HomePsychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journalvol. 40 no. 6 (2025)

Self-Efficacy, Resilience, Motivation and Teachers’ Instructional Leadership Styles

Elimar Jamisola | Maribeth Cabrejas

Discipline: others in psychology

 

Abstract:

The teaching profession is undoubtedly one of the most challenging and complex jobs globally, due to its intellectual demands, emotional depth, and essential service-oriented nature. In today’s rapidly evolving educational landscape, effective teaching transcends mere task management; it centers on cultivating an environment conducive to student growth, engagement, and academic achievement. This research examined the influence of teachers' self-efficacy, resilience, and motivation on their instructional leadership styles in higher education institutions of Northern Mindanao, Philippines. Conducted using a predictive correlational research design, the study involved 159 full-time instructors from Tagoloan and Opol Community Colleges as respondents using a proportionate stratified random sampling method. Data was collected through questionnaire adapted from validated sources to measure self-efficacy, resilience, motivation, and instructional leadership. Meanwhile, the over-all mean of self-efficacy is M=3.87 (SD=.824) described as agree and can be interpreted that the teachers have a high level of self-efficacy. On the other hand, the over-all mean of resilience is M=3.71 (SD=.84), described as agree and can be interpreted that the teachers have a high level of resilience. Moreover, the over-all mean of motivation is M=3.79 (SD=.804) described as agree and can be interpreted that the teachers have a high level of motivation. Lastly, the over-all mean of instructional leadership style is M=3.75 (SD=.869) described as agree and can be interpreted that the teachers have a high level of instructional leadership Styles. Results of Pearson R correlation analysis showed a significant correlation among variables, indicating that instructional leadership increases with higher self-efficacy, resilience, and motivation. Through multiple regression analysis, these factors were significant collective predictors of instructional leadership, with resilience identified as the most significant predictor. To create more decisive instructional leadership and improved educational outcomes, this research shows the need for tailored professional development programs on selfefficacy, resilience, and motivation for educators. The study further suggests a causal model for future research on leadership development under similar educational conditions. Results have implications for administrators, educators, and policymakers in designing strategies to support teacher development, resilience, and leadership.



References:

  1. Aas, M. and Paulsen, J. (2019). National strategy for supporting school principal’s instructional leadership. Journal of Educational Administration, 57(5), 540-553. https://doi.org/10.1108/jea-09-2018-0168
  2. Abacioglu, C., Volman, M., & Fischer, A. (2019). Teachers’ multicultural attitudes and perspective taking abilities as factors in culturally responsive teaching. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 90(3), 736-752. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjep.12328
  3. Abbas, J. (2020). Service quality in higher education institutions: qualitative evidence from the students’ perspectives using maslow hierarchy of needs. International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences, 12(3), 371-384. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijqss-02-2020-0016
  4. Abbott, L., Graven, L., Schluck, G., & Williams, K. (2021). Stress, social support, and resilience in younger rural women: a structural equation model. Healthcare, 9(7), 812. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9070812
  5. Abed, M. and Shackelford, T. (2023). Parent involvement with their children’s schools: perceptions of Saudi parents of elementary school students with learning disabilities. Learning Disabilities Research and Practice, 38(2), 144-154. https://doi.org/10.1111/ldrp.12304
  6. Afek, A., Ben-Avraham, R., Davidov, A., Yehuda, A., Gilboa, Y., & Nahum, M. (2021). Psychological resilience, mental health, and inhibitory control among youth and young adults under stress. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.608588
  7. Agyapong, B., Obuobi-Donkor, G., Burback, L., & Wei, Y. (2022). Stress, Burnout, Anxiety and Depression among Teachers: a Scoping Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(17), 10706. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710706
  8. Ahmed, Q., Rönkä, A., & Perälä‐Littunen, S. (2021). Parental involvement or interference? Rural teachers’ perceptions. Education Research International, 2021, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/3182822
  9. Ajmi, H. (2024). Principals’ leadership skills to meet the national strategy for education in basic schools. Journal of Education and E-Learning Research, 11(2), 413-421. https://doi.org/10.20448/jeelr.v11i2.5644
  10. Akins, C., Gutierrez De Blume, A., Cleveland, R., & Pannell, S. (2020). Instructional Leadership Practices and School Leaders’ Self-Efficacy. School Leadership Review, 4785659(1). https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1283510.pdf
  11. Akram, M., Kiran, S., & İlğan, A. (2017). Development and validation of instructional leadership questionnaire. International Journal of Organizational Leadership, 6, 73-88.
  12. Akyar, B. and Tuncer, N. (2022). Exploring the relationships between early childhood in-service teachers’ classroom management and self-regulation skills. European Journal of Alternative Education Studies, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.46827/ejae.v7i1.4103
  13. Al, P. (2023). Assessing the stress levels and coping strategies employed by college students. The Review of Contemporary Scientific and Academic Studies, 3(10). https://doi.org/10.55454/rcsas.3.10.2023.003
  14. Al., Y. (2021). The effect of positive leadership on organizational citizenship behavior based on self-determination theory. Converter, 501-515. https://doi.org/10.17762/converter.315
  15. Alanoglu, M. (2021). The role of instructional leadership in increasing teacher self-efficacy: a meta-analytic review. Asia Pacific Education Review. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-021-09726-5
  16. Alegado, P., & Edrada, J. (2018). The challenges of teacher leadership in the Philippines as experienced and perceived by teachers. International Journal of Education and Research, 6(6). https://www.ijern.com/journal/2018/June-2018/22.pdf
  17. Alfitri, A. (2024). Uniting communities: harnessing social capital for community resilience during coronavirus disease 2019. International Journal of Public Health Science (Ijphs), 13(2), 744. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijphs.v13i2.23416
  18. Alfredo, T. (2022). The effect of teacher competence and self-efficiency on teacher performance with transformational leadership of the head of school as a moderating variable in senior high school tangerang regency. Dinasti International Journal of Management Science, 4(1), 138-144. https://doi.org/10.31933/dijms.v4i1.1410
  19. Alkhawaldeh, J., Soh, K., Mukhtar, F., Peng, O., & Anshasi, H. (2019). Stress management interventions for intensive and critical care nurses: a systematic review. Nursing in Critical Care, 25(2), 84-92. https://doi.org/10.1111/nicc.12489
  20. Al-Mahdy, Y., Emam, M., & Hallinger, P. (2018). Assessing the contribution of principal instructional leadership and collective teacher efficacy to teacher commitment in oman. Teaching and Teacher Education, 69, 191-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2017.10.007
  21. Almuhaidb, M. (2023). Impact of physical activity programs on job-related stress among healthcare personnel. IJSR, 2(11), 411-424. https://doi.org/10.59992/ijsr.2023.v2n11p21
  22. Alqahtani, O. (2024). Factors associated with nurses’ intention to leave in saudi arabia: a literature review. British Journal of Nursing Studies, 4(1), 74-79. https://doi.org/10.32996/bjns.2024.4.1.6
  23. Alshutwi, S., Alkhanfari, H., & Sweedan, N. (2019). The influence of time management skills on stress and academic performance level among nursing students. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice, 10(1), 96. https://doi.org/10.5430/jnep.v10n1p96
  24. Anam, M. (2024). Contribution of emotional intelligence to resilience in adolescents with broken home families. Jurnal Multidisiplin Madani, 4(1), 63-69. https://doi.org/10.55927/mudima.v4i1.7448
  25. Anwar, S. and Menekşe, M. (2020). A systematic review of observation protocols used in postsecondary stem classrooms. Review of Education, 9(1), 81-120. https://doi.org/10.1002/rev3.3235
  26. Asensio-Martínez, Á., Oliván-Blázquez, B., Montero-Marín, J., Masluk, B., Fueyo-Díaz, R., Gascón, S., … & Magallón-Botaya, R. (2019). Relation of the psychological constructs of resilience, mindfulness, and self-compassion on the perception of physical and mental health. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, Volume 12, 1155-1166. https://doi.org/10.2147/prbm.s225169
  27. Atal, D. and Sancar, R. (2021). Öğretmenlerin mesleki gelişimlerine odaklanan araştırmalar ne söylüyor?. Erzincan Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(1), 166-186. https://doi.org/10.17556/erziefd.733863
  28. Attia, N. and Abdelwahid, A. (2020). Grit, self-regulation and self-efficacy as predictors of academic procrastination among nursing students. International Journal of Nursing Education, 12(1), 130-135. https://doi.org/10.37506/ijone.v12i1.3720
  29. Awad, E., Fawaz, M., Hallit, S., & Obeïd, S. (2022). The moderating effect of emotion regulation in the association between coping strategies and resilience in lebanese adults. BMC Psychology, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-022-01019-9
  30. Awang, H., Yusof, M., Yaakob, M., Jafar, M., Mustapha, R., & Subramaniam, K. (2022). The influence of virtual instructional leadership on teachers’ commitment: a malaysian e-leadership case study. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (Ijere), 11(2), 673. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v11i2.22669
  31. AY, C. and Boz, A. (2022). Does instructional leadership make a difference? investigating the relationship between instructional leadership and teacher autonomy. Cukurova University Faculty of Education Journal, 51(3), 1518-1551. https://doi.org/10.14812/cufej.939224
  32. Ayodele, T. (2019). Career choice of real estate students in nigeria. Property Management, 37(1), 154-176. https://doi.org/10.1108/pm-02-2018-0013
  33. Azad, S. (2024). The role of meaning in life and emotional resilience in predicting mental toughness: a cross-sectional study. JPPR, 2(3), 19-26. https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.jppr.2.3.4
  34. Azid, M. (2023). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in sports. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarped/v12-i3/18460
  35. Babajani, M., Erfani, N., Yarahamdi, Y., & Ahmadian, H. (2022). Developing a causal model of academic engagement based on the perception of classroom structure and emotional self-regulation with the mediating role of academic self-efficacy. Journal of Clinical Research in Paramedical Sciences, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.5812/jcrps-133180
  36. Bada, A. and Jita, L. (2023). Student’s rating of secondary school physics teachers’ classroom practice: implications for teaching and learning. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (Ijere), 12(1), 477. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v12i1.24078
  37. Bagdžiūnienė, D., Kazlauskienė, A., Nasvytienė, D., & Sakadolskis, E. (2023). Resources of emotional resilience and its mediating role in teachers’ well-being and intention to leave. Frontiers in psychology, 14, 1305979.
  38. Baguio, E. and Tagadiad, C. (2023). The influence of instructional leadership and organizational socialization on teacher self-efficacy. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 07(01), 292-308. https://doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2023.7108
  39. Bahraseman, Z., Shahrbabaki, P., & Nouhi, E. (2021). The impact of stress management training on stress-related coping strategies and self-efficacy in hemodialysis patients: a randomized controlled clinical trial. BMC Psychology, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-021-00678-4
  40. Bakker, A. B., Hetland, J., Olsen, O. K., & Espevik, R. (2022). Daily Transformational leadership: a Source of Inspiration for Follower performance? European Management Journal, 1(1), 700–708. sciencedirect. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2022.04.004
  41. Baluszek, J., Brønnick, K., & Wiig, S. (2023). The relations between resilience and self-efficacy among healthcare practitioners in context of the covid-19 pandemic – a rapid review. International Journal of Health Governance, 28(2), 152-164. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijhg-11-2022-0098
  42. Barasa, E., Mbau, R., & Gilson, L. (2018). What is resilience and how can it be nurtured? a systematic review of empirical literature on organizational resilience. International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 7(6), 491-503. https://doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2018.06
  43. Bark, H. (2023). Resilience as Part of Recovery: The Views of Those with Experiences of Psychosis, and Learning for British Mental Health Social Work Practice. A Scoping Review. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcad122
  44. Barni, D., Danioni , F., & Benevene, P. (2019). Teachers’ self-efficacy: The role of personal values and motivations for teaching. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 1645.
