Home⇛Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal⇛vol. 21 no. 6 (2024)

Factors Affecting the Interlanguage Pragmatic (ILP) Competence of Grade 11-TVL Caregiving Students: Basis for Crafting an ILP Competence Reinforcement Model

Ella Sophia Malco

Discipline: Education

 

Abstract:

This study focuses on the Interlanguage Pragmatic (ILP) competence levels of Grade 11-TVL Caregiving students and the factors influencing these levels. Additionally, it aimed to develop an ILP Reinforcement Model to enhance the ILP Competence of the said students. The study employed a mixed-method research design and utilized an Oral Discourse Completion Task (ODCT) to assess the ILP Competence of the participants. The findings revealed that the students excelled in Expressive speech acts, achieving an overall ILP competence rating of 5, indicating “Excellence.” In Directives, Commissives, and Assertives, they received an overall rating of 4, signifying a "Good" level of competence. Various teaching methods were employed to aid in assessing their ILP competence, with the combination of the Grammar Translation Method (GTM) and the Explicit Scaffolding Technique (SCT) emerging as the most effective instructional and assessment method. Furthermore, an ILP Reinforcement Model was developed to address identified gaps in the study. This model comprises five stages: Pragmalinguistic Input, Instructional Methods, Pragmatic Filter, Learner's Developing System, and Pragmalinguistic Output. Its primary goal is to establish a connection between pragmalinguistic input and practical application in real-world scenarios for Grade 11 TVLCaregiving students, with a focus on speech acts of Directives, Commissives, and Assertives. A noteworthy finding from the study underscores the importance of a balanced approach to teaching ILP, which fosters a comprehensive and immersive learning environment for the students. This holistic approach involves not only addressing the technical aspects of ILP but also integrating sociocultural and pragmatic dimensions to provide a more effective and contextually relevant ILP education.



References:

  1. Abdullah, A. S. (2022). The Impact of Pragma-Linguistic & Socio-Pragmatic Components on Understanding English Pragmatic  Utterances. Linguistics and Culture Review, 6(1), 222-229.
  2. Alzeebaree, Y., & Yavuz, M. A. (2017). Realization of the Speech Acts of Request and Apology by Middle Eastern EFL learners.  Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 13(11), 7313- 7327.
  3. Anabila, E. A. (2020). A Pragmatic Study of Apology Expressions in Gurune (Doctoral dissertation, University of Education,  Winneba).
  4. Arabmofrad, A., & Mehdiabadi, F. (2022). Developing A Multiple-choice Discourse Completion Test for Iranian EFL Learners:  The Case of the Four Speech Acts of Apology, Request, Refusal and Thanks. Language Related Research, 13(4), 1-34.
  5. Ashfiya, H., & Degaf, A. (2023). An Analysis of Commissive Speech Acts Used by the Main Characters in Women-Centric Movies.  International Journal of Humanity Studies, 7(1), 21-35.
  6. Ashraf, M., & Ali, S. (2021). Pragmatic Competence: Difficulties Faced by Pakistani EFL Learners. sjesr, 4(2), 444-451.
  7. Aufa, F., & Storch, N. (2021). Learner Interaction in Blended Collaborative L2 Writing Activities. Working Collaboratively in  Second/Foreign Language Learning, 30, 151-175.
  8. Austin, J.L. (1962). How to Do Things with Words. London: Oxford University Press.
  9. Azhari, A. S., Priono, P., & Nuriadi, N. (2018). Speech Acts of Classroom Interaction. International Journal of Linguistics, Literature  and Culture (IJLLC), 4(2), 24-45.
  10. Bachman, L. F. (1990). Fundamental Considerations in Language Testing. Oxford University Press.
  11. Bakırcı, D., & Özbay, A. Ş. (2020). Investigating EFL Speakers’ Gratitude Strategies: Interlanguage Pragmatics. Journal of  Language and Linguistic Studies,16(4),1698-1721
  12. Bambini, V. (2020). Pragmatic Competence. In The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Skill and Expertise (pp. 419-430).  Routledge.
  13. Blyth, C., & Sykes, J. (2020). Technology-Enhanced L2 Instructional Pragmatics.
  14. Borer, B. (2018). Teaching and Learning Pragmatics and Speech Acts: An Instructional Pragmatics Curriculum Development Project  for EFL learners.
  15. Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage (Vol. 4). Cambridge University Press.
  16. Bublitz, W., Jucker, A. H., Schneider, K. P., & Trosborg, A. (Eds.). (2010). Pragmatics Across Languages and Cultures. De Gruyter  Mouton.
  17. Canale, M., & Swain, M. (1980). Theoretical Bases of Communicative Approaches to Second Language Teaching and Testing.  Applied linguistics, 1(1), 1-47.
  18. Choraih, M. A., Loutfi, A., & Mansoor, A. (2016). The Importance of Pragmatic Competence in the EFL Curriculum: Application  and Implications. In Arab World English Journal, December 2016 ASELS Annual Conference Proceedings.
  19. Civelek, M., & Karatepe, Ç. (2021). The Impact of Student-Paced Pragmatics Instruction Through Nearpod on EFL Learners’  Request Performance. Advances in Language and Literary Studies, 12(6), 67-78.
  20. Cohen, A. D. (2019). Strategy Instruction for Learning and Performing Target Language Pragmatics. Learning Strategy  Instruction in the Language Classroom: Issues and Implementation, 140-152.
  21. Corbin, J. M., & Strauss, A. (1990). Grounded Theory Research: Procedures, Canons, and Evaluative Criteria. Qualitative  Sociology, 13(1), 3-21.
  22. Corder, S. P. (1967). The Significance of Learners’ Errors. In J.C. Richards (Eds), Error Analysis: Perspectives on Second Language  Acquisition (pp. 19-27). London: Longman.
  23. Corder, S. P. (1981). Error Analysis and Interlanguage. Oxford University Press.
  24. Chukharev‐Hudilainen, E., & Ockey, G. J. (2021). The Development and Evaluation of Interactional Competence Elicitor for Oral  Language Assessments. ETS Research Report Series, 2021(1), 1-20.
  25. Hanley, J. R., & Davies, A. D. (2019). Impaired Recall and Preserved Recognition. Case Studies in the Neuropsychology of  Memory, 111-126.
  26. Department of Education (2013). K to 12 Senior High School Core Curriculum – Oral Communication in Context. DeKeyser, R. (2020). Skill Acquisition Theory. In Theories in second language acquisition (pp. 83-104). Routledge.
  27. Derakhshan, A., R Eslami, Z., & Chalak, A. (2020). A Systematic Review of Compliments Among Iranian Persian Speakers: Past,  Present, and Future Directions.Two Quarterly Journal of English Language Teaching and Learning University of Tabriz,  12(26), 85-123.
  28. Derakhshan, A., & Eslami, Z. (2020). The Effect of Metapragmatic Awareness, Interactive Translation, And Discussion  Through Video-Enhanced Input on EFL Learners’ Comprehension of Implicature. Applied Research on English Language,  9(1), 25-52.
