (2021). Principals’ technology leadership behavior and teachers’ use of information and communication technology (ICT) in Bhutan. Suranaree Journal of Social Science, 15(2), 125-135. https://doi.org/10.55766/wirg3818
  31. Hariharasudan, A., & Kot, S. (2018). A scoping review on digital English and education 4.0 for industry 4.0. Social sciences, 7(11), 227. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci7110227
  32. Hatlevik, I. K., & Hatlevik, O. E. (2018). Examining the relationship between teachers’ ICT self-efficacy for educational purposes, collegial collaboration, lack of facilitation and the use of ICT in teaching practice. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 935. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00935
  33. Himmetoglu, B., Aydug, D., & Bayrak, C. (2020). Education 4.0: defining the teacher, the student, and the school manager aspects of the revolution. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 21(Special Issue-IODL), 12-28. https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.770896
  34. Ing, T. S., Lee, T. C., Chan, S. W., Alipal, J., & Hamid, N. A. (2019). An overview of the rising challenges in implementing industry 4.0. International Journal of Supply Chain Management, 8(6), 1181-1188. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Lee-Te-Chuan-2/publication/338793076
  35. Ismail, S., Ruswandi, U., & Erihadiana, E. (2020). The competence of millennial Islamic education teachers in facing the challenges of industrial revolution. Nazhruna: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 3(3), 389-405. https://doi.org/10.31538/nzh.v3i3.823
  36. Joseph, G. V., Thomas, K. A., & Nero, A. (2021). Impact of technology readiness and techno stress on teacher engagement in higher secondary schools. Digital Education Review, (40), 51-65. https://doi.org/10.1344/der.2021.40.51-65
  37. Kadiyono, A. L., Sulistiobudi, R. A., Haris, I., Wahab, M. K. A., Ramdani, I., Purwanto, A., ... & Sumartiningsih, S. (2020). Develop leadership style model for indonesian teachers performance in education 4.0 era. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11(9), 363-373.  https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Anissa-Kadiyono/publication/348430663
  38. Karabatak, S., & Karabatak, M. (2018). Teachers' knowledge levels about virtual information security. In 2018 6th International Symposium on Digital Forensic and Security (ISDFS) (pp. 1-5). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/isdfs.2018.8355330
  39. Kettler, T., Lamb, K. N., Willerson, A., & Mullet, D. R. (2018). Teachers’ perceptions of creativity in the classroom. Creativity Research Journal, 30(2), 164-171. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2018.1446503
  40. Kochan, T. A. (2022). Proactive union and teacher strategies for shaping technology in education. New England Journal of Public Policy, 34(1), 4. https://scholarworks.umb.edu/nejpp/vol34/iss1/4
  41. Kou, L. (2024). School leader behavior and teacher work task motivation towards a proposed motivational training program for teachers. Journal of Education and Educational Research, 8(1), 235-243. https://doi.org/10.54097/52j2pq14
  42. Kumar, P. C., Chetty, M., Clegg, T. L., & Vitak, J. (2019). Privacy and security considerations for digital technology use in elementary schools. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 1-13). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300537
  43. Licorish, S. A., Owen, H. E., Daniel, B., & George, J. L. (2018). Students’ perception of Kahoot!’s influence on teaching and learning. Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning, 13(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41039-018-0078-8
  44. Lu, L., Wang, C., & Wang, Y. (2024). The contribution of teacher self‐efficacy, resilience and emotion regulation to teachers' well‐being: technology‐enhanced teaching context. European Journal of Education, e12755.
  45. Macaranas, C., & Robles, A. C. M. O. (2023). Evaluation on the responsiveness of science technology engineering (STE) program in Region XII, Philippines. East Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 2(5), 1995-2008. https://doi.org/10.55927/eajmr.v2i5.3787
  46. McCulloch, A. W., Hollebrands, K., Lee, H., Harrison, T., & Mutlu, A. (2018). Factors that influence secondary mathematics teachers' integration of technology in mathematics lessons. Computers & Education, 123, 26-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2018.04.008
  47. Mannila, L., Nordén, L. Å., & Pears, A. (2018). Digital competence, teacher self-efficacy and training needs. In Proceedings of the 2018 ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research (pp. 78-85). https://doi.org/10.1145/3230977.3230993
  48. Mendoza, M.T.E. & Catiis, G.E.B. (2022). Administrators’ technology leadership: Its influence on teachers’ technology proficiency. International Research Journal of Science, Technology, Education, and Management, 2(3), 67-75. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7136432
  49. Miranda, J., López, C. S., Navarro, S., Bustamante, M. R., Molina, J. M., & Molina, A. (2019). Open innovation laboratories as enabling resources to reach the vision of education 4.0. In 2019 IEEE International Conference on Engineering, Technology and Innovation (ICE/ITMC) (pp. 1-7). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ice.2019.8792595
  50. Mubarak, M. F., & Petraite, M. (2020). Industry 4.0 technologies, digital trust and technological orientation: what matters in open innovation? Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 161, 120332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120332
  51. Nasution, R. A., Arnita, D., Rusnandi, L. S. L., Qodariah, E., Rudito, P., & Sinaga, M. F. N. (2020). Digital mastery in Indonesia: the organization and individual contrast. Journal of Management Development, 39(4), 359-390. https://doi.org/10.1108/jmd-03-2019-0081
  52. Nelson, M. J., Voithofer, R., & Cheng, S. L. (2019). Mediating factors that influence the technology integration practices of teacher educators. Computers & Education, 128, 330-344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2018.09.023
