HomePsychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journalvol. 40 no. 6 (2025)

Clinical Instructional Supervisory Practices: Input to Professional Growth and Development of Elementary Teachers

Joel Octobre | Edilberto Andal

Discipline: Education

 

Abstract:

Clinical instructional supervisory practices of school principals play a crucial role in enhancing the professional growth and development of elementary teachers by providing frequent observations, feedback, and coaching. This study aimed to determine the clinical instructional supervisory practices of school principals as an input to the professional growth and development of teachers. The respondents were 285 public elementary school teachers representing the entire population of Sariaya East District, Division of Quezon. This study was conducted during the School Year 2024-2025. The study concluded that clinical instructional supervisory practices of school principals, including pre-conference, classroom observation, and post-conference, are highly observed by respondents. Similarly, teachers demonstrated a very high level of professional growth and development, particularly in self-analysis, openness to change, willingness to accept assistance, and self-direction. Furthermore, the study established a significant relationship between clinical instructional supervisory practices and teachers' professional growth, highlighting the critical role of effective supervision in promoting continuous improvement and instructional excellence.



References:

  1. Abeysekera, O. (2023). What are the factors that influence learning? https://drstudylearning.com.au/what-are-the-factors-that-influence-learning/
  2. Abubakr, A. (2018). The role of educational supervisors towards improving teachers performance. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323114130_THE_ROLE_OF_EDUCATIONAL_SUPERVISORS_TOWARDS_IMPROVING_TEACHERS_PERFORMANCE
  3. Adarkwah, M. (2021). The power of assessment feedback in teaching and learning: A narrative review and synthesis of the literature. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349915536_The_power_of_assessment_feedback_in_teaching_and_learning_a_narrative_review_and_synthesis_of_the_literature
  4. Alabdulkareem, R. (2015). Differentiated supervision model: A way of improving school leadership in Saudi Arabia. http://eprints.iab.edu.my/v2/479/1/193.pdf
  5. Alkalaki, E. (2021). Pedagogical content knowledge: A comparative study of Greek heritage language teachers in Sweden. https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1566325/FULLTEXT01.pdf
  6. Amua-Sekyi, E. (2016). Assessment, student learning and classroom practice: A review. Journal of Education and Practice, vol. 7, no. 21. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1109385.pdf
  7. Andyani, H., Setyosari, P., Wiyono, B. & Djatmika, E. (2020). Does technological pedagogical content knowledge impact on the use of ICT in pedagogy? International Journal of Emerging Technology in Learning, vol. 15, no. 3. https://www.learntechlib.org/p/217025/
  8. Anqour, S. (2023). The power of growth in personal and professional development: Unleashing potential. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/unleashing-potential-power-growth-personal-salim-anqour
  9. Asare, E. & Afriyie, E. (2022). Barriers to basic school teachers’ implementation of formative assessment in the Cape Coast Metropolis of Ghana. Open Education Studies. https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/edu-2022-0193/html?lang=en
  10. Asiyah, S., Wiyono, B., Hidayah, N. & Supriyanto, A. (2021). The effect of professional development, innovative work and work commitment on quality of teaching learning in elementary schools of Indonesia. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 95 (2021), 227-246. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1321959.pdf
  11. Aslam, R., Khan, N., Asad, M.M. & Ahmed, U. (2021). Impact of technological pedagogical content knowledge on teachers’ digital proficiency at classroom in higher education institution of Pakistan. Interactive Technology and Smart Education, Vol. 18 No. 1, pp. 119-130.
  12. Auman, A. & Asuncion, C. (2023). Moderating effect of systematic classroom observation on the relationship between the behavioral competencies and performance of teachers: A convergent design. Southeast Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, vol. 3, no. 3.
