Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Health, Academic Performance and Coping Mechanisms of Senior High School Students at Saint Joseph College, Maasin City, Southern Leyte
Clare Bactasa
Discipline: psychology (non-specific)
Abstract:
This study investigated the extent of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the health, academic performance, and
coping mechanisms of the Grade 11 and 12 students of Saint Joseph College, Maasin City, Southern Leyte. The survey
questionnaire was given to randomly selected 300 students and the results were statistically treated with an equal
number of female and male students. The descriptive-correlational method of research was utilized and the
questionnaire was adopted and modified from the DASS-21, Symptoms of Stress, BMSLSS- PTPB, DSES, and
Coping Mechanisms. The study's findings reveal that the spiritual health was significantly affected, the social health
was affected, and both the physical and mental health were slightly affected. Academic performance was outstanding,
yet, few got failing grades, and coping mechanisms were often practiced. Among the profiles, age and gender has a
significant relationship with health. There is a significant relationship between health and academic performance.
Only the gender profile has a significant relationship with coping. The coping mechanisms and academic performance
has a significant relationship. There is a significant difference in coping mechanisms when grouped together according
to their gender. A health intervention plan was developed based on the findings of the study.
References:
- Ackerman, J. M., Tybur, J. M., & Blackwell, A. D. (2021). What role does pathogen-avoidance psychology play in pandemics?. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 25(3), 177-186. DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2020.11.008
- Adhikari, S. P., Meng, S., Wu, Y. J., Mao, Y. P., Ye, R. X., Wang, Q. Z. & Zhou,H. (2020). Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation, and diagnosis, prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the early outbreak period: A scoping review. Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 9(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-020-00646-x
- AlAzzam, M., Abuhammad, S., Tawalbeh, L., & Dalky, H. (2021). Prevalence and correlates of depression, anxiety, and suicidality among high school students: A national study. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 59(8):43-51. DOI: 10.3928/02793695-20210426-02
- Almerino, P. M., Ocampo, L. A., Abellana, D. P. M., Almerino, J. G. F., Mamites, O., Pinili, L. C., & Peteros, E. D. (2020). Evaluating the academic performance of K-12 students in the Philippines: A standardized evaluation approach. Education Research International, 2020(8877712), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8877712
- American Migraine Foundation. (2016). Headache hygiene-what is it? http://surl.li/bkqjj
- American Psychological Association (2020). Coping mechanisms. https://dictionary.apa.org/coping-mechanism
- Ammar, A., Brach, M., Trabelsi, K., Chtourou, H., Boukhris, O., Masmoudi, L., & Hoekelmann, A. (2020). Effects of COVID-19 home confinement on eating behaviour and physical activity: Results of the ECLB-COVID19 international online survey. Nutrients, 12(6), 1583. DOI:10.3390/nu12061583
- Atal, S., & Cheng, C. (2016). Socioeconomic health disparities revisited: Coping flexibility enhances health-related quality of life for individuals low in socioeconomic status. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 14(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-016-0410
- Atalan, A. (2020). Is the lockdown important to prevent the COVID-19 pandemic? Effects on psychology, environment, and economy perspective. Annals of Medicine and Surgery, 56, 38-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2020.06.010
- Athay, M. M., Douglas Kelley, S., & Dew-Reeves, S. E. (2012). Brief multidimensional students’ life satisfaction scale – PTPB version (BMSLSS-PTPB): Psychometric properties and relationship with mental health symptom severity over time. Administration and Policy in Mental Health, 39, 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10488-011-0385-5
- Aucejo, E. M., French, J., Araya, M. P. U., & Zafar, B. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on student experiences and expectations: Evidence from a survey. Journal of Public Economics, 191, 104271.DOI: 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104271