  53. Nguyen, D., & Ng, D. (2022). Teacher collaboration for change: sharing, improving, and spreading. In Leadership for Professional Learning (pp. 178-191). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003357384-12
  54. Oberer, B., & Erkollar, A. (2018). Leadership 4.0: digital leaders in the age of industry 4.0. International journal of organizational leadership. https://doi.org/10.33844/ijol.2018.60332
  55. Pollock, K. (2020). School leaders’ work during the COVID-19 pandemic: A two-pronged approach. International Studies in Educational Administration, 48(3), 38.https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/edupub/268/ 
  56. Qureshi, M.I., Khan, N., Raza, H., Imran, A., & Ismail, F. (2021). Digital technologies in education 4.0. does it enhance the effectiveness of learning? A systematic literature reviews. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies, 15(4), 31–47. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v15i04.20291
  57. Ramírez-Montoya, M. S., Loaiza-Aguirre, M. I., Zúñiga-Ojeda, A., & Portuguez-Castro, M. (2021). Characterization of the teaching profile within the framework of education 4.0. Future Internet, 13(4), 91. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi13040091
  58. Roemintoyo, R., Miyono, N., Murniati, N. A. N., & Budiarto, M. K., (2022). Optimising the utilisation of computer-based technology through interactive multimedia for entrepreneurship learning. Cypriot Journal of Educational Science. 17(1), 105-119. https://doi.org/10.18844/cjes.v17i1.6686
  59. Sánchez-Cruzado, C., Santiago Campión, R., & Sánchez-Compaña, M. (2021). Teacher digital literacy: the indisputable challenge after COVID-19. Sustainability, 13(4), 1858. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041858
  60. Schina, D., Esteve-González, V., & Usart, M. (2021). An overview of teacher training programs in educational robotics: characteristics, best practices and recommendations. Education and Information Technologies, 26(3), 2831-2852. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-020-10377-z
  61. Soraya, E., Ash-Siddqy, A. R., Robby, D. K., & Erfan, D. (2019). Supervision of teachers and leadership of the school head in the 4.0 industrial revolution. In The 4th International Conference on Education and Management (COEMA 2019) (pp. 70-72). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/coema-19.2019.16
  62. Sousa, M. J., & Rocha, Á. (2019). Digital learning: developing skills for digital transformation of organizations. Future Generation Computer Systems, 91, 327-334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2018.08.048
  63. Soy, A., & Behcet, Ã. (2021). Language teachers technological leadership roles and job satisfaction levels. Revista Argentina de Clínica Psicológica, 30(1),86 . https://doi.org/10.24205/03276716.2020.2007
  64. Subedi, D., & Subedi, R. (2020). Practicing self-learning of ICT for resilience amidst the COVID-19 outbreak: experiences from Kathmandu Valley. Research in Educational Policy and Management, 2(2), 78–96. https://doi.org/10.46303/repam.2020.5
  65. Suharyatia, H., Laihadb, G. H., & Suchyadic, Y. (2019). Development of teacher creativity models to improve teacher’s pedagogic competency in the educational era 4.0. Development, 5(6). https://www.ijicc.net/images/vol5iss6/Part_2/5682_Suharyati_2019_E_R.pdf
  66. Thannimalai, R., & Raman, A. (2018). Principals’ technology leadership and teachers’ technology integration in the 21st century classroom. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9(2), 177-187. https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/56075554/IJCIET_09_02_018-libre.pdf?1521189090
  67. Thibaut, L., Knipprath, H., Dehaene, W., & Depaepe, F. (2018). The influence of teachers’ attitudes and school context on instructional practices in integrated STEM education. Teaching and teacher education, 71, 190-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2017.12.014
  68. Tondeur, J., Scherer, R., Baran, E., Siddiq, F., Valtonen, T., & Sointu, E. (2019). Teacher educators as gatekeepers: preparing the next generation of teachers for technology integration in education. British Journal of Educational Technology, 50(3), 1189-1209. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12748
  69. Treffinger, D. J., Isaksen, S. G., & Stead-Dorval, K. B. (2023). Creative problem solving: An introduction. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003237211-1
  70. Turan-Güntepe, E., & Abdüsselam, M. S. (2022). A valid and reliable scale for education 4.0 competency determination (E4CD). Informatics in Education, 21(4), 675-694. https://doi.org/10.15388/infedu.2022.28
  71. Unal, E. & Uzun, A. M. (2019). Using web 2.0 technologies to support teacher candidates’ content development skills. Cypriot Journal of Educational Science. 14(4), 694-705. https://doi.org/10.18844/cjes.v11i4.3737
  72. Van Wyk, M. D., & Waghid, Z. (2023). South African pre-service teachers’ preparedness for fourth industrial revolution teaching and learning. Education and Information Technologies, 28(3), 2887-2907. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-11287-y
  73. Ventayen, R. J. M., Salcedo, R., Orlanda-Ventayen, C. C., Ventayen, L. M., & Ventayen, T. J. M. (2019). Senior high school teachers’ practices and readiness in blended learning environment: basis for a blended learning preparedness framework. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3504189
  74. Vongkulluksn, V. W., Xie, K., & Bowman, M. A. (2018). The role of value on teachers' internalization of external barriers and externalization of personal beliefs for classroom technology integration. Computers & Education, 118, 70-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2017.11.009
  75. Widana, I. W. (2020). The effect of digital literacy on the ability of teachers to develop HOTS-based assessment. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1503(1), 012045. IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1503/1/012045
  76. Wilk, M., Rommel, S., Liauw, M. A., Schinke, B., & Zanthoff, H. W. (2020). Education 4.0: challenges for education and advanced training. Chemie Ingenieur Technik, 92(7), 983-992. https://doi.org/10.1002/cite.202000022