  13. Baron, J., Rinkinen, A. & Adelman, M. (2023). Leading the charge: Why investing in school principals matters. https://blogs.worldbank.org/education/leading-charge-why-investing-school-principals-matters
  14. Barrogo, S. (2020). Teachers’ perception of standardized classroom observation tool. International Journal of Academic Pedagogical Research, vol. 4, issue 7, pp. 33-37. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED606699.pdf
  15. Bellibas, M. (2022). Empowering principals to conduct classroom observations in a centralized education system: Does it make a difference for teacher self-efficacy and instructional practices? International Journal of Educational Management. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJEM-02-2022-0086/full/html
  16. Bencherab, A. & Al Maskari, A. (2020). Clinical supervision: A genius tool for teachers’ professional growth. Tuara: The Universal Academic Research Journal. http://www.tuara.org/frontend//articles/pdf/v3i2/1pdfpdf.pdf
  17. Brownfield, J. (2020). The effects of principal feedback on instruction. https://www.proquest.com/openview/0eba67e116bc160e5ffc4718d80c70b9/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y
  18. Bruns, B., Costa, L. & Cunha, N. (2018). Through the looking glass: Can classroom observation and coaching improve teacher performance in Brazil? Economics of Education Review, vol. 64, pp. 214-250. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0272775717303576
  19. Bush, T. (2023). Administration, governance, and leadership. International Encyclopedia of Education (Fourth Edition). https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/instructional
  20. Carroll, A., York, A., Fynes-Clinton, S., Sanders-O’Connor, E., Flynn, L., Bower, J., Forrest, K. & Ziaei, M. (2021). The downstream effects of teacher well-being programs: Improvements in teachers’ stress, cognition and well-being benefit their students. Frontiers in Psychology; 21: 689628. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8281271/
  21. Cassidy, L. (2018). The impact of a formative classroom observation tool on teachers’ reflective process on instructional practices: An action research study. https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5880&context=etd
  22. Chalikias, M., Georgios, S., Raftopoulou, I. & Kyriakopoulos, G. (2020). The school principal’s role as a leader in teachers’ professional development: The case of public secondary education in Athens. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 18 (4): 461-474.
  23. Chaula, L. (2023). School heads’ clinical supervision practices and emerging teacher emotions in Tanzania secondary schools. Heliyon, 9, e13021. https://www.cell.com/heliyon/pdf/S2405-8440(23)00228-1.pdf
  24. Chen, C. (2018). Felicitation of teachers’ professional development through principals’ instructional supervision and teachers’ knowledge-management behaviors. https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/61746
  25. Cherry, K. (2022). How social learning theory works. https://www.verywellmind.com/social-learning-theory-2795074
  26. Chua, J. C. (2025). Challenges and learning needs analysis of school heads’ research capabilities. Sariaya West District, Department of Education – Division of Quezon
  27. Cioppa, T. (2020). Teachers’ perceptions of principal classroom observational feedback and its impact on instructional practices. https://ojs.aaresearchindex.com/index.php/AAJMRA/article/view/10734
  28. Culla, T. (2019). School heads’ classroom observation practices in selected public elementary school in the Division of Batangas City. Ascendens Asia Journal of Multidisciplinary Research Abstracts, vol. 3, no. 2H. https://ojs.aaresearchindex.com/index.php/AAJMRA/article/view/10734
  29. de Vries, J., Dimosthenous, A., Schildkamp, K. & Visscher, A. (2022). The impact on student achievement of an assessment for learning teacher professional development program. Studies in Educational Evaluation, vol. 74, 101184. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191491X2200061X
  30. DepEd Order no. 35, s. 2016 – The learning action cell as a K to 12 basic education program school-based continuing professional development strategy for the improvement of teaching and learning
  31. DepEd Order no. 42, s. 2017 – National adoption and implementation of the Philippine professional standards
  32. Du Plessis, A. (2019). Barriers to effective management of diversity in classroom contexts: The out-of-field teaching phenomenon. International Journal of Educational Research, vol. 93, pp. 136-152. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0883035517316932
  33. Echon, J. & Cabal, E. (2022). School principal-teachers’ interactions in relation to teachers’ professional well-being. International Journal of Academic Multidisciplinary Research, vol. 6, issue 8, pp. 175-184. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED622109.pdf