  45. Barni, D., Danioni, F., & Benevene, P. (2019). Teachers’ self-efficacy: the role of personal values and motivations for teaching. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01645
  46. Bartosiewicz, A., Łuszczki, E., & Dereń, K. (2020). Personalized nursing: how life satisfaction and occupational burnout influence new competences of polish nurses. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 10(2), 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm10020048
  47. Bartosiewicz, A., Łuszczki, E., Zaręba, L., Kuchciak, M., Bobula, G., Dereń, K., … & Król, P. (2022). Assessment of job satisfaction, self-efficacy, and the level of professional burnout of primary and secondary school teachers in poland during the covid-19 pandemic. Peerj, 10, e13349. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13349
  48. Beck, S. (2019). Investigating how facilitators support teachers’ shared ownership during elementary collaborative curriculum design. https://doi.org/10.3102/1444481
  49. Bellibaş, M., Kılınç, A., & Polatcan, M. (2021). The moderation role of transformational leadership in the effect of instructional leadership on teacher professional learning and instructional practice: an integrated leadership perspective. Educational Administration Quarterly, 57(5), 776-814. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161x211035079
  50. Bellibaş, M., Polatcan, M., & Kılınç, A. (2020). Linking instructional leadership to teacher practices: the mediating effect of shared practice and agency in learning effectiveness. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 50(5), 812-831. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143220945706
  51. Bellibaş, M., Polatcan, M., & Kılınç, A. (2020). Linking instructional leadership to teacher practices: the mediating effect of shared practice and agency in learning effectiveness. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 50(5), 812-831. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143220945706
  52. Bergmans, Y., Guimond, T., Lambert, C., McInerney, S., & O’Brien, K. (2021). Alexithymia in people with recurrent suicide attempts. Crisis, 42(6), 425-433. https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000738
  53. Berkovich, I. and Hassan, T. (2022). Principals’ digital instructional leadership during the pandemic: impact on teachers’ intrinsic motivation and students’ learning. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 52(4), 934-954. https://doi.org/10.1177/17411432221113411
  54. Bhattarai, M., Jin, Y., Smedema, S., Cadel, K., & Baniya, M. (2020). The relationships among self‐efficacy, social support, resilience, and subjective well‐being in persons with spinal cord injuries. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 77(1), 221-230. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14573
  55. Bijlsma, H., Visscher, A., Dobbelaer, M., & Veldkamp, B. (2019). Does smartphone-assisted student feedback affect teachers’ teaching quality? Technology Pedagogy and Education, 28(2), 217-236. https://doi.org/10.1080/1475939x.2019.1572534
  56. Billett, P., Turner, K., & Li, X. (2022). Australian teacher stress, well‐being, self‐efficacy, and safety during the covid‐19 pandemic. Psychology in the Schools, 60(5), 1394-1414. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22713
  57. Boakye, A., Addai, P., Obuobiisa-Darko, T., & Okyere, I. (2022). Resilience and organizational citizenship behavior (ocb). Seisense Business Review, 2(1), 28-42. https://doi.org/10.33215/sbr.v2i1.765
  58. Bolander, E. (2023). Online learning: engaging families using culturally relevant pedagogy. Intervention in School and Clinic, 59(3), 199-206. https://doi.org/10.1177/10534512231156889
  59. Boryshkevych, I. (2021). Development of pedagogical staff as an integral element of forming a positive image. Journal of Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 8(3), 52-59. https://doi.org/10.15330/jpnu.8.3.52-59
  60. Boyce, J. and Bowers, A. (2018). Toward an evolving conceptualization of instructional leadership as leadership for learning. Journal of Educational Administration, 56(2). https://doi.org/10.1108/jea-06-2016-0064
  61. Boyce, J., & Bowers, A. J. (2018). Toward an evolving conceptualization of instructional leadership as leadership for learning: Meta-narrative review of 109 quantitative studies across 25 years. , 56(2). Journal of educational administration.
  62. Brinthaupt, T. and Morin, A. (2023). Self-talk: research challenges and opportunities. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1210960
  63. Buckingham, M. (2020, September 29). What Really Makes Us Resilient? Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2020/09/what-really-makes-us-resilient
  64. Budrevičiute, A., Raila, G., Paukštaitiene, R., & Valius, L. (2022). An assessment of the well-being of physicians working in a family physician’s team during the covid-19 pandemic in lithuania. Journal of Family Medicine, 9(4). https://doi.org/10.26420/jfammed.2022.1298
  65. Burhan, K., Oktira, Y., & Amsa, H. (2022). Extrinsic motivation of english teacher in teaching and learning process at sman 4 kota solok. Jurnal Eduscience, 9(3), 874-879. https://doi.org/10.36987/jes.v9i3.3426
  66. Burić, I. and Kim, L. (2020). Teacher self-efficacy, instructional quality, and student motivational beliefs: an analysis using multilevel structural equation modeling. Learning and Instruction, 66, 101302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2019.101302
  67. Cahill, S., Chandola, T., & Hager, R. (2022). Genetic variants associated with resilience in human and animal studies. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.840120
  68. Caingcoy, M. (2023). Culturally responsive pedagogy. Diversitas Journal, 8(4), 3203-3212. https://doi.org/10.48017/dj.v8i4.2780
  69. Çalişkan, S. (2023). Examination of the relationship between self-efficacy levels of high school students and problem-solving skills and perceived social support. Journal of Family Counseling and Education, 7(2), 45-54. https://doi.org/10.32568/jfce.1205084
  70. Caniëls, M. and Stynen, D. (2022). The role of the leader in fostering employee resilient behaviors. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 64(12), 985-993. https://doi.org/10.1097/jom.0000000000002652
  71. Cansoy, R. and Parlar, H. (2018). Examining the relationship between school principals’ instructional leadership behaviors, teacher self-efficacy, and collective teacher efficacy. International Journal of Educational Management, 32(4), 550-567. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijem-04-2017-0089
  72. Carriedo, A., Cecchini, J., Fernández-Río, J., & Méndez–Giménez, A. (2020). Resilience and physical activity in people under home isolation due to covid-19: a preliminary evaluation. Mental Health and Physical Activity, 19, 100361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mhpa.2020.100361
  73. Casquilho-Martins, I., Mauritti, R., & Ferreira, J. (2020). Community strategies for intercultural participation. Trabajo Social Global-Global Social Work, 10(19), 157-179. https://doi.org/10.30827/tsg-gsw.v10i19.11507
  74. Chakraborty, S., Konwar, J., & Pandit, A. (2021). Ordinal to cardinal positional transformation of need hierarchy. Journal of Contemporary Issues in Business and Government, 27(02). https://doi.org/10.47750/cibg.2021.27.02.295
  75. Chang, I., Chin, J., Ching, G., & Chuang, C. (2019). Could disadvantaged students’ academic achievements be improved through after-school learning and self-efficacy? an empirical study in taiwan. International Journal of Research Studies in Education, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.5861/ijrse.2019.4011
  76. Chang, T.-J., & Sung, Y.-T. (2024). Does Teacher Motivation Really Matter? Exploring the Mediating Role of Teachers’ Self-efficacy in the Relationship Between Motivation and Job Satisfaction. ˜the œAsia-Pacific Education Researcher. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-023-00803-4
  77. Chen, J. (2021). Research on the effect of peer feedback training in english writing teaching—a case study of students in business english major. English Language Teaching, 14(6), 12. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v14n6p12
  78. Chen, M., Liu, M., Wang, X., Pu, L., Zhang, M., Wang, Q., … & Xiong, Z. (2023). Mediating role of psychological resilience between social support and negative emotions in nursing interns in the post‐covid‐19 era: a cross‐sectional survey. Psychology in the Schools, 60(8), 2617-2629. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22874
  79. Cheng, P., Park, H., & Gatt, J. (2021). Approach coping mitigates distress of covid-19 isolation for young men with low well-being in a sample of 1,749 youth from australia and the usa. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.634925
  80. Cherry, K. (2023a). Understanding Intrinsic Motivation. Verywell Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-intrinsic-motivation-2795385
  81. Cherry, K. (2023b, May 3). How Resilience Helps You Cope With Life’s Challenges. Verywell Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-resilience-2795059
  82. Chhetri, J., Qin, X., Ma, L., Chan, P., & Varadhan, R. (2021). Intrinsic capacity as a determinant of physical resilience in older adults. The Journal of Nutrition Health & Aging, 25(8), 1006-1011. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-021-1629-z
  83. Chopra, K. (2021). Maslow’s theory for preventive healthcare in india – a content analysis approach. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing, 16(1), 40-54. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijphm-10-2020-0088
  84. Chu, W., Liu, H., & Fang, F. (2021). A tale of three excellent chinese efl teachers: unpacking teacher professional qualities for their sustainable career trajectories from an ecological perspective. Sustainability, 13(12), 6721. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126721
  85. Chunta, A. and DuPaul, G. (2022). Educational diagnostic label and teacher self-efficacy: impact on classroom intervention choice.. School Psychology, 37(4), 298-308. https://doi.org/10.1037/spq0000509
  86. Ciucă, S. (2024). Enhancing resilience in primary education: addressing societal challenges and fostering holistic student development. Revista Romaneasca Pentru Educatie Multidimensionala, 16(1), 495-505. https://doi.org/10.18662/rrem/16.1/834
  87. Cobb-Clark, D. A., & Jha, N. (2013). Educational Achievement and the Allocation of School Resources. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2314846
  88. Collier, K. (2024, July 16). Self-Regulation Practices for Teachers and Students. Edutopia; George Lucas Educational Foundation. https://www.edutopia.org/article/self-regulation-strategies-teachers-students
  89. Cooper, A., Brown, J., Rees, C., & Leslie, G. (2020). Nurse resilience: a concept analysis. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 29(4), 553-575. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12721
  90. Cooper, A., Leslie, G., & Brown, J. (2022). Defining the influence of external factors on nurse resilience. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 31(6), 1523-1533. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.13059
  91. Culduz, M. (2023). The Impact of Educational Leadership in Improving the Learning Experience. IGI Global, 5(3), 168–189. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-8332-9.ch008
  92. Cunningham, K. and Lochmiller, C. (2019). Content-specific leadership: identifying literature-based implications for principal preparation. Journal of Research on Leadership Education, 15(4), 261-282. https://doi.org/10.1177/1942775119845004
  93. Daniëls, E., Hondeghem, A., & Dochy, F. (2019). A review on leadership and leadership development in educational settings. Educational Research Review, 27, 110-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2019.02.003
  94. Daramola, E., Allbright, T., & Marsh, J. (2023). “are you saying that we’re racist?”: comparing normative, political, and technical dimensions of instructional and disciplinary policies. Teachers College Record, 125(4), 3-38. https://doi.org/10.1177/01614681231176921
  95. Darmawan, R. (2023). Analysis of the level of community resilience to tidal flood disaster in banyuwangi village, manyar district, gresik, east java. Journal of Marine Resources and Coastal Management, 4(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.29080/mrcm.v4i1.1708
  96. Davis, L. (2021). Understanding path analysis. Journal of Statistical Methods, 45(2), 123-145.
  97. Dawson, D. and Moghaddam, N. (2020). Covid-19: psychological flexibility, coping, mental health, and wellbeing in the uk during the pandemic. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 17, 126-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.07.010
  98. De la Fuente, J., Martínez-Vicente, J. M., Santos, F. H., Sander, P., Fadda, S., Karagiannopoulou, E., & Kauffman, D. F. (2022). Advances on self-regulation models: A new research agenda through the SR vs ER behavior theory in different psychology contexts. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 861493.
  99. Değirmencioğlu, Ü. (2021). The impact of teacher self-efficacy on teaching techniques: traditional or contemporary?. European Journal of English Language Teaching, 6(3). https://doi.org/10.46827/ejel.v6i3.3662
  100. Desalegn, G., Amare, T., Shumet, S., Mirkena, Y., Kassew, T., Angaw, D., … & Salelew, E. (2023). Coping strategies and associated factors among people with physical disabilities for psychological distress in ethiopia. BMC Public Health, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14877-0
  101. Desie, Y., Habtamu, K., Asnake, M., Gina, E., & Mequanint, T. (2021). Coping strategies among ethiopian migrant returnees who were in quarantine in the time of covid-19: a center-based cross-sectional study. BMC Psychology, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-021-00699-z
  102. Diarta, L. and Saluy, A. (2022). The role of competence, psychological capital, and intrinsic motivation interventions in influencing teacher performance in the era of the covid-19 pandemic. International Journal of Law Policy and Governance, 1(2), 89-102. https://doi.org/10.54099/ijlpg.v1i2.396
  103. Dinsdale, R. (2017). The Role of Leaders in Developing a Positive Culture. BU Journal of Graduate Studies in Education, 9(1). https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1230431.pdf
  104. Dominguez, M. and Brown, L. (2022). Association between adverse childhood experiences, resilience and mental health in a hispanic community. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 15(3), 595-604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-022-00437-6
  105. Drew, S. V., & Sosnowski, C. (2019). Emerging theory of teacher resilience: a situational analysis. English Teaching: Practice & Critique, 18(4), 492–507. https://doi.org/10.1108/etpc-12-2018-0118
  106. Dung, N., Huy, N., Hằng, N., & Hà, D. (2020). Self-perception of teachers and managers of the impact of teachers’ professional development in vietnam. Education & Self Development, 15(2), 21-30. https://doi.org/10.26907/esd15.2.03
  107. Durdukoca, Ş. and Atalay, T. (2019). Occupational anxiety and self-efficacy levels among prospective teachers. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (Ijere), 8(1), 173. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v8i1.18213
  108. Eden, C. (2024). Cultural competence in education: strategies for fostering inclusivity and diversity awareness. International Journal of Applied Research in Social Sciences, 6(3), 383-392. https://doi.org/10.51594/ijarss.v6i3.895
  109. Edgerton, A. and Desimone, L. (2018). Teacher implementation of college- and career-readiness standards: links among policy, instruction, challenges, and resources. Aera Open, 4(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/2332858418806863
  110. Edmeade, J., & Buzinde, C. N. (2021). Educators’ personal resilience in the context of disasters triggered by natural hazards: The case of the United States Virgin Islands (USVI). International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 66, 102571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102571
  111. Education Improvement Research Centre. (2022). Instructional leadership - leading the teaching and learning. https://schoolreviews.education.qld.gov.au/res/Documents/spotlight-paper-instructional-leadership.pdf
  112. Eliot, J. (2020). Resilient leadership: the impact of a servant leader on the resilience of their followers. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 22(4), 404-418. https://doi.org/10.1177/1523422320945237
  113. Emeric, C. S. (2016). Physical resilience in older adults: Systematic review and development of an emerging construct. Journal of Gerontology: Series A, 71(4), 489-495. Gümüş, S. , & Bellibaş, M. Ş. (2020). The relationship between professional development and school principals’ leadership practices: the mediating role of self-efficacy. International journal of educational management, 34(7), 1155-1170.