  29. Eisa, S. A. H. (2020). The Pros and Cons of The Grammar Translation Method on the Performance of Saudi EFL Learners. Arab  Journal for Scientific Publishing (AJSP), 2663, 5798.
  30. Eliza, T. (2019). Pragmatic Transfer in Apology Employed by English Education Students of Islamic State University (UIN) Raden  Fatah. English Review: Journal of English Education, 7(2), 151-158.
  31. Engward, H. (2013). Understanding Grounded Theory. Nursing Standard (through 2013), 28(7), 37.
  32. Frith, M. B. (1977). A Study of Form and Function at Two Stages of Developing Interlanguages. Bloomington: Indiana University  Linguistics Club.
  33. Glaser, B.G. & Strauss, A.L. (1967) The Discovery of Grounded Theory, New York, Aldine.
  34. Hardjati, S., & Febrianita, R. (2019). The Power of Interpersonal Communication Skill in Enhancing Service Provision.  Journal of Social Science Research, 14, 3192-3199.
  35. Haucsa, G. M., Marzuki, A. G., & Hidayat, D. N. (2020). Illocutionary Speech Acts Analysis in Tom Cruise’s Interview.
  36. Hawash, S. H. I., Wahba, W. B., Moustafa, R. R., & Roushdy, T. M. (n.d). The Investigation of Anomic Aphasia’s Cases by using  Noam Chomsky’s Distinction between Competence and Performance.
  37. Hien, L. T. (2021). Communicative Language Teaching in Teaching ESL for University Students. Journal of English Language  Teaching and Applied Linguistics, 3(6), 49-57.
  38. Houmanfar, R. A., Alavosius, M. P., Binder, C., & Johnson, K. (2019). Human competence revisited: 40 years of impact. Journal of  Organizational Behavior Management, 39(1- 2), 1-6.
  39. Irawan, S. M., & Hardjanto, T. D. (2021). A Gender-Based Study of Apology Strategies Employed by Indonesian Students.  Lexicon, 8(1), 12-23.
  40. Izar, J., Nasution, M. M., Virginia, O., & Harianto, N. (2022). The Analysis of Locutionary, Illocutionary, and Perlocutionary of  Speech Acts in the Short Story” Rembulan dalam Cappuccino” by Seno Gumira Ajidarma. Journal of English Teaching and  Linguistics, 3(1), 28-35.
  41. Jamal, N. H. (2022). Politeness Strategies in Request E-Mails of Iraqi Undergraduate Student. Journal of Al- Frahids Arts, 14.
  42. Jeter, W. K., & Brannon, L. A. (2018). ‘I’ll Make It Up to You: Examining the Effect of Apologies on Forgiveness. The Journal  of Positive Psychology, 13(6), 597-604.
  43. Kasper, G. & Blum-Kulka, S. (1993) (eds) Interlanguage Pragmatics, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  44. Kasper, G., & Ross, S. J. (2018). The Social Life of Methods: Introducing the Special Issue. Applied Linguistics Review, 9(4),  475-486.
  45. Kirn, U., & Baig, I. A. (2021). Effectiveness of Grammar Translation Method and Communicative Language Teaching  Approach on Students’ Achievement in English Grammar. Pakistan Social Sciences Review, 5(3), 235-248.
  46. Kusevska, M. (2020). Where Directness and Indirectness Reside. Зборник на трудови. ФИЛКО. Петта меѓународна научна  конференција, Филологија, култура и образование, 207-213.
  47. Leech, G. N. (1983). Pragmatics, Discourse Analysis, Stylistics and “The Celebrated Letter.”
  48. Levinson, S. C. (1983). Pragmatics. Cambridge University Press.
  49. Martínez-Flor, A., & Usó-Juan, E. (2020). 10. Teaching Speech Acts in a Second Language. Developmental and Clinical Pragmatics,  269-300.
  50. Mu’in, F., & Nasrullah, N. (2023). Investigation of Students’ Linguistic Competence and Performance in Translation at English  Education Study Program FKIP ULM Banjarmasin. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Language, Literature,  Education, and Culture, ICOLLEC 2022, 11–12 November 2022, Malang, Indonesia.
  51. Nemser, W. (1974). Approximative Systems of Foreign Language Learners. In J. C. Richards (Ed.), Error Analysis: Perspectives on  Second Language Acquisition (pp.55-63). London: Longman.
  52. Norouzian, R., & Eslami, Z. (2016). Critical Perspectives on Interlanguage Pragmatic Development: An Agenda for Research. Issues  in Applied Linguistics, 20.
  53. Nyvad, B., & Takahashi, N. (2020). Integrated Hypothesis of Dental Caries and Periodontal Diseases. Journal of Oral  Microbiology, 12(1), 1710953.
  54. Ogiermann, E., & Bella, S. (2021). On the Dual Role of Expressive Speech Acts: Relational Work on Signs Announcing Closures  During The Covid-19 Pandemic. Journal of Pragmatics, 184, 1-17
  55. Omar, Y. Z. (2019). Influence of Grammar Translation Method (GTM) on Libyan Students’ English Performance in Communicative  Situations. People: International Journal of Social Sciences, 5(2), 511-530.
  56. Onebunne, L. A., & Ugwumba, O. M. (2024). Investigating Politeness and Face Threatening Acts in Classroom Discourse among  Selected Students of Unizik, Awka. Njiko: A Multi-Disciplinary Journal of Humanities, Law, Education and Social Sciences, 2(1).