  34. Eimar, S., Jaguimit, G., Lazado, G., Lustado, A., Salagantin, J., Toyco, U. & Silawan, P. (2019). The effects of the learning environment on the academic performance of Grade 12 students: An emerging guide. Ascendens Asia Singapore – Bestlink College of the Philippines Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, vol. 1, no. 1. https://ojs.aaresearchindex.com/index.php/aasgbcpjmra/article/view/1166
  35. Esia-Donkoh, K. & Baffoe, S. (2018). Instructional supervisory practices of headteachers and teacher motivation in public basic schools in Anomabo Education Circuit. Journal of Education and e-Learning Research, vol. 5, no. 1, 43-50. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1170351.pdf
  36. Espinoza, D. & Cardichon, J. (2017). Investing in effective school leadership: How states are taking advantage of opportunities under ESSA. https://learningpolicyinstitute.org/product/investing-effective-school-leadership-brief
  37. Filgona, J., John, S. & Gwany, D. (2020). Teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge and students’ academic achievement: A theoretical overview. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344199882_TEACHERS'_PEDAGOGICAL_CONTENT_KNOWLEDGE_AND_STUDENTS'_ACADEMIC_ACHIEVEMENT_A_THEORETICAL_OVERVIEW
  38. Garet, M., Wayne, A., Brown, S., Rickles, J., Song, M. & Manzeske, D. (2017). The impact of providing performance feedback to teachers and principals. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED578873.pdf
  39. Gatlin-Nash, B., Hwang, J., Tani, N., Zargar, E., Wood, T., Yang, D., Powell, K. & Connor, C. (2021). Using assessment to improve the accuracy of teachers’ perceptions of students’ academic competence. Elementary School Journal, 121 (4): 609-634. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8681869/
  40. Glanz, J. (2021). Personal reflections on supervision as instructional leadership: From whence it came and to where shall it go? https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1107&context=jes
  41. Gore, J., Lloyd, A., Smith, M., Bowe, J., Ellis, H. & Lubans, D. (2017). Effects of professional development on the quality of teaching: Results from a randomized controlled trials of quality teaching rounds. Teaching and Teacher Education, vol. 68, November 2017, pp. 99-113. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0742051X17304225
  42. Grissom, J., Egalite, A. & Lindsay, C. (2021). How principals affect students and schools. https://wallacefoundation.org/sites/default/files/2023-09/How-Principals-Affect-Students-and-Schools.pdf
  43. Grusec, J. (2020). Social learning theory. Encyclopedia of Infant and Early Childhood Development (Second Edition). https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/psychology/social-learning-theory
  44. Haddad, G., Haddad, G. & Nagpal, G. (2021). Can students’ perception of the diverse learning environment affect their intentions toward entrepreneurship? Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, vol. 6, issue 3, pp. 167-176. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2444569X21000214
  45. Haep, A., Steins, G. & Behnke, K. (2016). Classroom observation as an instrument for school development: School principals’ perspectives on its relevance and problems. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 49 (4): 1-6. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299547252_Classroom_observation_as_an_instrument_for_school_development_School_principals'_perspectives_on_its_relevance_and_problems
  46. Harve, A. (2023). The importance of curriculum planning for effective learning. https://www.hurix.com/the-importance-of-curriculum-planning-for-effective-learning/
  47. Herrmann, M., Clark, M., James-Burdumy, S., Tuttle, T., Knechtel, V., Dotter, D., Wulsin, C. & Deke, J. (2019). The effects of a principal professional development program focused on instructional leadership. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED599489.pdf
  48. Hobbs, M. (2022). The importance of principals. https://ed.unc.edu/2022/08/31/edge-the-importance-of-principals/
  49. Holvio, A. (2022). Impact of teaching content knowledge on student achievement in a low-income country. https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/259379/1/wp2022-23.pdf
  50. Hoque, K., Kenayathulla, H., Subramaniam, M. & Islam, R. (2020). Relationship between supervision and teachers’ performance and attitude in secondary schools in Malaysia. Sage Journals. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2158244020925501
  51. Horner, M. (2016). Principals as instructional leaders in targeted reading intervention schools. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/210603848.pdf