  114. Ertem, H. (2021). Relationship of school leadership with school outcomes: a meta-analysis study. International Education Studies, 14(5), 31. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v14n5p31
  115. Ettekal, A., Simpkins, S., Menjívar, C., & Delgado, M. (2019). The complexities of culturally responsive organized activities: latino parents’ and adolescents’ perspectives. Journal of Adolescent Research, 35(3), 395-426. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558419864022
  116. Faradila, A. (2023). The relationship between religious coping and resilience in universitas airlangga medical students class of 2020 in pandemic time. Jurnal Psikiatri Surabaya, 12(2), 132-139. https://doi.org/10.20473/jps.v12i2.41809
  117. Fatima, M. (2024). Relationship between acculturation difficulty, coping skills, and psychological wellbeing among young adults. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 39(1), 93-109. https://doi.org/10.33824/pjpr.2024.39.1.06
  118. Fatonah, T. (2021). Instructional leadership:.. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210212.028
  119. Faye, A., Tadke, R., Gawande, S., Kirpekar, V., Bhave, S., Pakhare, A., S, D. (2020). Assessment of resilience and coping in undergraduate medical students: a need of the day. Journal of Education Technology in Health Sciences, 5(1), 36-44. https://doi.org/10.18231/2393-8005.2018.0008
  120. Feng, J. (2024). The mediating effect of psychological resilience between individual social capital and mental health in the post-pandemic era: a cross-sectional survey over 300 family caregivers of kindergarten children in mainland china. Social Sciences, 13(2), 122. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13020122
  121. Ferdik, F. and Pica, E. (2024). Correctional officer turnover intentions and mental illness symptom: testing the potential confounding effects of resilience.. Psychology Public Policy and Law, 30(1), 33-47. https://doi.org/10.1037/law0000384
  122. Feyisa, L. (2023). Instructional leadership practices and challenges: the case of primary school principals in liban jawi woreda of west shoa zone. Education Research International, 2023, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/3439653
  123. Fleetwood, D. (2018, August 30). Stratified Random Sampling: Definition, Method and Examples | QuestionPro. QuestionPro. https://www.questionpro.com/blog/stratified-random-sampling/
  124. Fletcher, D., & Sarkar, M. (2016). Mental resilience in sport: A review of psychological mechanisms and coaching strategies. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 9(1), 160-178.
  125. Fountain, A., Roberts, E., Schuster, G., Breitmeyer, A., & Stein, A. (2020). Dental faculty, student, and alumni perceptions of happiness and life satisfaction in dental school: foundations for resilience and well‐being. Journal of Dental Education, 84(3), 336-342. https://doi.org/10.21815/jde.019.181
  126. Galang, A. (2021). Filipino gurus� perspectives on philippine teacher protection act and their reflections on student discipline and its present-day implementation. Jurnal Inovatif Ilmu Pendidikan, 2(2), 92-105. https://doi.org/10.23960/jiip.v2i2.21786
  127. Gamble, C., Sage, L., Nguyen, A., Hempstead, B., Moore, A., Wilson, M., … & Doll, K. (2022). Social support and resilience in black women affected by endometrial cancer. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 226(1), 145-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2021.08.041
  128. Gao, F., Yao, Y., Yao, C., Xiong, Y., Ma, H., & Liu, H. (2019). The mediating role of resilience and self-esteem between negative life events and positive social adjustment among left-behind adolescents in china: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-019-2219-z
  129. Garg, D. (2024). Professional commitment of secondary school teachers in relation to self-efficacy and teacher effectiveness. International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2024.v06i02.13727
  130. Garg, D. (2024). Professional commitment of secondary school teachers in relation to self-efficacy and teacher effectiveness. International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2024.v06i02.13727
  131. Georg, K. and Poom-Valickis, K. (2023). Measuring student teachers level of situation-specific skills for need-supportive teaching., 111-123. https://doi.org/10.22364/atee.2022.07
  132. Gheitani, A., Imani, S., Seyyedamiri, N., & Foroudi, P. (2019). Mediating effect of intrinsic motivation on the relationship between islamic work ethic, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment in banking sector. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 12(1), 76-95. https://doi.org/10.1108/imefm-01-2018-0029
  133. Gilan, D., Müssig, M., Hahad, O., Kunzler, A., Samstag, S., Röthke, N., … & Lieb, K. (2021). Protective and risk factors for mental distress and its impact on health-protective behaviors during the sars-cov-2 pandemic between march 2020 and march 2021 in germany. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(17), 9167. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179167
  134. Goh, S. Y., Yeap, S. B., & Thien, L. M. (2023). Enhancing teacher leadership in Malaysian secondary schools: do collaborative school culture and principal support matter?. Asia Pacific Journal of Educators and Education, 38(2), 175-202. https://doi.org/10.21315/apjee2023.38.2.10
  135. González, E. (2022). Keep calm—this is a judgment-free zone: teacher perceptions about classroom intervisitations. Journal of Research in Innovative Teaching & Learning, 16(2), 226-238. https://doi.org/10.1108/jrit-05-2022-0023
  136. Gorbunova, N., Gluzman, N., & Osadchaya, I. (2021). Pedagogical reflection as a professional competence in conditions of lifelong pedagogical education. SHS Web of Conferences, 113, 00094. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202111300094
  137. Guo, Z., Cui, Y., Yang, T., Liu, X., Lü, H., Zhang, Y., … & Xia, Z. (2023). Network analysis of affect, emotion regulation, psychological capital, and resilience among chinese males during the late stage of the covid-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Public Health, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1144420
  138. H, Z., Yao, J., Zhang, Y., & Huang, X. (2023). The influence of teachers’ intrinsic motivation on students’ intrinsic motivation: the mediating role of teachers’ motivating style and teacher‐student relationships. Psychology in the Schools, 61(1), 272-286. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.23050
  139. Haider, S., Ahmed, F., Pasha, H., Pasha, H., Farheen, N., & Zahid, M. (2022). Life satisfaction, resilience and coping mechanisms among medical students during covid-19. Plos One, 17(10), e0275319. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275319
  140. Hamdan, K., Al-Bashaireh, A., Zahran, Z., Al-Daghestani, A., AL-Habashneh, S., & Shaheen, A. (2021). University students’ interaction, internet self-efficacy, self-regulation and satisfaction with online education during pandemic crises of covid-19 (sars-cov-2). International Journal of Educational Management, 35(3), 713-725. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijem-11-2020-0513
  141. Han, F. and Wang, Q. (2022). Positive and negative mood states mediated the effects of psychological resilience on emotional stability among high school students during the covid-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.967669
  142. Hanaysha, J. R., Shriedeh, F., & In’airat, M. (2023). Impact of classroom environment, teacher competency, information and communication technology resources, and university facilities on student engagement and academic performance. International Journal of Information Management Data Insights, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjimei.2023.100188
  143. Hartiana, W. (2022). Improving 8th-grade students’ problem-solving skills and self-efficacy in probability using discovery learning. International Journal on Education Insight, 3(2), 101-112. https://doi.org/10.12928/ijei.v3i2.6337
  144. Hashemi, Z., Khorsandi, M., Shamsi, M., & Moradzadeh, R. (2020). Effect combined learning on oral health self-efficacy and self-care behaviors of students: a randomized controlled trial.. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-21071/v1
  145. Hashmi, F. (2023). Effect of instructional management  strategies on students’ academic  performance at secondary school  level in quetta. Pakistan Journal of Educational Research, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.52337/pjer.v6i2.805
  146. Hassel, S. and Ridout, N. (2018). An investigation of first-year students’ and lecturers’ expectations of university education. Frontiers in Psychology, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02218
  147. Havnen, A., Anyan, F., Hjemdal, O., Solem, S., Riksfjord, M., & Hagen, K. (2020). Resilience moderates negative outcome from stress during the covid-19 pandemic: a moderated-mediation approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(18), 6461. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186461
  148. Hayati, P. (2023). The relationship between teacher’s self-efficacy and creative teaching of primary mathematics teachers. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 13(5), 340. https://doi.org/10.36941/jesr-2023-0141
  149. Hayes, A. (2024, August 19). How stratified random sampling works, with examples. Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/stratified_random_sampling.asp
  150. He, P. (2024). School principals’ instructional leadership as a predictor of teacher’s professional development. Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40862-024-00290-0
  151. Heimgartner, N., Meier, S., Grolimund, S., Ponti, S., Arpagaus, S., Kappeler, F., … & Gaab, J. (2021). Randomized controlled evaluation of the psychophysiological effects of social support stress management in healthy women. Plos One, 16(6), e0252568. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252568
  152. Hendrikx, I., Vermeulen, S., Wientjens, V., & Mannak, R. (2022). Is team resilience more than the sum of its parts? a quantitative study on emergency healthcare teams during the covid-19 pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(12), 6968. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19126968
  153. Heng, Q., & Chu, L. (2014). Self-efficacy, reflection, and resilience as predictors of work engagement among English teachers. Educational Psychology, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1160681
  154. Holliman, A., Waldeck, D., & Holliman, D. (2022). Adaptability, social support, and psychological wellbeing among university students: a 1-year follow-up study. Frontiers in Education, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.1036067
  155. Holliman, A., Waldeck, D., Yang, T., Kwan, C., Zeng, M., & Abbott, N. (2022). Examining the relationship between adaptability, social support, and psychological wellbeing among chinese international students at uk universities. Frontiers in Education, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.874326
  156. Honicke, T., & Broadbent, J. (2016). The influence of academic self-efficacy on academic performance: A systematic review. Educational Research Review, 17(17), 63–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2015.11.002
  157. Hou, Y., Cui, Y., & Zhang, D. (2019). Impact of instructional leadership on high school student academic achievement in china. Asia Pacific Education Review, 20(4), 543-558. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-019-09574-4
  158. Hou, Y., Cui, Y., & Zhang, D. (2019). Impact of instructional leadership on high school student academic achievement in china. Asia Pacific Education Review, 20(4), 543-558. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-019-09574-4
  159. Hsu, Y. (2024). Effect of supportive leadership on job burnout and occupational commitment: the mediating role of intrinsic motivation., 209-229. https://doi.org/10.47260/amae/14310
  160. Hu, F., Lin, C., Yueh, F., Lo, Y., & Lin, C. (2022). Development and psychometric evaluation of the physical resilience instrument for older adults (prifor). BMC Geriatrics, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-022-02918-7
  161. Hu, Y. (2023). Insights from china: understanding the impact of community resilience and government trust in psychological resilience and anxiety during covid-19. Frontiers in Public Health, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1298269
  162. Huang, H. (2023). Perceived organizational support, self‐efficacy and cognitive reappraisal on resilience in emergency nurses who sustained workplace violence: a mediation analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 80(6), 2379-2391. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.16006
  163. Huisman, B., Saab, N., Driel, J., & Broek, P. (2018). Peer feedback on academic writing: undergraduate students’ peer feedback role, peer feedback perceptions and essay performance. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 43(6), 955-968. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2018.1424318
  164. Hulukati, W., Idris, I., & Rafiola, R. (2022). Effectiveness of group counseling with live modeling techniques to improve academic self-efficacy of guidance and counseling students. Bulletin of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 4(3), 670-678. https://doi.org/10.51214/bocp.v4i3.384
  165. Hussain, W. (2023). Efficacy of classroom management in efl classes: a case study at quest, nawabshah, pakistan. Advances in Social Behavior Research, 3(1), 11-19. https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-7102/3/2023022
  166. Hußner, I. (2023). Reflect on your teaching experience: systematic reflection of teaching behaviour and changes in student teachers’ self-efficacy for reflection. Zeitschrift Für Erziehungswissenschaft, 26(5), 1301-1320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11618-023-01190-8
  167. Hwang, Y. and Oh, J. (2021). The relationship between self-directed learning and problem-solving ability: the mediating role of academic self-efficacy and self-regulated learning among nursing students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), 1738. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041738
  168. Idrus, F. and Sohid, M. (2023). Teachers’ expectations and challenges in using culturally responsive teaching (crt) strategies in the esl classroom. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 14(3), 629-635. https://doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1403.10
  169. Inceoglu, I., Thomas, G., Chu, C., Plans, D., & Gerbasi, A. (2018). Leadership behavior and employee well-being: an integrated review and a future research agenda. The Leadership Quarterly, 29(1), 179-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2017.12.006
  170. Innocent, S. (2020). Perceptions of teachers on the instructional leadership behaviours of secondary school principals in rwanda. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 50(1), 64-80. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143220938365
  171. Inoue, M., Kunie, K., Takemura, Y., Kida, R., & Ichikawa, N. (2020). The influence of learning circumstances and on‐the‐job opportunities for professional growth on perceived person–environment fit among hospital nurses: a longitudinal study. Journal of Nursing Management, 29(4), 776-784. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13218
  172. Ip, O. (2018). Motivational factors: implications for job performance among workers of a public tertiary institution in nigeria. Global Journal of Research and Review, 05(02). https://doi.org/10.21767/2393-8854.100035
  173. Ishak, S. and Suyatno, S. (2020). Teacher performance, parent’s role, and student learning outcomes in muhammadiyah junior high school. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 8(2), 529-539. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2020.080224
  174. Ismail, S., Don, Y., Husin, F., & Khalid, R. (2018). Instructional leadership and teachers’ functional competency across the 21st century learning. International Journal of Instruction, 11(3), 135-252. https://doi.org/10.12973/iji.2018.11310a
  175. Isoard-Gautheur, S., Ginoux, C., Gerber, M., & Sarrazin, P. (2019). The stress–burnout relationship: examining the moderating effect of physical activity and intrinsic motivation for off-job physical activity. Workplace Health & Safety, 67(7), 350-360. https://doi.org/10.1177/2165079919829497
  176. Jennerjohn, A. (2020). School–family partnerships for culturally sustaining texts. The Reading Teacher, 73(5), 657-661. https://doi.org/10.1002/trtr.1891
  177. Jenssen, M. and Paulsen, J. (2022). Combining capacity for instructional leadership with individual core practices in the norwegian policy context. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 52(2), 475-492. https://doi.org/10.1177/17411432221084155
  178. Jia, Y. and Nasri, N. (2019). A systematic review: competence of teachers in implementation of culturally responsive pedagogy. Creative Education, 10(12), 3118-3130. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2019.1012236
  179. Jiang, X., Yang, Y., Li, H., Li, S., Su, D., Zhang, T., … & Zhang, M. (2019). An intervention based on protective factors to improve resilience for breast cancer patients: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 75(11), 3088-3096. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14108
  180. Jin, Y. and Hassan, N. (2022). Examining the effects of university teacher self-efficacy on job satisfaction facing omo teaching during post covid-19 pandemic. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(8). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v12-i8/14508
  181. Jobira, A. and Mohammed, A. (2021). Predicting organizational performance from motivation in oromia seed enterprise bale branch. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-021-00742-9
  182. Johnson, M., & Brown, T. (2022). Causal Comparative Research: Methods and Applications.  Educational Research Quarterly, 39(1), 67-89.
