Exploring the Sobre Vote-buying in Rural Villages: The Lived Experiences of Poor Voters in the Philippines
Graham M. Naz | Bryan Fruto
Discipline: Politics
Abstract:
Empirical evidence showed the prevalence of vote-buying in the country,
particularly in rural areas targeting poor voters. This study explores the lived
experiences of poor voters from rural areas on sobre vote-buying, the most
prevalent type in the province. Semi-structured interviews were conducted
by purposively selecting participants who experienced sobre vote-buying.
Data gathered were analyzed through thematic analysis. Seven themes
were developed to describe the participants' experience with sobre votebuying.
The study concluded that sobre vote-buying follows an established
chain, keeps voters’ commitment, and furthers the patriarchal system. It
likewise gauges the candidates’ seriousness to win. It is socially accepted due
to its prevalence and justified by voter’s perception of rampant government
corruption and inefficiency. To some extent, it remains an adequate
inducement as participants lament the lack of trustworthy and competent
candidates. The study recommends multisectoral voters' education, focusing
on the ill effects of electing corrupt and incompetent officials.
References:
- Abocejo, F.T. (2015). The Veracity of Vote Buying: Perspectives of the Philippine Electoral System. International Journal on Graft and Corruption, 2(1), 36–45. https://doi.org/10.7719/ijgc.v2i1.301
- Adojutelegan, N. (2018). Vote-selling: Infrastructure and public services [Doctoral dissertation, Walden University]. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6108&context=dissertations
- Amaechi, O. C., & Stockemer, D. (2022). The working of electoral corruption: The Ekiti model of vote buying. Crime, Law and Social Change, 78(2), 105–123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-021-10015-w
- Appiah, D. K. (2023). Vote buying in Ghanaian elections in the fourth republic a case study of the Ablekuma Central Constituency in the Greater Accra Region [Doctoral dissertation, University of Education, Winneba]. http://41.74.91.244:8080/handle/123456789/3880
- Blaydes, L. (2006, August). Who votes in authoritarian elections and why? Determinants of voter turnout in contemporary Egypt. In Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association. Philadelphia, PA, August.
- Borges, M. (2019). When voters help politicians: Understanding elections, vote buying, and voting behavior through the voters’ point of view. Working paper. Northwestern University. https://www.marianaborges.info/uploads/7/5/6/5/75650241/when_voters_help_politicians_190301.pdf
- Brigada News 101.5 FM Sorsogon. (2019, May 15). Post-election reports. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/share/v/1BDJGu96rU/
- Brusco, V., Nazareno, M., & Stokes, S. C. (2004). Vote buying in Argentina. Latin American Research Review, 39(2), 66–88. https://doi.org/10.1353/lar.2004.0022
- Byrne, D. (2022). A worked example of Braun and Clarke’s approach to reflexive thematic analysis. Quality & Quantity, 56(3), 1391–1412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-021-01182-y
- Canare, T. A., & Lopez, M. A. (2016). Do vote-buyers target the poor? Evidence from elections in the Philippines. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2874007
- Canare, T. A., Mendoza, R. U., & Lopez, M. A. (2018). An empirical analysis of vote buying among the poor: Evidence from elections in the Philippines. Southeast Asia Research, 26(1), 58–84. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967828X17753420
- Canon, K. (2019, May 11). Lalaki huli sa vote buying sa Sorsogon. ABS-CBN News. https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/05/11/19/lalaki-huli-sa-vote-buying-sa-sorsogon
- Carreras, M., & İrepoğlu, Y. (2013). Trust in elections, vote buying, and turnout in Latin America. Electoral Studies, 32(4), 609-619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2013.07.012
- Cruz, C. (2019). Social networks and the targeting of vote buying. Comparative Political Studies, 52(3), 382–411. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414018784062
- Cruz, C., Keefer, P., & Labonne, J. (2016). Incumbent advantage, voter information and vote buying (No. IDB-WP-711). IDB Working Paper Series. https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/146491/1/IDB-WP-711.pdf
- Erhunmwunse, P. O. (2023). Unraveling electoral corruption in Nigeria: Analysis of corrupt behavior and its implication for democratic processes [Master's thesis, Idaho State University]
- Errasti‐Ibarrondo, B., Jordán, J. A., Díez‐Del‐Corral, M. P., & Arantzamendi, M. (2019). Van Manen’s phenomenology of practice: How can it contribute to nursing? Nursing Inquiry, 26(1), e12259. https://doi.org/10.1111/nin.12259
- Ewum, F. O., & Obi, N. N. (2024). Vote buying in the 2023 general elections in Biase local government area of Cross River State, Nigeria. Journal of Political Discourse, 2(2 (1), 175-189. https://jopd.com.ng/index.php/jopdz/article/download/148/136/284
- Ezeifekwuaba, T. B., & Nakitende, M. G. (2023). Corruption and Governance in Africa: An Insight. In Concepts, Cases, and Regulations in Financial Fraud and Corruption (pp. 28-50). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-5007-9.ch002
- Finan, F., & Schechter, L. A. (2011). Vote buying and reciprocity. Econometrica, 80(2), 863-881. http://www.nber.org/papers/w17411
- Hicken, A. D. (2007). How do rules and institutions encourage vote buying? In elections for sale. Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc. https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781626372085-006/html
- Hicken, A., Leider, S., Ravanilla, N., & Yang, D. (2015). Measuring vote-selling: Field evidence from the Philippines. American Economic Review, 105(5), 352–356. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20151033