  52. Huaranga, H. A. (2021). Curriculum planning for learning and its relationship to teacher performance. Sinergias educativas, vol. 5, no. 3. http://portal.amelica.org/ameli/jatsRepo/382/3821677003/html/
  53. Igbineweka, P., Okpa, O., Sule, M. & Sule, E. (2022). Clinical instructional supervisory practices and teachers’ professional efficiency in secondary schools in Calabar Education Zone, Nigeria. European Journal of Social Sciences, 60: 136-145. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357539267_Clinical_Instructional_Supervisory_Practices_and_Teachers'_Professional_Efficiency_in_Secondary_Schools_in_Calabar_Education_Zone_Nigeria
  54. Imran, N., Rahman, A., Chaudhry, N. & Asif, A. (2022). Effectiveness of a school-based mental health intervention for school teachers in urban Pakistan: A randomized controlled trial. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 16, article no. 33. https://capmh.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13034-022-00470-1
  55. Irembere, W. (2019). Teacher involvement in school curriculum design and development in the Philippines: A case study. International Forum Journal, vol. 22, no. 1. https://journals.aiias.edu/info/article/view/43
  56. Jeschke, C., Kuhn, C., Heinze, A., Zlatkin-Troitschanskaia, O., Saas, H. & Lindmeier, A. (2021). Teachers’ ability to apply their subject-specific knowledge in instructional settings- a qualitative comparative study in the subjects Mathematics and Economics. Frontiers in Education, vol. 6. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feduc.2021.683962/full
  57. Kacinova, S. (2021). Personal and professional development; meaning, importance and how to get started today. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/personal-professional-development-meaning-importance-how-kacinova
  58. Kasurkar, R., Orsini, C., Somra, S., Artino, Jr., A., Daelmans, H., Schoonmade, L. & van der Vleuten, C. (2023). The effect of assessments on student motivation for learning and its outcomes in health professions education: A review and realist synthesis. Academic Medicine, Sep; 98 (9): 1083-1092. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10453393/
  59. Kayikci, K., Yilmaz, O. & Sahin, A. (2017). The view of educational supervisors on clinical supervision. Journal of Education and Practice, vol. 8, no. 21. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED581541.pdf
  60. Kennedy, C. (2018). Principal leadership of tier 3 school-wide positive behavior interventions and supports. https://dune.une.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1152&context=theses
  61. Khaleel, N., Alhosani, M. & Duyar, I. (2021). The role of school principals in promoting inclusive schools: A teachers’ perspective. Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 6. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feduc.2021.603241/full
  62. Khalid, M., Qi, z. & Bibi, J. (2021). The impact of learning in a diversified environment: Social and cognitive development of international students for global mind-set. European Journal of Training and Development. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352411714_The_impact_of_learning_in_a_diversified_environment_social_and_cognitive_development_of_international_students_for_global_mind-set
  63. Li, J. & Xue, E. (2023). Dynamic interaction between student learning behavior and learning environment: Meta-analysis of student engagement and its influencing factors. Behavioral Science, 13 (1), 59. https://www.mdpi.com/2076-328X/13/1/59
  64. Liebowitz, D. & Porter, L. (2019). The effect of principal behaviors on student, teacher and school outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the empirical literature. Review of Educational Research, vol. 89, issue 5. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.3102/0034654319866133
  65. Malik, R. & Rizvi, A. (2018). Effect of classroom learning environment on students’ academic achievement in mathematics at secondary level. Bulletin of Education and Research, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 207-218. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0883035517316932
  66. Mandukwini, N. (2016). Challenges towards curriculum implementation in high school in Mount Fletcher District, Eastern Cape. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/83637231.pdf
  67. Marvi, K. (2023). Impact of cultural diversity in classrooms of secondary schools. Creative Education, vol. 14, no. 1. https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation?paperid=122688
  68. Maryani, I. & Martaningsih, S. (2015). Correlation between teacher’s PCK (pedagogical content knowledge) and student’s motivation in primary school. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 38-44. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1091704.pdf