  183. Jones, H. (2024). Enhancing resilience, coping and self-talk of employees in large organisations; the development and mixed methods piloting of an online mental health and well-being toolkit. Journal of Workplace Learning, 36(2), 129-145. https://doi.org/10.1108/jwl-04-2023-0058
  184. Jung, Y., Shin, N., Jang, J., Lee, W., Lee, D., Choi, Y., … & Kang, D. (2019). Relationships among stress, emotional intelligence, cognitive intelligence, and cytokines. Medicine, 98(18), e15345. https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000015345
  185. Kalajas-Tilga, H., Koka, A., Hein, V., Tilga, H., & Raudsepp, L. (2020). Motivational processes in physical education and objectively measured physical activity among adolescents. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 9(5), 462-471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2019.06.001
  186. Kalayci, G. and Ergül, H. (2020). Teachers’ perceptions of the role of parental involvement in teaching English to young learners. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 16(3), 1167-1176. https://doi.org/10.17263/jlls.803608
  187. Kalkan, Ü., Aksal, F., Gazi, Z., Atasoy, R., & Dağlı, G. (2020). The relationship between school administrators’ leadership styles, school culture, and organizational image. Sage Open, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020902081
  188. Kaltsas, A. (2021). Mental resilience in education: the case of greek high schools teachers. Pupil International Journal of Teaching Education and Learning, 5(3), 37-52. https://doi.org/10.20319/pijtel.2021.53.3752
  189. Kamarulbahri, T., Ariaratnam, S., Nikmat, A., Abdullah, N., & Khing, T. (2022). Coping strategies and their associated factors among caregivers of patients with schizophrenia in kuantan, malaysia. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1004034
  190. Kamilah, F. (2023). An action theory of life enhancing in accounting student career choice.. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.4-11-2022.2328923
  191. Kampmane, K., Geske, A., & Ozola, A. (2023). Teachers’ professional self-efficacy for collaboration: a comparison between european countries., 160-175. https://doi.org/10.22364/atee.2022.10
  192. Kapu, A., Card, E., Jackson, H., Kinch, J., Lupear, B., LeBar, K., … & Dubree, M. (2020). Development and testing of an advanced practice clinical advancement program within an academic medical center. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners, 33(9), 719-727. https://doi.org/10.1097/jxx.0000000000000456
  193. Kastuhandani, F. and Ke, S. (2022). Developing students’ intrinsic interest in reading challenging articles: an application of basic psychological need supports. Sukma Jurnal Pendidikan, 6(2), 131-145. https://doi.org/10.32533/06201.2022
  194. Katz, & Shahar. (2015). The Importance of Teacher Intrinsic Motivation. https://smhp.psych.ucla.edu/pdfdocs/teachermot.pdf
  195. Kaur, P., Stoltzfus, J., & Yellapu, V. (2018). Descriptive statistics. International Journal of Academic Medicine, 4(1), 60-63.
  196. Kenntemich, L., Hülsen, L., Schäfer, I., Böttche, M., & Lotzin, A. (2022). Coping profiles and differences in well‐being during the covid‐19 pandemic: a latent profile analysis. Stress and Health, 39(2), 460-473. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.3196
  197. Kexin, L., Miao, Y., & Yang, Y. (2021). The influence of self-talk on children: an analysis in academic and language performance. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210617.048
  198. Khan, F. (2024). Examining the relationships between instructional leadership, teacher self-efficacy and job satisfaction: a study of primary schools in india. Journal of Educational Administration, 62(2), 223-238. https://doi.org/10.1108/jea-09-2022-0145
  199. Khan, U. (2023). A review of culturally responsive teaching for bridging the gap of teaching efforts and performance of culturally diverse learners. Journal of Education and Social Studies, 4(2), 330-347. https://doi.org/10.52223/jess.2023.4210
  200. Khanshan, S. and Yousefi, M. (2020). The relationship between self-efficacy and instructional practice of in-service soft disciplines, hard disciplines, and EFL teachers. Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40862-020-0080-8
  201. Kilag, O. and Sasan, J. (2023). Unpacking the role of instructional leadership in teacher professional development. Advanced Qualitative Research, 1(1), 63-73. https://doi.org/10.31098/aqr.v1i1.1380
  202. Kim, T. and Lee, Y. (2019). Principal instructional leadership for teacher participation in professional development: evidence from japan, singapore, and south korea. Asia Pacific Education Review, 21(2), 261-278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-019-09616-x
  203. Kocatürk, M. (2020). The role of childhood traumas, emotional self-efficacy and internal-external locus of control in predicting psychological resilience. International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies, 8(3), 105. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijels.v.8n.3p.105
  204. Koda, S. (2023). Strategies for improving community participation in mangrove ecosystem conservation in teluk kupang coastal areas (a case study of nunkurus and oeteta villages). Iop Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science, 1266(1), 012029. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1266/1/012029
  205. Kolk, B., Veen-Dirks, P., & Bogt, H. (2018). The impact of management control on employee motivation and performance in the public sector. European Accounting Review, 28(5), 901-928. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638180.2018.1553728
  206. Kolotello, M. (2023). Factors that motivate and support aging in place. Home Healthcare Now, 41(6), 316-320. https://doi.org/10.1097/nhh.0000000000001205
  207. Konaszewski, K., Niesiobędzka, M., & Surżykiewicz, J. (2021). Resilience and mental health among juveniles: role of strategies for coping with stress. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-021-01701-3
  208. Kotera, Y., Taylor, E., Fido, D., Williams, D., & Tsuda-McCaie, F. (2021). Motivation of uk graduate students in education: self-compassion moderates pathway from extrinsic motivation to intrinsic motivation. Current Psychology, 42(12), 10163-10176. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02301-6
  209. Kotera, Y., Taylor, E., Fido, D., Williams, D., & Tsuda-McCaie, F. (2021). Motivation of uk graduate students in education: self-compassion moderates pathway from extrinsic motivation to intrinsic motivation. Current Psychology, 42(12), 10163-10176. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02301-6
  210. Kraft, M., Blazar, D., & Hogan, D. (2018). The effect of teacher coaching on instruction and achievement: a meta-analysis of the causal evidence. Review of Educational Research, 88(4), 547-588. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654318759268
  211. Kshtriya, S., Lawrence, J., Kobezak, H., Popok, P., & Lowe, S. (2022). Investigating strategies of emotion regulation as mediators of occupational stressors and mental health outcomes in first responders. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(12), 7009. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127009
  212. Kwan, P. (2019). Is transformational leadership theory passé? revisiting the integrative effect of instructional leadership and transformational leadership on student outcomes. Educational Administration Quarterly, 56(2), 321-349. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161x19861137
  213. Kwan, P. (2019). Is transformational leadership theory passé? revisiting the integrative effect of instructional leadership and transformational leadership on student outcomes. Educational Administration Quarterly, 56(2), 321-349. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161x19861137
  214. LaMorte, W. (2022, November 3). The Social Cognitive Theory. Boston University School of Public Health. https://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPH-Modules/SB/BehavioralChangeTheories/BehavioralChangeTheories5.html
  215. Lämsä, J. (2023). Exploring students’ perceptions of self-assessment in the context of problem solving in stem. Lumat International Journal on Math Science and Technology Education, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.31129/lumat.11.2.2028
  216. Larson, K., Pas, E., Bottiani, J., Kush, J., & Bradshaw, C. (2020). A multidimensional and multilevel examination of student engagement and secondary school teachers’ use of classroom management practices. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 23(3), 149-162. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098300720929352
  217. Latifian, M. (2024). The role of internet addiction and academic resilience in predicting the mental health of high school students in tehran. BMC Psychiatry, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-024-05853-6
  218. Le Fevre, D. (2021, March 10). Instructional leadership and why it matters. THE EDUCATION HUB. https://theeducationhub.org.nz/instructional-leadership-and-why-it-matters/
  219. Lebid, A. E., Stepanov, V. V., & Nazarov, M. S. (2023). The informational components of social resilience within realization of the un sustainable development goals. International Journal of Media and Information Literacy, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.13187/ijmil.2023.2.324
  220. Leithwood, K., Harris, A., & Hopkins, D. (2019). Seven strong claims about successful school leadership revisited. School Leadership and Management, 40(1), 5-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632434.2019.1596077
  221. Leithwood, K., Harris, A., & Hopkins, D. (2019). Seven strong claims about successful school leadership revisited. School Leadership and Management, 40(1), 5-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632434.2019.1596077
  222. Leithwood, K., Sun, J., & Schumacker, R. (2019). How school leadership influences student learning: a test of “the four paths model”. Educational Administration Quarterly, 56(4), 570-599. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161x19878772
  223. Leonard, S. (2024). District-Wide Instructional Leadership for Literacy Analyzing Tasks That District Leaders Undertake to Guide Primary-Level Reading Programming at the Site and District Level. https://asset.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/NGOGM7NGRJWDG8C/R/file-49b72.pdf
  224. Lewis, J., Asberry, J., Dejarnett, G., & King, G. (2016). The Best Practices for Shaping School Culture for Instructional Leaders. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1120644.pdf
  225. Li, C. (2019). Research on the dispositional optimism and mental resilience of rural primary school teachers in the naxi area.. https://doi.org/10.2991/icmete-19.2019.5
  226. Li, H., Pan, H., Yang, R., Wang, X., Rao, J., Zhang, X., … & Pan, C. (2021). The relationship between test anxiety and emotion regulation: the mediating effect of psychological resilience. Annals of General Psychiatry, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12991-021-00360-4
  227. Li, J., Chhetri, J. K., & Ma, L. (2022). Physical resilience in older adults: Potential use in promoting healthy aging. Ageing Research Reviews, 81, 101701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2022.101701
  228. Li, S., & Chu, L. (2023). The effect of teacher self-efficacy, teacher resilience, and emotion regulation on teacher burnout: a mediation model. Educational Psychology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1160681
  229. Liu, J. (2021). Correlating self-efficacy with self-assessment in an undergraduate interpreting classroom: how accurate can students be?. Porta Linguarum Revista Interuniversitaria De Didáctica De Las Lenguas Extranjeras, (36), 9-25. https://doi.org/10.30827/portalin.v0i36.13897
  230. Liu, S. & Hallinger, P. (2018). Principal instructional leadership, teacher self-efficacy, and teacher professional learning in china: testing a mediated-effects model. Educational Administration Quarterly, 54(4), 501-528. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161x18769048
  231. Liu, S. & Hallinger, P. (2022). The effects of instructional leadership, teacher responsibility and procedural justice climate on professional learning communities: a cross-level moderated mediation examination. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 52(3), 556-575. https://doi.org/10.1177/17411432221089185
  232. Liu, S. and Hallinger, P. (2018). Principal instructional leadership, teacher self-efficacy, and teacher professional learning in china: testing a mediated-effects model. Educational Administration Quarterly, 54(4), 501-528. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161x18769048
  233. Lochmiller, C. and Mancinelli, J. (2019). Principals’ instructional leadership under statewide teacher evaluation reform. International Journal of Educational Management, 33(4), 629-643. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijem-06-2017-0151
  234. Locke, E. and Schattke, K. (2019). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation: time for expansion and clarification.. Motivation Science, 5(4), 277-290. https://doi.org/10.1037/mot0000116
  235. López, M. and Malfa, S. (2020). Perceptions of compulsory education teachers about cultural diversity: a study in the city of messina. Journal of New Approaches in Educational Research, 9(1), 28-42. https://doi.org/10.7821/naer.2020.1.447