- Hicken, A., Leider, S., Ravanilla, N., & Yang, D. (2018). Temptation in vote-selling: Evidence from a field experiment in the Philippines. Journal of Development Economics, 131, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2017.10.012
- Jimoh, A. Z. (2021). Vote buying and its implication on democratic governance: A study of Ondo State 2020 governorship election [Doctoral dissertation, NILDS-Department of Studies]. https://ir.nilds.gov.ng/bitstream/handle/123456789/1008/JIMOH.pdf?sequence=1
- Journalists League of Bulan. (2019, May 12). LOOK: Sample ballots and campaign stickers of electoral candidates with money in different denominations spotted circulating in Bulan, Sorsogon. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/share/18Rwvg3Uqa/
- Kao, K., Lust, E., & Rakner, L. (2022). Vote-buying, anti-corruption campaigns, and identity in African elections. World Development, 160, 106064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.106064
- Khemani, S. (2015). Buying votes versus supplying public services: Political incentives to under-invest in pro-poor policies. Journal of Development Economics, 117, 84–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2015.07.002
- Kwarisima, C. (2016). Vote buying and its effect on democracy and development in Uganda: a case of Rwamucucu Sub-County, Kabale District, South Western Uganda [Master's thesis, University of Agder]. https://uia.brage.unit.no/uia-xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/2414544/Kwarisima,%20Collins.pdf?sequence=1
- Local Government Unit of Bulan, Sorsogon. (2022). Municipality of Bulan – Official Website. https://bulan4706.com/
- Lucky, O.O. (2014). Money politics and vote buying in Nigeria: The bane of good governance. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n7p99
- Magallon-Avenido, J., Cabardo, R., & Cabillada, R.(2013). Vote pricing spatial probability models in the Philippines. Recoletos Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 1(2), 101–108. https://doi.org/10.32871/rmrj1301.02.12
- Muhtadi, B. (2019). Vote buying in Indonesia: The mechanics of electoral bribery. Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6779-3
- Muli, S. M. (2020). The link between poverty and the right to free, and fair elections in Kenya [Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi]. https://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/11295/154318
- Nebeife, C. J., IZANG, M. A., & Okoli, A. C. (2021). Political culture and Nigeria’s democratic experience in the Fourth Republic. Central European Journal of Politics, 7(1), 30-45. https://doi.org/10.24132/CEJOP_2021_2
- Nwabuoku, M. O. I., Esavwede, J. P., & Omote, K. (2023). The menace of vote-buying in elections in Nigeria: Need to enforce applicable law. BiLD Law Journal, 8(Special Issue 1), 160-167. https://bildbd.com/index.php/blj/article/view/714
- Nwagwu, E. J., Uwaechia, O. G., Udegbunam, K. C., & Nnamani, R. (2022). Vote buying during 2015 and 2019 general elections: Manifestation and implications on democratic development in Nigeria. Cogent Social Sciences, 8(1), 1995237. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2021.1995237
- Oladoye, E. B., Oyedele, O. J., & Ogbajie, M. U. (2022). Politics of vote buying: A menace to vibrant democracy in Nigeria. International Journal of Science and Technology Research Archive, 3(1), 143–147. https://doi.org/10.53771/ijstra.2022.3.1.0078
- Olaniyan, A. (2020). Election sophistication and the changing contours of vote buying in Nigeria’s 2019 general elections. The Round Table, 109(4), 386–395. https://doi.org/10.1080/00358533.2020.1788762
- Onuoha, F. C., & Okafor, J. C. (2020). Democracy or moneyocracy? Perspective on vote buying and electoral integrity in Nigeria’s recent elections. Africa Insight, 49(4), 1-14. https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/ejc-afrins-v49-n4-a1
- Romero, A., & Regalado, E. (2019, May 14). Vote buying an integral part of Philippine elections—Duterte. The Philippine Star. https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/05/14/1917698/vote-buying-integral-part-philippine-elections-duterte
- Sengupta, S., Mukherjee, S., & Jebarajakirthy, C. (2023). Voting decision-making at the bottom of the pyramid-A phenomenological approach. Journal of Political Marketing, 22(1), 34-66. https://doi.org/10.1080/15377857.2020.1823933
- Sule, B., & Tal, M. K. (2018). Impact of money on Nigerian politics: Exploring the general elections in the fourth republic. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, Arts and Sciences, 5(2), 89-98. http://apjeas.apjmr.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/APJEAS-2018.5.2.10.pdf
- Uwa, O. G., & Emeka, I. C. (2022). Vote-buying, voting behavior and democratic consolidation in Nigeria. International Journal of Arts, Humanities & Social Science 3(3), 2693-2547. http://dx.doi.org/10.33545/26648652.2022.v4.i1a.32
- Van Manen, M. (2016). Researching lived experience: Human science for an action sensitive pedagogy (2nd ed.). Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
- Wagner, M. L. (2019). The dynamics of vote buying in developing democracies: Party attachment and party competition in Southeast Asia [Dissertation, University of South Carolina]. https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6369&context=etd
- Wu, C., & Huang, C. (2004). Politics and Judiciary Verdicts on Vote-Buying Litigation in Taiwan. Asian Survey, 44(5), 755–770. https://doi.org/10.1525/as.2004.44.5.755
- Zoleta, V. (2023, April 12). Social classes in the Philippines: Which class do you belong to? MoneyMax. https://www.moneymax.ph/personal-finance/articles/social-class-philippines