HomeDangal Research Refereed Journalvol. 5 no. 1 (2024)

Gender and Development (GAD) Concepts of Equality, Equity, and Mainstreaming Among Employees and Selected Students of Pamantasan ng Cabuyao

Edgardo C Salazar

Discipline: Education

 

Abstract:

The University envisions providing a gender-responsive and sensitive environment to all stakeholders. To achieve this, a comprehensive assessment of PnC employees' and students' awareness of GAD concepts—gender equality, equity, and mainstreaming—was conducted. The study involved 493 participants, including 100 employees and 393 college students, who completed a questionnaire using a 4-point Likert scale. Statistical analysis revealed agreement, awareness levels, and significant differences among respondent profiles. Results indicated a consistent understanding of GAD concepts among students and employees, with negligible gender-based differences, suggesting shared awareness regardless of gender. Uniform awareness was observed between teaching and non-teaching staff. Students displayed moderately high GAD awareness, while employees, though generally well-informed, expressed a need for more inclusive curricula. Recommendations emphasize eliminating biases and stereotypes by integrating diverse gender perspectives into the curriculum. The study proposes targeted programs, such as gender-specific workshops, to bridge awareness gaps and tailored interventions for teaching and non-teaching employees to enhance equality awareness. These initiatives aim to foster institutional gender equity and create an inclusive work environment. The research suggests that Pamantasan ng Cabuyao should continue and customize its GAD initiatives to ensure sustained and enhanced awareness across various academic programs and employment categories. By doing so, the University can deepen understanding and promote gender equality principles, aligning with its vision for a progressive educational institution.



References:

  1. Abad, M. (2023). Philippines improves in 2023 world gender equality ranking. Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS) Philippine Institute for Development Studies. https://www.pids.gov.ph/details/news/in-the-news/philippines-improves-in-2023-world-gender-equality-ranking
  2. Anderson, E. A. B. (2023). Status of Women in Student Politics: Gender Imbalance in Student Leadership in Higher Education Institutions in Ghana from the 1960s to the Present. Journal of Asian and African Studies. https://doi.org/10.1177/00219096231197724
  3. Aragón, O. R., Pietri, E. S., & Powell, B. A. (2023). Gender bias in teaching evaluations: The causal role of department gender composition.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120(4).https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2118466120
  4. Benslimane, M., & Moustaghfir, K. (2020). Career development practices a gender equity in higher education. International Journal of Management in Education, 14(2), 183. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijmie.2020.105409
  5. Bhandari (2023), P. What Is Quantitative Research? | Definition, uses & methods. Scribbr. https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/quantitative-research/
  6. Cagayan State University. (2024). Gender and Development. Retrieved February 2, 2024, from https://csu.edu.ph/gad
  7. Columban, A., Buse, M., & Macarie, C. (2020). Students’ sense and sensibilities. An exploratory study of gender perceptions at Romania’s largest University. Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences, (61 E), 5-24. https://doi.org/10.24193/tras.61e.1
  8. Condron, C., Power, M., Mathew, M., & Lucey, S. M. (2023). Gender equality training for students in higher education: Protocol for a scoping review. JMIR Research Protocols, 12, e44584. https://doi.org/10.2196/44584
  9. De Guia, J. A. (2022, September 5). Statement of CHR executive director, Atty Jacqueline Ann de Guia, on the Department of Education’s reiteration of its gender-responsive basic education policy – Commission on human rights, Philippines. Commission on Human Rights, Philippines – CHR ng lahat: Naglilingkod maging sino ka man. https://chr.gov.ph/statement-of-chr-executive-director-atty-jacqueline-ann-de-guia-on-the-department-of-educations-reiteration-of-its-gender-responsive-basic-education-policy
  10. Deswal, V. (2022, October 17). Gender mainstreaming in higher educational institutions: Challenges and resolutions. Times of India Voices. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/legally-speaking/gender-mainstreaming-in-higher-educational-institutions-challenges-and-resolutions/
  11. Domogen, J. C., Cuyangoan, J. D., & Ilacad, L. F. (2022). Mainstreaming gender perspectives in modular instruction. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 21(11), 129-151. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.21.11.8
  12. Dovetail Research Pty. Ltd. (2023, February 6). Descriptive research: Design, methods, examples, and FAQs. Customer Insights Hub — Dovetail. https://dovetail.com/research/descriptive-research/
  13. European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE). (2016). Positive impact of gender mainstreaming in academia and research institutions: Opinion paper. European Institute for Gender Equality. Retrieved February 5, 2024, from https://eige.europa.eu/publications-resources/publications/positive-impact-gender-mainstreaming-academia-and-research-institutions-opinion-paper
  14. Generale, M., & Emilyn, C. (2023). Gender awareness: Classroom experiences of senior high school students. Journal of Gender, Culture and Society, 3(2), 15-30. https://doi.org/10.32996/jgcs.2023.3.2.3
  15. GGI Insights. (2024). Promoting gender equality: The educational imperative. Gray Group International. https://www.graygroupintl.com/blog/promoting-gender-equality
  16. GUMBA, B. (2016). Gender equality in education and student participation in a higher education institution : A case in the Philippines. International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology, 2(2), 421-42 https://ijsrst.com/home/issue/view/article.php?id=IJSRST162564
  17. Kelkay, A. D. (2022). Gender mainstreaming challenges and opportunities in Government Agencies in Selected Government Offices in Fogera District Ethiopia. Journal of International Women’s Studies, 24(5), 193-206. https://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol24/iss5/16/
  18. Kitta, I., & Cardona-Moltó, M. C. (2022). Students’ perceptions of gender mainstreaming implementation in university teaching in Greece. Journal of Gender Studies, 31(4), 457-477. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2021.2023006
  19. Li, Y., Zuo, M., Peng, Y., Chen, Y., Tao, Y., Ye, B., & Zhang, J. (2022). Gender differences influence gender equality awareness, self-esteem, and subjective well-being among school-age children in China. Front. Psychol, 12(2021). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.671785
  20. Llorens, A., Tzovara, A., Bellier, L., Bhaya-Grossman, I., Bidet-Caulet, A., Chang, W., Cross, Z., Dominguez-Faus, R., Flinker, A., Fonken, Y., Gorenstein, M., Holdgraf, C., Hoy, C., Ivanova, M., Jimenez, R., Jun, S., Kam, J., Kidd, C., Marcelle, E., Marciano, D., Martin, S., Myers, N., Ojala, K., Perry, A., Pinheiro-Chagas, P., Riès, S., Saez, I., Skelin, I., Slama, K., Staveland, B., Bassett, D., Buffalo, E., Fairhall, A., Kopell, N., Kray, L., Lin, J., Nobre, A., Riley, D., Solbakk, A., Wallis, J., Wang, X., Yuval-Greenberg, S., Kastner, S., Knight, R., & Dronkers, N. (2021). Gender bias in academia: A lifetime problem that needs solutions. Neuron, 109, 2047-2074. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2021.06.002.