  236. Lopez-Garrido, G. (2023, July 10). Bandura’s self-efficacy theory of motivation in psychology. Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/self-efficacy.html
  237. Luo, X., Bity Salwana Alias, & Nor Hafizah Adnan. (2024). Exploring the Interplay between Teacher Leadership and Self-Efficacy: A Systematic Literature Review (2013–2024). Education Sciences, 14(9), 990–990. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14090990
  238. M., S. (2024). Academic performance and motivation of the senior high school pantawid pamilyang pilipino program beneficiaries: basis for an action plan. International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, 5(5), 8941-8944. https://doi.org/10.55248/gengpi.5.0524.1349
  239. Ma, F., Wang, Z., Sun, Q., Yuen, K., Zhang, Y., Hui-feng, X., … & Zhao, S. (2020). Spatial–temporal evolution of urban resilience and its influencing factors: evidence from the guanzhong plain urban agglomeration. Sustainability, 12(7), 2593. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072593
  240. Ma, X. and Marion, R. (2019). Exploring how instructional leadership affects teacher efficacy: a multilevel analysis. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 49(1), 188-207. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143219888742
  241. Magata, Y. (2024). The effect of second-person self-talk on performance and motivation in japanese individuals. Plos One, 19(6), e0305251. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0305251
  242. Mahdi, S. (2023). Effective communication in learning: teacher strategies and their impact on student learning outcomes. IJLCB, 1(4), 26-30. https://doi.org/10.46336/ijlcb.v1i4.26
  243. Mahdiani, H. and Ungar, M. (2021). Can biomedical and cognitive enhancement increase psychological resilience?. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 62(3), 295-303. https://doi.org/10.1037/cap0000217
  244. Malhotra, J., Wong, E., & Thind, A. (2018). Canadian family physician job satisfaction - is it changing in an evolving practice environment? an analysis of the 2013 national physician survey database. BMC Family Practice, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-018-0786-6
  245. Mamun, M. (2024). Medical students’ motivational factors and academic performance – undergraduate level of bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Education, 15(1), 67-74. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjme.v15i1.70951
  246. Mansfield, C. F., Beltman, S., Broadley, T., & Weatherby-Fell, N. (2016). Building resilience in teacher education: An evidenced informed framework. Teaching and Teacher Education, 54(54), 77–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2015.11.016
  247. Mardanov, I. (2020). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, organizational context, employee contentment, job satisfaction, performance and intention to stay. Evidence-Based HRM a Global Forum for Empirical Scholarship, 9(3), 223-240. https://doi.org/10.1108/ebhrm-02-2020-0018
  248. Martín‐Raugh, M., Kell, H., & Tannenbaum, R. (2020). The role of situation perception in teaching. Teachers College Record, 122(12), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1177/016146812012201213
  249. Mashrafi, B. (2024). Level of motivation and determining factors of in-service training among health care workers in south sharqiya governorate. British Journal of Nursing Studies, 4(1), 43-53. https://doi.org/10.32996/bjns.2024.4.1.3
  250. Mastrokoukou, S., Longobardi, C., Bozzato, P., Gastaldi, F., & Berchiatti, M. (2022). Students’ transition into higher education: the role of self‐efficacy, regulation strategies, and academic achievements. Higher Education Quarterly, 77(1), 121-137. https://doi.org/10.1111/hequ.12374
  251. Mathias, G. (2017, March 8). How to Develop Physical Resilience | Gill Mathias. Gillmathias.com. https://gillmathias.com/cultivate-physical-resilience/
  252. Matthew, I. (2022). Effective classroom management: a sine qua non to effective teaching in a school setting. International Journal of Educational Studies, 5(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.53935/2641-533x.v5i1.171
  253. Mauluddiyah, A. (2021). The influences of abraham maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory, field practice experience, and 21st century skills on career choice of becoming a vocational teacher. Teknologi Dan Kejuruan Jurnal Teknologi Kejuruan Dan Pengajarannya, 44(2), 108. https://doi.org/10.17977/um031v44i22021p108-117
  254. McBride, N. (2020). Nicholson McBride Resilience questionnaire. Blocksurvey.io. https://blocksurvey.io/templates/resilience-scales/nicholson-mcbride-resilience-questionnaire
  255. McKenzie, C., Kent, M., & Volero, A. (2022). A cross‐sectional study investigating mental health and resilience among pre‐doctoral students at a us dental school. Journal of Dental Education, 86(12), 1620-1627. https://doi.org/10.1002/jdd.13080
  256. McNeill, K., Lowenhaupt, R., & Katsh‐Singer, R. (2018). Instructional leadership in the era of the ngss: principals’ understandings of science practices. Science Education, 102(3), 452-473. https://doi.org/10.1002/sce.21336
  257. McNeill, K., Lowenhaupt, R., Cherbow, K., & Lowell, B. (2021). Professional development to support principals’ vision of science instruction: building from their prior experiences to support the science practices. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 59(1), 3-29. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.21719
  258. Mertens, U., Finn, B., & Lindner, M. (2022). Effects of computer-based feedback on lower- and higher-order learning outcomes: a network meta-analysis.. Journal of Educational Psychology, 114(8), 1743-1772. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000764
  259. Meule, A. (2023). Resilience and depressive symptoms in inpatients with depression: a cross‐lagged panel model. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 31(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2926
  260. Miller, R. and Uphold, N. (2021). Using content acquisition podcasts to improve preservice teacher use of behavior-specific praise. Teacher Education and Special Education the Journal of the Teacher Education Division of the Council for Exceptional Children, 44(4), 300-318. https://doi.org/10.1177/0888406421994336
  261. Mitchell, B. S., Hirn , R. G., & Lewis, T. J. (2017). Enhancing effective classroom management in schools: Structures for changing teacher behavior. Teacher Education and Special Education, 40(2), 140-153.
  262. Mohebbi, Z., Sharif, F., Jaberi, A., & Dehkordi, S. (2021). Effect of aerobic exercise on the general health of nurses; a case study of shahrekord university of medical sciences’. Journal of Clinical Care and Skills, 2(4), 157-163. https://doi.org/10.52547/jccs.2.4.157
  263. Mookkiah, M., & Prabu, M. (2019, September). (PDF) SELF-EFFICACY -CONCEPT IN LEARNING. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339310575_SELF-EFFICACY_-CONCEPT_IN_LEARNING
  264. Moqbel, S., El-tah, Z., & Haddad, A. (2020). Anti-littering in developing countries: motivating the people of jordan. Waste Management & Research the Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy, 38(7), 726-733. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242x19900654
  265. Munna, A. S. (2021). Instructional Leadership and Role of Module Leaders. International Journal of Educational Reform, 32(1), 105678792110423. https://doi.org/10.1177/10567879211042321
  266. Murphy, J., Leggieri, A., & Murphy, G. (2021). Fostering the integration of extrinsic motivation in an online graduate nursing education course. Nursing Education Perspectives, 42(6), E63-E65. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.nep.0000000000000654
  267. Mustofa, A. (2022). Hierarchy of human needs: a humanistic psychology approach of abraham maslow. Kawanua International Journal of Multicultural Studies, 3(2), 30-35. https://doi.org/10.30984/kijms.v3i2.282
  268. Nababan, E., Sirait, M., & Siregar, N. (2022). The effectiveness of animated video media to improve self-efficacy and self-regulated learning. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.20-9-2022.2324803
  269. Neak, P., นาก, พ., Charungkaittikul, S., & จรุงเกียรติกุล, ส. (2022). Guidelines to enhance community participation in community learning centres in the kingdom of cambodia. Journal of Adult and Continuing Education, 29(2), 659-682. https://doi.org/10.1177/14779714221131893
  270. Neumann, R. J., Ahrens, K. F., Kollmann, B., Goldbach, N., Chmitorz, A., Weichert, D., Fiebach, C. J., Wessa, M., Kalisch, R., Lieb, K., Tüscher, O., Plichta, M. M., Reif, A., & Matura, S. (2021). The impact of physical fitness on resilience to modern life stress and the mediating role of general self-efficacy. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-021-01338-9
  271. Nezhad, P. M., & Stolz, S. A. (2024). Unveiling teachers’ professional agency and decision-making in professional learning: the illusion of choice. Professional Development in Education, 5(2), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/19415257.2024.2349058
  272. Nguyen, C. (2018). An investigation of professional development among educational policy-makers, institutional leaders and teachers. Management in Education, 33(1), 32-36. https://doi.org/10.1177/0892020618781678
  273. Nguyễn, T., Nguyễn, T., Nguyen, T., & Nguyen, T. (2022). Psychological empowerment and employee creativity in vietnam telecommunication enterprises: the mediating role of intrinsic work motivation. Journal of Organizational Behavior Research, 7(2), 132-142. https://doi.org/10.51847/0xkwbkbehe
  274. Nichols, S., Connor, S., Kastanis, M., & Corso, R. (2023). Professional preparation, growth, and recognition in the service coordination workforce. Infants & Young Children, 36(1), 2-20. https://doi.org/10.1097/iyc.0000000000000229
  275. Nickerson, C. (2023). Differences of Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation - Simply Psychology. Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/differences-between-extrinsic-and-intrinsic-motivation.html
  276. Nisa, A., Sugiharto, D., & Awalya, A. (2021). The relationship between creative thinking, problem solving skills, and self-efficacy with work readiness. Jurnal Bimbingan Konseling, 10(1), 8-13. https://doi.org/10.15294/jubk.v9i1.45230
  277. Nolasco, R. (2023). A thailand-based comparative study of government and private school teachers’ perceptions of school heads’ level of instructional leadership. Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies, 49(2), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajess/2023/v49i21112
  278. O’Hara, D. (2017, December 18). The intrinsic motivation of Richard Ryan and Edward Deci. American Psychological Association. https://www.apa.org/members/content/intrinsic-motivation
  279. O’Keeffe-Foley, J. (2019). Improving Professional Development: A Mixed Methods Study of Teacher Motivation Through Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors - ProQuest. Www.proquest.com. https://www.proquest.com/openview/b88e70048a4bd1239a6b5f2fe3b46730/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y
  280. Oliveira, J., Reckziegel, J., Kanan, L., & Santos, V. (2021). The primary health care environment and the impact on motivation and stress in nurses. Research Society and Development, 10(9), e1810917756. https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i9.17756
  281. Onuigbo, L., Anyanwu, J., Adimora, E., Akaneme, I., Oforka, T., Obiyo, N., … & Ogbuabor, S. (2019). Emotional self-regulation as a predictor of self-esteem and academic self-efficacy of children with visual impairment. Global Journal of Health Science, 11(8), 29. https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v11n8p29
  282. Orțan, F., Kiss, J., & Simuț, R. (2021). Self-efficacy, job satisfaction and teacher well-being in the k-12 educational system. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(23), 12763. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312763
  283. Ortega-Ruipérez, B. (2022). Use of self-assessment questionaries with moodle surveys to improve reading comprehension and study habits in preservice teacher education. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (Ijet), 17(20), 200-212. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v17i20.32715
  284. Oyugi, M. and Gogo, J. (2019). Influence of principals’ leadership styles on students’ academic performance in secondary schools in awendo sub-county, kenya. African Educational Research Journal, 7(1), 22-28. https://doi.org/10.30918/aerj.71.18.096
  285. Özdemir, N. (2020). How to improve teachers’ instructional practices: the role of professional learning activities, classroom observation and leadership content knowledge in turkey. Journal of Educational Administration, 58(6), 585-603. https://doi.org/10.1108/jea-10-2019-0189
  286. Özyer, K. and Altinsoy, F. (2023). Academic procrastination of university students: the role of problematic internet use, self-regulated online learning, and academic self-efficacy. Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Technology, 11(1), 77-93. https://doi.org/10.52380/mojet.2023.11.1.459
  287. Pahwa, S. and Khan, N. (2022). Factors affecting emotional resilience in adults. Management and Labour Studies, 47(2), 216-232. https://doi.org/10.1177/0258042x211072935
  288. Palk, K. (2018). Middle school teachers attitudes towards the need for student feedback and attitudes towards the impact of feedback on teachers professional development.. https://doi.org/10.21125/inted.2018.0653