  57. Paas, F., Merriënboer, V., & Jeroen, J. G., (2020). Cognitive-Load Theory: Methods to Manage Working Memory Load in the  Learning of Complex Tasks. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 29(4),
  58. Pregoner, J. D., & Nabuya, R. (2020). Students’ Experiences on Technical Vocational and Livelihood Program Assessment in Senior  High School.
  59. Purwaningsih, N. K., & Pratama, A. D. Y. (2020). Caregivers Experience in Performing Interpersonal Communication and  Directive Speech Acts with Elderly in Japan and Bali Nursing Home. Retorika: Journal Ilmu Bahasa, 6(1), 78-84.
  60. Ramanadhan, S., Revette, A. C., Lee, R. M., & Aveling, E. L. (2021). Pragmatic Approaches to Analyzing Qualitative Data  for Implementation Science: An Introduction. Implementation Science Communications, 2, 1-10.
  61. Roever, C., & Kasper, G. (2018). Speaking in Turns and Sequences: Interactional Competence as a Target Construct in Testing  Speaking. Language testing, 35(3), 331-355.
  62. Salmani, M. A. (2019). Clearing the Mist: The Border Between Linguistic Politeness and Social Etiquette. International  Journal of Language Studies, 13(2).
  63. Sampson, G. P., & Richards, J. C. (1973). Learner Language Systems. Language Sciences, 26, 18-25.
  64. Samu, B., Santucci, V., & Sbardella, T. (2019). Technologies for Teaching and Learning Intercultural Competence and Interlanguage  Pragmatics in L2 Italian. Experiences in Implementing an Online Language Course on Moodle Platform. In Conference Proceedings.  Innovation in Language Learning 2019.
  65. Santosa, A. W., & Kurniadi, A. (2020). Speech Act Analysis of Teacher talk in EFL Classroom. Journal Penelitian Humaniora, 21(2),  101-107.
  66. Sarmiento-Campos, N. V., Lázaro-Guillermo, J. C., Silvera-Alarcón, E. N., Cuellar-Quispe, S., Huamán-Romaní, Y. L., Apaza, O.  A., & Sorkheh, A. (2022). A look at Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory (SCT): The Effectiveness of Scaffolding Method on EFL  learners’ speaking achievement. Education Research International, 2022.
  67. Schulze, S., & Bosman, A. (2018). Learning Style Preferences and Mathematics Achievement of Secondary School Learners.  South African Journal of Education, 38(1), 1-8.
  68. Searle, J. R. (1969). Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Searle, J. R. (1969). Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language (Vol. 626). Cambridge University Press.
  69. Sefriana, M. (2019). An Analysis of Illocutionary Acts and Perlocutionary Acts in Movie “Monte Carlo” by Thomas  Bezucha (Doctoral dissertation, UIN Raden Intan Lampung).
  70. Selinker, L. (1972). Interlanguage. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 10(3), 219-231.
  71. Selinker, L. (1974). Error Analysis: Source, Cause, and Significance. In J. C. Richards (Eds.), Error Analysis: Perspective on  Second Language Acquisition. London: Longman.
  72. Stevani, M., Tarigan, K. E., Sawalmeh, M. H., & Ginting, F. Y. A. (2023). A Case Study of Locutionary, Illocutionary, and  Perlocutionary Speech Acts in English Learning Interactions in Junior High School. Journal of World Englishes and Educational  Practices, 5(1), 47-56.de Gruyter. 
  73. Taguchi, N. (2019). Interlanguage pragmatics. In A. Barron, P. Grundy, & G. Yueguo (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Pragmatics  (pp. 153–167). Oxford/New York: Routledge.
  74. Taguchi, N. (2019). Second LanguageA and Pragmatics: An Overview. The Routledge Handbook of Second Language Acquisition  and Pragmatics, 1-14.
  75. Tai, H. Y., & Chen, Y. S. (2021). The Effects of L2 Proficiency on Pragmatic Comprehension and Learner Strategies. Education  Sciences, 11(4), 174. 
  76. Takimoto, M. (2009). The Effects of Input-Based Tasks on the Development of Learners’ Pragmatic Proficiency. Applied Linguistics,  30(1), 1-25.
  77. Toro, V., Camacho-Minuche, G., Pinza-Tapia, E., & Paredes, F. (2019). The Use of the Communicative LanguageTeaching  Approach to Improve Students’ Oral Skills. English Language Teaching, 12(1), 110- 118.
  78. Trosborg, A. (1995). Interlanguage Pragmatics: Requests, Complaints and Apologies. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
  79. Wimsatt, W. (2019). Articulating Babel: a conceptual geography for cultural evolution. Beyond the Meme: Development and Structure  in Cultural Evolution, 1-41.
  80. Zhu, L. (2019). Teaching of Pragmatics: Issues in a Global Age. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 10(5), 1111-1116.

Tools


Copyright © 2025  KITE Digital Educational Solutions |  Exclusively distributed by CE-Logic