  69. McLeod, S. (2024). Albert Bandura’s social learning theory. https://www.simplypsychology.org/bandura.html
  70. Merrit, E. (2016). Time for teacher learning planning critical for school reform. https://kappanonline.org/time-teacher-learning-planning-critical-school-reform/
  71. Moffat, T., Laureta, B. & Rana, L. (2016). Creating inclusive environments and catering for individual needs. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1240305.pdf
  72. Monteiro, V., Mata, L. & Santos, N. (2021). Assessment conceptions and practices: Perspectives of primary school teachers and students. Frontiers in Education, vol. 6. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feduc.2021.631185/full
  73. Muasa, D., M., Ogola, F., & Nzioki, S. (2021). Influence of Principal Class Visitations Practices on Students’ Academic Performance in KCSE in Public Secondary schools in Mashuru Sub-County. Journal of Education, 4(4), 98-110
  74. Munna, A. (2023). Instructional leadership and role of module leaders. International Journal of Educational Reform, vol. 32, issue 1. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/10567879211042321
  75. Ndungu, B., Allan, G. & Emily, B. (2015). Influence of monitoring and evaluation by principals on effective teaching and learning in public secondary schools in Githunguri District. Journal of Education and Practice, vol. 6, no. 9. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1082461.pdf
  76. Nevenglosky, E., Cale, C. & Aguilar, S. (2019). Barriers to effective curriculum implementation. Research in Higher Education Journal, vol. 36. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1203958.pdf
  77. Nyqvist, J., Brolin, K., Nilsson, T. & Lindstrom, V. (2020). The learning environment and supportive supervision promote learning and are based on the relationship between students and supervisors – a qualitative study. Nurse Education in Practice, 2020 Jan: 42: 102692. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31884207/
  78. Odumosu, M., Olisama, O. & Areelu, F. (2018). Teachers’ content and pedagogical knowledge on students’ achievement in Algebra. International Journal of Education and Research, vol. 6, no. 3. https://ijern.com/journal/2018/March-2018/11.pdf
  79. Oyinloye, O. & Imenda, S. (2019). The impact of assessment for learning on learner performance in Life Science. EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 2019, 15 (11), em1775. https://www.ejmste.com/download/the-impact-of-assessment-for-learning-on-learner-performance-in-life-science-7733.pdf
  80. Ozan, C. & Kincal, R. (2018). The effects of formative assessment on academic achievement, attitudes toward the lesson, and self-regulation skills. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 18 (1), 85-118. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1179831.pdf
  81. Ozcan, M. (2020). Teachers’ evaluation on school principals’ supervision. Educational Policy Analysis and Strategic Research, vol. 15, issue 2. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1263429.pdf
  82. Ozdemir, N. (2020). Principals as instructional leaders: Observation of Turkish and Math instruction in lower secondary schools in Turkey. https://digitalcommons.nl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1206&context=ie
  83. Padillo, G., Manguilimotan, R., Capuno, R. & Espina, R. (2021). Professional development activities and teacher performance. International Journal of Education and Practice, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 497-506. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1328399.pdf
  84. Pardo, A. & Tellez, M. F. (2016). Reflection on teachers’ personal and professional growth through a materials development seminar. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1128107.pdf
  85. Payne, J. (2018). Professional development and its influence on teacher practice and student achievement. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4069&context=theses
  86. Person, M. (2020). The connection between professional development and teacher growth. https://digscholarship.unco.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1685&context=dissertations
  87. Possi, M. & Milinga, J. (2017). Learner diversity in inclusive classrooms: The interplay of language of instruction, gender and disability. Malaysian Inline Journal of Educational Sciences, vol. 5, issue 3. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1150435.pdf
  88. Ritchie, D. (2021). The importance of classroom observation. https://www.codimg.com/education/blog/en/classroom-observation#c013
  89. Roldan, S., Marauri, J., Aubert, A. & Flecha, R. (2021). How inclusive interactive learning environments benefit students without special needs. Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 12. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.661427/full