  289. Pan, W., Zhao, Y., Long, Y., Wang, Y., & Ma, Y. (2022). The effect of perceived social support on the mental health of homosexuals: the mediating role of self-efficacy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(23), 15524. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315524
  290. Pana, E. (2024). School Heads’ Instructional Leadership and Performance: Basis for Strategic Leadership Program. 07(02), 26–40. https://doi.org/10.37502/ijsmr.2024.7203
  291. Pandya, J. (2024). Intrinsic & extrinsic motivation & its impact on organizational performance at rajkot city: a review. Journal of Management Research and Analysis, 11(1), 46-53. https://doi.org/10.18231/j.jmra.2024.009
  292. Pasaribu, H., Dalimunthe, R., & Sembiring, B. (2023). The effect of extrinsic motivation and job stress on employee performance with job satisfaction as an intervening variable at pt. bank negara indonesia  (persero) tbk. usu branch medan. International Journal of Economic Business Accounting Agriculture Management and Sharia Administration (Ijebas), 3(2), 1333-1351. https://doi.org/10.54443/ijebas.v3i2.1049
  293. Paudel, S., Dhungana, S., Pokhrel, N., & Dhakal, G. R. (2021). Epidemiology of Trauma Patients Presented at Emergency Department of Trauma Center. Journal of Nepal Health Research Council, 19(1), 158–161. https://doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v19i1.3425
  294. Pazhoman, H. and Sarkhosh, M. (2019). The relationship between iranian english high school teachers’ reflective practices, their self-regulation and teaching experience. International Journal of Instruction, 12(1), 995-1010. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2019.12164a
  295. Pebry, I. (2023). Stress management intervention in caregivers of people with schizophrenia at puskesmas x yogyakarta. Psikoislamedia Jurnal Psikologi, 8(2), 132. https://doi.org/10.22373/psikoislamedia.v8i2.19811
  296. Peguero, A. A., & Shaffer, K. A. (2014). Academic Self-Efficacy, Dropping Out, and the Significance of Inequality. Sociological Spectrum, 35(1), 46–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/02732173.2014.978428
  297. Pelikan, E., Korlat, S., Reiter, J., Holzer, J., Mayerhofer, M., Schober, B., … & Lüftenegger, M. (2021). Distance learning in higher education during covid-19: the role of basic psychological needs and intrinsic motivation for persistence and procrastination–a multi-country study. Plos One, 16(10), e0257346. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257346
  298. Peñacoba, C., Catalá, P., Velasco, L., Monge, F., García-Hedrera, F., & Gil-Almagro, F. (2021). Stress and quality of life of intensive care nurses during the covid‐19 pandemic: self‐efficacy and resilience as resources. Nursing in Critical Care, 26(6), 493-500. https://doi.org/10.1111/nicc.12690
  299. Peng, R. (2021). The effect of chinese efl students’ learning motivation on learning outcomes within a blended learning environment. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 61-74. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.6235
  300. Pereira, N., Tay, J., Maeda, Y., & Gentry, M. (2019). Differentiation as measured by the classroom practices survey: a validity study updating the original instrument. Learning Environments Research, 22(3), 443-460. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10984-019-09284-z
  301. Philippe, R., Schwab, L., & Biasutti, M. (2021). Effects of physical activity and mindfulness on resilience and depression during the first wave of covid-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.700742
  302. Podadera, M. (2023). Teachers’ perceptions of immigrant students and families: a qualitative study. Sustainability, 15(16), 12632. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151612632
  303. Pokharel, J. (2023). Cultural discontinuity as a major problem of rai students’ learning of mathematical. Innovative Research Journal, 2(2), 76-85. https://doi.org/10.3126/irj.v2i2.56160
  304. Pomentel, L. (2024). Exploring the influence of school heads’ instructional supervision on teachers’ efficacy and performance. International Journal of Research Publications, 148(1). https://doi.org/10.47119/ijrp1001481520246420
  305. Pontes, A. (2024). Academic stress and anxiety among portuguese students: the role of perceived social support and self-management. Education Sciences, 14(2), 119. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14020119
  306. Pouragha, B., Sheikhbardsiri, H., Asgharnezhad, M., Abdolahi, M., Sahebi, A., & Amiri, H. (2021). Does workplace spirituality enhance motivation of hospitals social workers? the scrutiny in iran. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 68(5), 1135-1140. https://doi.org/10.1177/00207640211023081
  307. Publication, S. (2017). Multiple Regression Analysis 5A.1 General Considerations. https://us.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-assets/78103_book_item_78103.pdf
  308. Qadach, M., Schechter, C., & Da’as, R. (2019). Instructional leadership and teachers’ intent to leave: the mediating role of collective teacher efficacy and shared vision. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 48(4), 617-634. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143219836683
  309. Quines, L. (2023). The mediating effect of teacher collegiality on the relationship between instructional leadership and professional development of teachers. European Journal of Education Studies, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.46827/ejes.v10i3.4716
  310. Ragil, E., Ariyanto, R., Ratnawati, V., Ningsih, R., & Valdino, D. (2019). Keefektifan teknik modeling berbasis sinema edukasi untuk meningkatkan efikasi diri akademik siswa smp. Nusantara of Research Jurnal Hasil-Hasil Penelitian Universitas Nusantara Pgri Kediri, 6(1), 50-59. https://doi.org/10.29407/nor.v6i1.13617
  311. Rahman, B. (2023). Assessing the prevalence of mental disorders and its relationship with resilience among isis prisoners in iraq. JAYPS, 4(8), 53-57. https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.jayps.4.8.6
  312. Ramadhani, D. and Sagita, D. (2022). Academic resilience of students in the limited face to face learning period (ptm-t). Journal of Innovation in Educational and Cultural Research, 3(4), 519-527. https://doi.org/10.46843/jiecr.v3i4.210
  313. Raman, A., Thannimalai, R., & Jalapang, I. (2022). An empirical study on instructional leadership, school climate and teacher efficacy. Journal of Pedagogy and Education Science, 1(02), 47-62. https://doi.org/10.56741/jpes.v1i02.76
  314. Ramos, L. (2024). Nurturing excellence: exploring the level of professional development  strategies for quality assurance in a multi-campus higher education  institution. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Applied Business and Education Research, 5(5), 1528-1534. https://doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.05.05.06
  315. Ramzan, N., & Khurram, A. F. A. (2023, January). Construction and Validation of the Teachers’ Motivation Questionnaire (TMQ): A Detailed Exploration.
  316. Ran, L., Wang, W., Ai, M., Kong, Y., Chen, J., & Kuang, L. (2020). Psychological resilience, depression, anxiety, and somatization symptoms in response to covid-19: a study of the general population in china at the peak of its epidemic. Social Science & Medicine, 262, 113261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113261
  317. Ranasinghe, V. and Samarasinghe, S. (2019). The effect of workplace spirituality on innovative work behavior. International Business Research, 12(12), 29. https://doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v12n12p29
  318. Rauf, F. (2023). Motivations, exposure on accounting students’ career path of a malaysian private university.. https://doi.org/10.15405/epfe.23081.94
  319. Razak, N. (2021). How self-efficacy drives job performance: the role of job anxiety and intrinsic motivation. Jurnal Manajemen, 25(2), 190. https://doi.org/10.24912/jm.v25i2.735
  320. Razak, N. (2021). How self-efficacy drives job performance: the role of job anxiety and intrinsic motivation. Jurnal Manajemen, 25(2), 190. https://doi.org/10.24912/jm.v25i2.735
  321. Ribeiro, M. (2019, July 4). How to Become Mentally Strong: 14 Strategies for Building Resilience. PositivePsychology. https://positivepsychology.com/mentally-strong/
  322. Ribeiro, M. and Fernandes, A. (2020). Academic self-efficacy in portuguese public higher education students.. https://doi.org/10.21125/inted.2020.2172
  323. Richard Ryan & Ryan Deci. (2014). Self-Determination theory. Selfdeterminationtheory.org; Center for Self-Determination Theory. https://selfdeterminationtheory.org/theory/
  324. Rigby, C. and Ryan, R. (2018). Self-determination theory in human resource development: new directions and practical considerations. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 20(2), 133-147. https://doi.org/10.1177/1523422318756954
  325. Ritasari, R. (2024). Development communication innovation patterns to increase community participation in tourism activities in penyengat island. International Journal of Travel Hospitality and Events, 3(2), 104-116. https://doi.org/10.56743/ijothe.v3i2.369
  326. Riyadi, A., Bafadal, I., & Timan, A. (2023). Instructional leadership, differentiated instruction, community of practice, and student wellbeing: based on the perspective of the principal strengthening training policy. Pedagogika, 149(1), 5-34. https://doi.org/10.15823/p.2023.149.1
  327. Röhl, S., Bijlsma, H., & Rollett, W. (2021). The process model of student feedback on teaching (sft): a theoretical framework and introductory remarks., 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75150-0_1
  328. Rollett, W., Bijlsma, H., & Röhl, S. (2021). Student feedback on teaching in schools: current state of research and future perspectives., 259-271. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75150-0_16
  329. Román-Mata, S., Puertas-Molero, P., Ubago-Jiménez, J., & González-Valero, G. (2020). Benefits of physical activity and its associations with resilience, emotional intelligence, and psychological distress in university students from southern spain. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(12), 4474. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124474
  330. Rozgonjuk, D., Kraav, T., Mikkor, K., Orav-Puurand, K., & Täht, K. (2020). Mathematics anxiety among stem and social sciences students: the roles of mathematics self-efficacy, and deep and surface approach to learning. International Journal of Stem Education, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-020-00246-z
  331. Ruchiwit, M. (2024). A synthesized model for applying stress management and biofeedback interventions in research utilization: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.2174/0117450179276691231229071003
  332. Ryu, G. and Moon, S. (2019). The effect of actual workplace learning on job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Journal of Workplace Learning, 31(8), 481-497. https://doi.org/10.1108/jwl-05-2019-0061
  333. Sahlabadi, A., Panahi, D., Pirposhteh, E., Moradi, B., Poursadeqiyan, M., & Kavousi, A. (2022). Effectiveness of educational intervention on reducing oxidative stress caused by occupational stress in nurses. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 11(1), 273. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_1425_21
  334. Salanova, M., Rodríguez-Sánchez, A. M., & Nielsen, K. (2020). The impact of group efficacy beliefs and transformational leadership on followers’ self-efficacy: a multilevel-longitudinal study. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00722-3
  335. Samruayruen, B., Enriquez, J., Natakuatoong, O., & Samruayruen, K. (2013). Self-regulated learning: a key of a successful learner in online learning environments in thailand. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 48(1), 45-69. https://doi.org/10.2190/ec.48.1.c
  336. Sandhu, P. (2019). Self - regulated strategy, effect on self - efficacy and well - being of the students with learning disability. International Journal of Human Resource Management and Research, 9(1), 29-38. https://doi.org/10.24247/ijhrmrfeb20193
  337. Santos-Longhurst, A. (2019, February 11). Intrinsic Motivation: How to Pick Up Healthy Motivation Techniques. Healthline; Healthline Media. https://www.healthline.com/health/intrinsic-motivation#extrinsic-motivation
  338. Saracho, O. (2023). Sources of motivation: theorists and their theories. Curr Res Psychol Behav Sc, 4(6), 1-3. https://doi.org/10.54026/crpbs/10107
  339. Sari, H., Gelbal, S., & Sarı, H. (2020). Factors affecting academic self-efficacy of syrian refugee students: a path analysis model. International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education, 7(2), 266-279. https://doi.org/10.21449/ijate.702041
  340. Saucedo, F. (2024). Effects of positive and negative self-talk on balance and postural sway in college students. Journal of Kinesiology & Wellness, 12(1), 45-56. https://doi.org/10.56980/jkw.v12i1.132
  341. Schipper, T., Vries, S., Goei, S., & Veen, K. (2019). Promoting a professional school culture through lesson study? an examination of school culture, school conditions, and teacher self-efficacy. Professional Development in Education, 46(1), 112-129. https://doi.org/10.1080/19415257.2019.1634627
  342. Schmidt-Sane, M., Niederberger, E., & Hrynick, T. (2021). Key considerations: operational considerations for building community resilience for covid-19 response and recovery.. https://doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2021.029