  21. Mananzan, M. J. (2015). Gender programs to be mainstreamed in PH academe. 403 Forbidden. https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/734618/gender-programs-to-be-mainstreamed-in-ph-academe
  22. Martinez, H. (2023, April 19). What is gender equity? Definition & examples. United Way NCA. https://unitedwaynca.org/blog/what-is-gender-equity/
  23. Miriam College. (2024). Women and Gender Institute (WAGI). https://www.mc.edu.ph/wagi/resources
  24. Murtagh, T. (2023, March 7). How to promote gender inclusiveness on your campus | Honor society. Honor Society - Official Honor Society® Website https://www.honorsociety.org/articles/how-promote-gender-inclusiveness-your-campus
  25. Nash, M., Grant, R., Moore, R., & Winzenberg, T. (2021). Male allyship in institutional STEMM gender equity initiatives. PLOS ONE, 16(3), e0248373. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248373
  26. Orfan, S. N., & Samady, S. (2023). Students’ perceptions of gender equality: A case study of a conflict-stricken country. Cogent Social Sciences, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2023.2225819
  27. Paqueo, V. B., & Orbeta, A. C. (2019, April). Gender equity in education: Helping the boys catch up. PIDS Discussion Paper Series No. 2019-01. chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://pidswebs.ds.gov.ph/CDN/PUBLICATIONS/pidsdp1901.pdf
  28. Philippine Commission on Women. (2022, July 7). Education sector. https://pcw.gov.ph/education/
  29. Rosa, R., & Clavero, S. (2021). Gender equality in higher education and research. Journal of Gender Studies, 31(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2022.2007446
  30. Ruiz-Cantisani, M. I., Membrillo-Hernández, J., Caratozzolo, P., & Lara-Prieto, V. (2023). Towards the gender equity in education: Strategies to develop equity leadership in higher education institution. 2023 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1109/educon54358.2023.10125185
  31. Salazar, E. C. (2022). Wellbeing, online course delivery, and learning loss of college students in a local University in Laguna. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis, 05(05). https://doi.org/10.47191/ijmra/v5-i5-33
  32. Shah, A. A., Shahzadi, U., Syeda, Z. F., & Mehmood, A. (2020). Gender mainstreaming strategies and human resource development practices at University level. NICE Research Journal, 192-206. https://doi.org/10.51239/nrjss.v0i0.165
  33. Shepherd, E. (2021). Universities contribution to gender equality: a global perspective. Times Higher Education. https://www.iesalc.unesco.org/en/2022/06/07/universities-contribution-to-gender-equality-a-global-perspective/
  34. Sigurdardottir, M. S., Rafnsdottir, G. L., Jónsdóttir, A. H., & Kristofersson, D. M. (2022). Student evaluation of teaching: Gender bias in a country at the forefront of gender equality. Higher Education Research & Development, 42(4), 954-967. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2022.2087604
  35. Stachowiak, D. (2018, August 9). Part 5: Creating a gender-inclusive curriculum. International Literacy Association. https://www.literacyworldwide.org/blog/literacy-now/2018/08/09/part-5-creating-a-gender-inclusive-curriculum
  36. Tarrayo, V. N., Potestades, R. R., & Ulla, M. B. (2021). Exploring the gender perspective in English language teaching (ELT): Voices from ELT practitioners in Philippine higher education institutions. Sexuality & Culture, 25(5), 1634-1652. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-021-09840-x
  37. Thomas, T. F., Devraj, R., Quiñones-Boex, A. C., Planas, L. G., Unni, E., Barner, J. C., Blakely, M. L., Clark, M. A., Irwin, A. N., Nagel-Edwards, K., Suda, K. J., Zgarrick, D., Young, H. N., Nau, D. P., & Warholak, T. (2023). Gender equity perceptions among social and administrative science faculty: A qualitative evaluation. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association, 63(1), 50-57.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japh.2022.05.014
  38. Thoreson, R. (2020, October 28). The Philippines affirmed equal rights in schools Now it should protect them. Human Rights Watch. https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/07/19/philippines-affirmed-equal-rights-schools-now-it-should-protect-them
  39. United Nations. (2023, September 7). Gender equality and women’s empowerment. United Nations Sustainable Development. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/gender-equality/
  40. University of the Philippines. (2022, November 7). UP on gender equality. https://up.edu.ph/up-on-gender-equality/
  41. YESIL, A., & BALCI KARABOGA, F. A. (2021). Gender equality awareness among middle school students. Journal of Qualitative Research in Education, 21(28). https://doi.org/10.14689/enad.28.3.
  42. Zuccala, A., & Derrick, G. (2021, December 2). When it comes to gender inequality in academia, we know more than what can be measured. Impact of Social Sciences. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2021/01/26/when-it-comes-to-gender-