  90. Sebastian, J., Allensworth, E. & Huang, H. (2016). The role of teacher leadership in how principals influence classroom instruction and student learning. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/688169
  91. Segura, S. (2016). Professional development and the impact on teacher growth and development. https://digitalcommons.du.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2105&context=etd
  92. Sen, M., Oztekin, C. & Demirdogen, B. (2018). Impact of content knowledge on pedagogical content knowledge in the context of cell division. Journal of Science Teacher Education, vol. 29, issue 2. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1046560X.2018.1425819
  93. Sharma, N. (2023). The importance of curriculum development in enhancing teaching and learning. https://www.hurix.com/the-importance-of-curriculum-development-in-enhancing-teaching-and-learning/
  94. Soler, M. (2016). Competency-based education model benefits faculty as well as students. https://evolllution.com/programming/applied-and-experiential-learning/competency-based-education-models-benefits-faculty-as-well-as-students
  95. Sowell, M. (2018). It’s what principals do: Influencing teachers to support students. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1191666.pdf
  96. Stephens, A. (2022). Why both personal and professional development are important. https://www.peoplesense.com.au/news/article/07072022-239/why-both-personal-and-professional-development-are-important
  97. Sturt, P. & Rothwell, B. (2019). Implementing the integrated model of supervision: A view from the training room. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336405385_Implementing_the_integrated_model_of_supervision_A_view_from_the_training_room
  98. Suglo, E., Bornaa, C., Iddrisu, A., Atepor, S., Adams, F. & Owuba, L. (2023). Teacher’s pedagogical content knowledge and students’ academic performance in Circle Theorem. Journal of Education and Teaching Methods, vol. 2, no. 3. https://gprjournals.org/journals/index.php/JETM/article/view/195
  99. Sule, M., Ameh, E. & Egbai, M. (2015). Instructional supervisory practices and teachers’ role effectiveness in public secondary schools in Calabar South Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria. Journal of Education and Practice, vol. 6, no. 23. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1079011.pdf
  100. Sumapal, M. & Haramain, J. (2023). Descriptive study on the instructional supervision practices of Bangsamoro school heads: Evaluating their impact on educational improvement. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2023, 18 (03), 1518-1532. https://wjarr.com/sites/default/files/WJARR-2023-1251.pdf
  101. The Education Hub (2021). Instructional leadership and why it matters. https://theeducationhub.org.nz/instructional-leadership-and-why-it-matters/
  102. Umar, A. (2018). The impact of assessment for learning on students’ achievement in English for specific purposes: A case study of pre-medical students at Khartoum University: Sudan. English Language Teaching, vol. 11, no. 2. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1166124.pdf
  103. Voogt, J., Pieters, J. & Handelzalts, A. (2016). Teacher collaboration in curriculum design teams: Effects, mechanisms, and conditions. Educational Research and Evaluation: An International Journal on Theory and Practice, vol. 22, issue 3-4. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13803611.2016.1247725
  104. Wanzek, A. (2018). The role of a principal in establishing and maintaining positive behavioral interventions and supports (pbis): An ethnographic case study. https://commons.und.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3438&context=theses
  105. Wiyono, B., Degeng, I. & Wedi, A. (2020). The effectiveness of the implementation of school-based curricula and national curriculum-based learning process in primary schools in Indonesia. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, vol. 508.
  106. Xie, Z., Wu, R., Liu, H. & Liu, J. (2022). How does teacher-perceived principal leadership affect teacher self-efficacy between different teaching experiences through collaboration in China? A multilevel structural equation model analysis based on threshold. Frontiers in Psychology; 13: 933838. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9453751/
  107. Yambi, T. & Yambi, C. (2020). Assessment and evaluation in education. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342918149_ASSESSMENT_AND_EVALUATION_IN_EDUCATION.
  108. Yuliza (2022). Education planning curriculum based on technology: Impact evaluation. Development: Studies in Educational Management and Leadership, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 39-54. DOI:https://doi.org/10.47766/development.v1i1.642.