  343. Schwarzer, R., & Warner, L. M. (2012). Perceived Self-Efficacy and its Relationship to Resilience. Resilience in Children, Adolescents, and Adults, 139–150. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4939-3_10
  344. Schweitzer, F., Andres, G., Casiraghi, G., Gote, C., Roller, R., Scholtes, I., … & Zingg, C. (2022). Modeling social resilience: questions, answers, open problems. Advances in Complex Systems, 25(08). https://doi.org/10.1142/s021952592250014x
  345. Şenol, C. and Akdağ, M. (2018). The relation between prospective teachers’ attitudes towards uncertainty and motivation in teaching. Education Sciences, 8(3), 122. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci8030122
  346. Serqueira, A., Leme, V., Quitério, P., & Achkar, A. (2022). Social and educational skills program with elementary school teachers. Psico-Usf, 27(1), 87-97. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-82712022270107
  347. Shah, S., Ahmed, S., Ghani, A., & Shah, S. (2023). Leaders as an instructional managers: an exploration of challenges faced by head teachers appointed through iba sukkur. Sukkur Iba Journal of Educational Sciences and Technologies, 2(2), 26-42. https://doi.org/10.30537/sjest.v2i2.1179
  348. Shi, C., Liao, L., Li, H., & Su, Z. (2022). Which urban communities are susceptible to covid-19? an empirical study through the lens of community resilience. BMC Public Health, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12419-8
  349. Shin, N. (2021). Mothers’ and teachers’ autonomy support in relation to children’s academic procrastination: self-efficacy for self-regulated learning as a mediator. Family and Environment Research, 59(4), 477-488. https://doi.org/10.6115/fer.2021.034
  350. Shin, Y., Hur, W., Moon, T., & Lee, S. (2019). A motivational perspective on job insecurity: relationships between job insecurity, intrinsic motivation, and performance and behavioral outcomes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(10), 1812. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101812
  351. Shofiah, V., Taruna, R., & Asra, Y. (2023). Academic self-efficacy as a mediator on the relationship between academic motivation and academic achievement of college students during the online learning period. International Journal of Islamic Educational Psychology, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.18196/ijiep.v4i1.18247
  352. Shujau-Abdul-Raheem, M. (2023). Best practices of instructional leadership among principals of primary and secondary schools in male’, maldives. International Journal of Scientific Research and Management, 11(10), 2938-2951. https://doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v11i10.el04
  353. Siddiqui, D. and Rida, N. (2019). Impact of motivation on employees performance in pakistan. Business Management and Strategy, 10(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.5296/bms.v10i1.14448
  354. Silva, A. and Menino, C. (2022). How job characteristics influence healthcare workers’ happiness: a serial mediation path based on autonomous motivation and adaptive performance. Sustainability, 14(21), 14251. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114251
  355. Silva, S., Baptista, P., Silva, F., Almeida, M., & Soares, R. (2020). Resilience factors in nursing workers in the hospital context. Revista Da Escola De Enfermagem Da Usp, 54. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1980-220x2018041003550
  356. Siraj, M. A. M. M., Rami, A. A. M., Omar, R., Aziz, N. A. A., & Anuar, M. A. M. (2023). The Relationship Between Principals’ Leaderships Towards TVET Teachers’ Motivation in Implementing ICT. Journal of Technical Education and Training, 15(3), 79-91. https://doi.org/10.30880/jtet.2023.15.03.008
  357. Siraj, M. A. M. M., Rami, A. A. M., Omar, R., Aziz, N. A. A., & Anuar, M. A. M. (2023). The Relationship Between Principals’ Leaderships Towards TVET Teachers’ Motivation in Implementing ICT. Journal of Technical Education and Training, 15(3), 79-91. https://doi.org/10.30880/jtet.2023.15.03.008
  358. Smeplass, E. (2023). Nurturing inclusivity and professional growth among vocational teachers through communities of practice. Pedagogy, Culture and Society, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681366.2023.2268108
  359. Smith, J. (2023). Descriptive Correlational Design in Social Science Research. Social Science  Review, 50(3), 456-478.
  360. Soroño, C. (2023). School heads’ instructional leadership and teachers’ performance. International Journal of Research Publications, 125(1). https://doi.org/10.47119/ijrp1001251520234916
  361. Soud, S., Farag, N., & Abozed, H. (2022). Relationship between the perceived academic self-efficacy, self-rating achievement and academic achievement among primary school students. Egyptian Journal of Health Care, 13(3), 1595-1612. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejhc.2020.271429
  362. Southwick, S. M., & Charney, D. S. (2018). Resilience: The Science of Mastering Life’s Greatest Challenges. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press.
  363. Stächele, T., Domes, G., Wekenborg, M., Penz, M., Kirschbaum, C., & Heinrichs, M. (2020). Effects of a 6-week internet-based stress management program on perceived stress, subjective coping skills, and sleep quality. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00463
  364. Stahnke, R. and Blömeke, S. (2021). Novice and expert teachers’ situation-specific skills regarding classroom management: what do they perceive, interpret and suggest?. Teaching and Teacher Education, 98, 103243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2020.103243
  365. Starčič, A. (2021). Online learning under covid-19: re-examining the prominence of video-based and text-based feedback. Educational Technology Research and Development, 69(1), 117-121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-021-09955-w
  366. Ștefan, S., Popa, Ș., & Albu, C. (2020). Implications of maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory on healthcare employees’ performance. Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences, (59 E), 124-143. https://doi.org/10.24193/tras.59e.7
  367. Stevenson, C., Thomas, W., Cothern, L., Lastrapes, R., & Orange, A. (2021). Teacher Self-Efficacy and Principal Leadership Behaviors. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1328648.pdf
  368. Stier-Jarmer, M., Oberhauser, C., Frisch, D., Berberich, G., Loew, T., Schels-Klemens, C., … & Schuh, A. (2020). A multimodal stress-prevention program supplemented by telephone-coaching sessions to reduce perceived stress among german farmers: results from a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(24), 9227. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249227
  369. Subekti, F., Sukestiyarno, S., Wardono, W., & Rosyida, I. (2022). Mathematics pre-service teachers’ numerical thinking profiles. European Journal of Educational Research, volume-11-2022(volume-11-issue-2-april-2022),1075-1087. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.11.2.1075
  370. Sukarmin, S. and Sin, I. (2022). Influence of principal instructional leadership behaviour on the organisational commitment of junior high school teachers in surakarta. Malaysian Journal of Learning and Instruction, 19. https://doi.org/10.32890/mjli2022.19.2.3
  371. Sukma, N. and Fauzi, A. (2023). Analysis of academic procrastination (an overview through self-regulation and self-efficacy) in accounting students at vocational high schools. Journal of Humanities Social Sciences and Business (Jhssb), 2(2), 465-474. https://doi.org/10.55047/jhssb.v2i2.550
  372. Sun, X., Zhang, M., Lu, Z., Zhang, Z., Zheng, J., Liming, C., … & Huang, L. (2022). Turnover intention and related factors among resident physicians in china under the standardised residency training programme: a cross-sectional survey. BMJ Open, 12(4), e061922. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061922
  373. Supriatna, E. (2023). Analyzing the relationship between cultural diversity, social capital, and community resilience in jakarta, indonesia. ESSSH, 1(01), 28-36. https://doi.org/10.58812/esssh.v1i01.145
  374. Surżykiewicz, J., Skalski, S., Sołbut, A., Rutkowski, S., & Konaszewski, K. (2022). Resilience and regulation of emotions in adolescents: serial mediation analysis through self-esteem and the perceived social support. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(13), 8007. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19138007
  375. Syapira, S., Budiman, B., & Selamat, M. (2022). Self-efficacy and self-regulation with academic procrastination in muslim adolescents during the online learning period. Psikis Jurnal Psikologi Islami, 8(1), 88-101. https://doi.org/10.19109/psikis.v8i1.11894
  376. Tahir, I. (2023). Effect of principal’s instructional leadership practices on teachers’ professional development: a cross sectional study of secondary school level from selected areas of lahore, punjab, pakistan. International Journal of Science and Research Archive, 10(2), 590-606. https://doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2023.10.2.0986
  377. Tanase, M. (2021). Culturally responsive teaching in urban secondary schools. Education and Urban Society, 54(4), 363-388. https://doi.org/10.1177/00131245211026689
  378. Tantrarungroj, P. and Suwannatthachote, P. (2012). Enhancing pre-service teacher’s self-efficacy and technological pedagogical content knowledge in designing digital media with self-regulated learning instructional support in online project-based learning. Creative Education, 03(08), 77-81. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2012.38b017
  379. Taufiqurrahman, M. (2023). Improving students’ mathematical problem-solving skill and self-efficacy through problem-based learning models with scientific approaches. J. Math. Pedagogy (JoMP), 3(2), 81-97. https://doi.org/10.26740/jomp.v3n2.p81-97
  380. Tehranineshat, B., Torabizadeh, C., & Bijani, M. (2020). A study of the relationship between professional values and ethical climate and nurses’ professional quality of life in iran. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 7(3), 313-319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2020.06.001
  381. Thien, L. (2020). Psychometric analysis of a malay language version of the principal instructional management rating scale. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 50(4), 711-733. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143220942514
  382. Thomas, C. and Zolkoski, S. (2020). Preventing stress among undergraduate learners: the importance of emotional intelligence, resilience, and emotion regulation. Frontiers in Education, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2020.00094
  383. Tindle, R., Hemi, A., & Moustafa, A. (2022). Social support, psychological flexibility and coping mediate the association between covid-19 related stress exposure and psychological distress. Scientific Reports, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-12262-w
  384. Tolstikova, S., Osechkina, L., Tabolova, E., & Travinova, G. (2021). Development of teachers’ professional skills in education for sustainable development. E3s Web of Conferences, 250, 07007. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125007007
  385. Toropova, A., Myrberg, E., & Johansson, S. (2020). Teacher job satisfaction: the importance of school working conditions and teacher characteristics. Educational Review, 73(1), 71-97. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2019.1705247
  386. Triswanto, H. and Yunita, L. (2021). The influence of intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation on employee performance productivity of pt. weigh deli indonesia. Journal of Economics and Business (Jecombi), 2(2), 155-161. https://doi.org/10.58471/jecombi.v2i2.22
  387. Tsai, P. and Antoniou, P. (2021). Teacher job satisfaction in taiwan: making the connections with teacher attitudes, teacher self-efficacy and student achievement. International Journal of Educational Management, 35(5), 1016-1029. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijem-02-2020-0114
  388. Turney, S. (2022, May 13). Pearson Correlation Coefficient ®. Scribbr. https://www.scribbr.com/statistics/pearson-correlation-coefficient/
  389. Ulfatun, T., Septiyanti, F., & Lesmana, A. (2021). University students’ online learning self-efficacy and self-regulated learning during the covid-19 pandemic. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 11(12), 597-602. https://doi.org/10.18178/ijiet.2021.11.12.1570
  390. Ullah, J., Khan, Z., & Khan, A. (2022). Instructional leadership role of principals in improving teachers professional development in southern districts of khyber pakhtunkhwa. Global Educational Studies Review, VII(II), 126-134. https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(vii-ii).12
  391. Ungar, M. (2018). Systemic resilience: Principles and processes for a science of change in contexts of adversity. Ecology and Society, 23(4), 34.
  392. Vatou, A., Gregoriadis, A., Tsigilis, N., & Grammatikopoulos, V. (2022). Teachers’ social self-efficacy: development and validation of a new scale. Cogent Education, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186x.2022.2093492
  393. Viseu, J., de Jesus, S. N., Rus, C., & Canavarro , J. M. (2016). Teacher motivation, work satisfaction, and positive psychological capital: A literature review. Electronic Journal of Research in Education Psychology, 14(39), 439-461.
  394. Vishkaie, E. (2023). Enhancing perceived social support through self-efficacy workshops: a randomized controlled trial among housewives. PWJ, 4(3), 94-101. https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.pwj.4.3.12
  395. Vosoogh, N., Tavakolizadeh, J., & Pakdaman, M. (2022). Evaluating the structural equation model for explaining students’ academic motivation based on emotion regulation with the mediating role of academic self-efficacy. Journal of Research and Health, 12(3), 203-214. https://doi.org/10.32598/jrh.12.3.1839.3
  396. Wahyuni, E. (2024). An analysis of the students’ motivation toward english learning in online classes. Indonesian Journal of Educational Development (Ijed), 4(4), 459-471. https://doi.org/10.59672/ijed.v4i4.3576
  397. Wang, D., Zhao, X., & Zhanf, K. (2023).  Factors affecting organizational resilience inmegaprojects: a leader–employee perspective. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 30(10), 4590-4608.
  398. Wang, L. (2022). The effectiveness of employee performance of ministry of religious affairs during work from home and the factors that influence it. Jurnal Manajemen, 13(1), 44. https://doi.org/10.32832/jm-uika.v13i1.5485
  399. Wang, L., Li, M., Xiao-jian, J., Han, Y., Liu, J., Xiang, T., … & Zhu, Z. (2022). Mediating effect of self-efficacy on the relationship between perceived social support and resilience in patients with recurrent schizophrenia in china. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, Volume 18, 1299-1308. https://doi.org/10.2147/ndt.s368695
  400. Wang, X. (2022). Ways to maintain ells’ cultural diversity in education - taking three new york elementary schools as examples. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 35-39. https://doi.org/10.18178/ijssh.2022.v12.1062
  401. Wang, Y. (2021). Building teachers’ resilience: Practical applications for teacher education of China. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 738606.
  402. Wang, Y., Zhao, Y., Xie, S., Wang, X., Chen, Q., & Xia, X. (2019). Resilience mediates the relationship between social support and quality of life in patients with primary glaucoma. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00022
  403. Wangchuk, K. (2021). Bhutanese school principals’ discernments towards instructional leadership practices. Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies, 19-34. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajess/2021/v21i330509
  404. Waters, C. and Friesen, A. (2019). Parent experiences of raising a young child with multiple disabilities: the transition to preschool. Research and Practice for Persons With Severe Disabilities, 44(1), 20-36. https://doi.org/10.1177/1540796919826229
  405. Weber, M. M. (2023). The Relationship between Resilience and Sustainability in the Organizational Context—A Systematic Review. Sustainability, 15(22), 15970. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152215970
  406. Wei, Z. and Ma, Y. (2022). The limitation and optimization of maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory in enterprises’ application. BCP Business & Management, 17, 161-168. https://doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v17i.388
  407. What is Intellectual Stimulation | IGI Global. (n.d.). Www.igi-Global.com. https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/leadership-and-innovative-approaches-in-higher-education/35676
  408. Whitson, H. E., Cohen, H. J., Schmader, K. E., Morey, M. C., Kuchel, G., & Colon-Emeric, C. S. (2018). Physical Resilience: Not Simply the Opposite of Frailty. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 66(8), 1459–1461. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.15233
  409. Whitson, H. E., Duan-Porter, W., Schmader, K. E., Morey, M. C., Cohen, H. J., & Colón-Trochim, W. M. K., & Donnelly, J. P. (2008). The research methods knowledge base (3rd ed.).  Atomic Dog/Cengage Learning.
  410. Widya, L. (2023). Kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa smp dalam menyelesaikan asesmen kompetensi minimum numerasi ditinjau dari efikasi diri. Jurnal Paedagogy, 10(4), 1189. https://doi.org/10.33394/jp.v10i4.9170
  411. Wiig, S., Aase, K., Billett, S., Canfield, C., Røise, O., Njå, O., … & Macrae, C. (2020). Defining the boundaries and operational concepts of resilience in the resilience in healthcare research program. BMC Health Services Research, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-020-05224-3
  412. Wilkesmann, U. and Vorberg, R. (2021). The influence of relatedness and organizational resources on teaching motivation in continuing higher education. Zeitschrift Für Weiterbildungsforschung, 44(3), 263-284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40955-021-00186-3
  413. Willis, J., Krausen, K., Caparas, R., & Taylor, T. (2019). Resource allocation strategies to support the four domains for rapid school improvement. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED602981.pdf
  414. Wisniewski, B. and Zierer, K. (2021). Functions and success conditions of student feedback in the development of teaching and teachers., 125-138. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75150-0_8
  415. Wodehouse, J. P. (2022). There Is An “I” in Team: Intellectual Stimulation in Leadership Explained. Psu.edu. https://extension.psu.edu/there-is-an-i-in-team-intellectual-stimulation-in-leadership-explained
  416. Wu, Y., Yu, W., Wu, X., Wan, H., Wang, Y., & Li, G. (2020). Psychological resilience and positive coping styles among chinese undergraduate students: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychology, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-020-00444-y
  417. Xu, J. and Yang, X. (2023). The influence of resilience on stress reaction of college students during covid-19: the mediating role of coping style and positive adaptive response. Current Psychology, 43(13), 12120-12131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-04214-4
  418. Xu, L. (2023). Professional identity and self-regulated learning: the mediating role of intrinsic motivation and the moderating role of sense of school belonging. Sage Open, 13(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440231177034
  419. Xue, X., Wang, L., & Yang, R. J. (2018). Exploring the science of resilience: critical review and bibliometric analysis. Natural Hazards, 90(1), 477–510. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-017-3040-y
  420. Yablonska, T. (2024). Emotional experiences and their connection with coping strategies during the covid-19 pandemic: gender differences. Roczniki Psychologiczne, 27(1), 67-90. https://doi.org/10.18290/rpsych2024.0004
  421. Yadav, P. (2018). An analysis of students’ feedback about different teaching learning methods in pharmacology. Journal of Medical Science and Clinical Research, 6(12). https://doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v6i12.69
  422. Yakit, G. (2023). Analysing the level and relation between the reasoning ways, the social problem solving, the rational and intuitive decision making skills of in-service and pre-service teachers. İnsan Ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12(3), 1576-1595. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1281925
  423. Yamashita, A., Yoshioka, S., & Yajima, Y. (2021). Resilience and related factors as predictors of relapse risk in patients with substance use disorder: a cross-sectional study. Substance Abuse Treatment Prevention and Policy, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13011-021-00377-8
  424. Yan, L. (2023). Psychological stress and coping strategy profiles among frontline medical workers during the covid-19 pandemic. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 211(12), 954-960. https://doi.org/10.1097/nmd.0000000000001723
  425. Yan, L., Bellibaş, M., & Gümüş, S. (2020). The effect of instructional leadership and distributed leadership on teacher self-efficacy and job satisfaction: mediating roles of supportive school culture and teacher collaboration. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 49(3), 430-453. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143220910438
  426. Yan, L., Bellibaş, M., & Gümüş, S. (2020). The effect of instructional leadership and distributed leadership on teacher self-efficacy and job satisfaction: mediating roles of supportive school culture and teacher collaboration. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 49(3), 430-453. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143220910438
  427. Yang, Q. (2024). Analysis of leading actors’ career pathways in the intern based on maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Academic Journal of Management and Social Sciences, 6(1), 15-18. https://doi.org/10.54097/xne4dm58
  428. Yang, X., Xie, R., Chen, S., Yu, W., Liao, Y., Krewski, D., … & Wen, S. (2019). Using video feedback through smartphone instant messaging in fundamental nursing skills teaching: observational study. Jmir Mhealth and Uhealth, 7(9), e15386. https://doi.org/10.2196/15386
  429. Yang, Z. (2023). Review of resilience conceptual , assessment and intervention. Pacific International Journal, 6(1), 110-115. https://doi.org/10.55014/pij.v6i1.319
  430. Yasmeen, G. (2023). Effect of instructional leadership on student academic achievement in science subjects at secondary school level. Annals of Human and Social Sciences, 4(II). https://doi.org/10.35484/ahss.2023(4-ii)51
  431. Yeboah, S. and Kuranchie, A. (2022). Challenges teachers encounter while seeking for promotion and upgrading. European Journal of Education Studies, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.46827/ejes.v10i1.4613
  432. Yin, H. (2024). Assessment and development of physical education teachers’ physical literacy: a systematic review. Plos One, 19(7), e0307505. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0307505
  433. Younis, A., Parveen, Q., & Niazi, M. (2022). Impact of co-curricular activities on elementary school students’ overall performance. Global Sociological Review, VII(II), 159-165. https://doi.org/10.31703/gsr.2022(vii-ii).17
  434. Yulianti, K., Denessen, E., Droop, M., & Veerman, G. (2019). Transformational leadership for parental involvement: how teachers perceive the school leadership practices to promote parental involvement in children’s education. Leadership and Policy in Schools, 20(2), 277-292. https://doi.org/10.1080/15700763.2019.1668424
  435. Yulianti, K., Denessen, E., Droop, W., & Veerman, G. (2020). School efforts to promote parental involvement: the contributions of school leaders and teachers. Educational Studies, 48(1), 98-113. https://doi.org/10.1080/03055698.2020.1740978
  436. Yunanto, T. (2023). Happiness in the javanese context: exploring the role of emotion regulation and resilience. Humanitas Indonesian Psychological Journal, 149-158. https://doi.org/10.26555/humanitas.v20i2.42
  437. YURT, İ. and Bozkurt, Ö. (2022). A comparative study of the public and private sector on the evaluation of career satisfaction and motivation in terms of organizational values. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21(83), 1324-1342. https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.1032248
  438. Zada, N. (2021). The role of co-curricular activities in leadership skills’ development among university students. Journal of Social Sciences Review, 1(2), 38-52. https://doi.org/10.54183/jssr.v1i2.8
  439. Zarkasih, A., Munthe, R., Wahyuni, E., & Mandili, I. (2022). Enhancing intrinsic motivation in higher education case study: university student in labuhanbatu. International Journal of Educational Research & Social Sciences, 3(2), 810-818. https://doi.org/10.51601/ijersc.v3i2.341
  440. Zeng, D., Takada, N., Hara, Y., Sugiyama, S., Ito, Y., Nihei, Y., … & Asakura, K. (2022). Impact of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation on work engagement: a cross-sectional study of nurses working in long-term care facilities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(3), 1284. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031284
  441. Zhan, X., Anthony, A., Goddard, R., & Beard, K. (2020). Development, factor structure, and reliability of the shared instructional leadership scale in public secondary schools. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 51(1), 75-94. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143220963103
  442. Zhang, G. (2024). The association between physical activity, self-efficacy, stress self-management and mental health among adolescents. Scientific Reports, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-56149-4
  443. Zhang, H., Jia, Y., & Wang, H. (2022). A needs learning algorithm applied to stable gait generation of quadruped robot. Sensors, 22(19), 7302. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22197302
  444. Zhang, J., Xiang-Zi, J., & Zhou, Y. (2023). The mediating effect of mental health literacy on psychological resilience and psychological distress of medical college students. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 2023(1). https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/3461121
  445. Zhang, S., Deng, X., Xin, Z., Xuebin, C., & Hou, J. (2022). The relationship between postgraduates’ emotional intelligence and well-being: the chain mediating effect of social support and psychological resilience. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.865025
  446. Zhang, Z. (2023). A framework for enhancing English as a Foreign Language teachers’ teaching self-efficacy in china secondary vocational schools. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 13(8). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v13-i8/18086.
  447. Zhao, X. and Si, H. (2021). Loneliness and frailty among nursing home older adults: the multiple mediating role of social support and resilience. Psychogeriatrics, 21(6), 902-909. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyg.12765
  448. Zheng, X., Yin, H., & Li, Z. (2018). Exploring the relationships among instructional leadership, professional learning communities and teacher self-efficacy in China. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 47(6), 843-859. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143218764176
  449. Zheng, X., Yin, H., & Li, Z. (2018). Exploring the relationships among instructional leadership, professional learning communities and teacher self-efficacy in china. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 47(6), 843-859. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143218764176
  450. Zhou, K., Ning, F., & Wang, W. (2022). The mediator role of resilience between psychological predictors and health-related quality of life in breast cancer survivors: a cross-sectional study. BMC Cancer, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-022-09177-0
  451. Zhou, Q., Li, Q., & Gong, S. (2019). How job autonomy promotes employee’s sustainable development? a moderated mediation model. Sustainability, 11(22), 6445. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11226445.
  452. Zhu, Y., Zhang, S., & Shen, Y. (2019). Humble leadership and employee resilience: exploring the mediating mechanism of work-related promotion focus and perceived insider identity. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00673