- Bangayan, D. S., Ambagan, F., Rosales, M. R. B., & Maming, J. B. (2021). Coping mechanisms of senior high school learners during the Covid-19 pandemic at Goshen School of Technology and Humanities: A case study. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research, 2(6), 472-478. DOI: 10.11594/ijmaber.02.06.02
- Bonneville-Roussy, A., Evans, P., Verner-Filion, J., Vallerand, R. J., & Bouffard,T. (2017). Motivation and coping with the stress of assessment: Gender differences in outcomes for university students. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 48, 28-42. DOI: 10.1016/j.cedpsych.2016.08.003
- Briliantes, K. D. B., Orbeta, A.,Francisco-Abrigo, K., Capones, E., & Jovellanos, J.B. (2019). Status of senior high school implementation: A process evaluation. Retrieved from http://surl.li/bkpde
- Centers for Disease and Control Prevention (2021). Health and academics. https://www.cdc.gov/healthyschools/index.htm
- Centers for Disease and Control Prevention (2021). Physical activity and sedentary behaviors and academic grades. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/healthhttp//surl.li/bkpnbn
- Chen, Y., Peng, Y., Xu, H., & O’Brien, W. H. (2018). Age differences in stress and coping: Problem-focused strategies mediate the relationship between age and positive affect. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 86(4), 347-363. DOI: 10.1177/0091415017720890
- Chinazzi, M., Davis, J. T., Ajelli, M., Gioannini, C., Litvinova, M., Merler, S. & Vespignani, A. (2020). The effect of travel restrictions on the spread of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak. Science, 368(6489), 395-400. DOI: 10.1126/science.aba9757
- Chowdhury, M. (2020). What is coping theory. Retrieved from http://surl.li/bkpcq
- Contini, C., Di Nuzzo, M., Barp, N., Bonazza, A., De Giorgio, R., Tognon, M., & Rubino, S. (2020). The novel zoonotic COVID-19 pandemic: An expected global health concern. The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 14(03), 254-264. DOI: 10.3855/jidc.12671
- Coppola, I., Rania, N., Parisi, R., & Lagomarsino, F. (2021). Spiritual well-being and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 296. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.626944
- Dangi, R. R., Dewett, P., & Joshi, P. (2020). Stress level and coping strategies among youth during coronavirus disease lockdown in India. Aegaeum Journal, 8(7), 605-617. DOI:10.2139/ssrn.3649289
- Del Castillo, F., & Alino, M. A. (2020). Religious coping of selected Filipino Catholic youth. Religions, 11(9), 462. DOI:10.3390/rel11090462
- Desamparado, C. A., Mendoza, S. J., Minguito, T. K., & Moneva, J. C. (2019). Stress levels among the senior high school students in practical. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 9(1), 464-475. DOI: 10.29322/IJSRP.9.01.2019.p8559
- Douglas, M., Katikireddi, S. V., Taulbut, M., McKee, M., & McCartney, G. (2020). Mitigating the wider health effects of COVID-19 pandemic response. British Medical Journal, 369(1557), 1-6. DOI:10.1136/bmj.m1557
- El Ansari, W., Suominen, S., & Draper, S. (2017). Correlates of achieving the guidelines of four forms of physical activity, and the relationship between guidelines achievement and academic performance: Undergraduate students in Finland. Central European Journal of Public Health, 25(2), 87-95. doi: 10.21101/cejph.a4387
- Fitzpatrick, K. M., Harris, C., & Drawve, G. (2020). Fear of COVID-19 and the mental health consequences in America. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(S1), S17–S21. DOI:10.1037/tra0000924
- Freire, C., Ferradás, M. D. M., Regueiro, B., Rodríguez, S., Valle, A., & Núñez, J.C. (2020). Coping strategies and self-efficacy in university students: A person-centered approach. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 841.DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00841
- Ghaderi, A., Tabatabaei, S. M., Nedjat, S., Javadi, M., & Larijani, B. (2018).Explanatory definition of the concept of spiritual health: A qualitative study in Iran. Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, 11,3.http://surl.li/bkpeg
- Giannopoulou, I., Efstathiou, V., Triantafyllou, G., Korkoliakou, P., & Douzenis, A. (2020). Adding stress to the stressed: Senior high school students’ mental health amidst the COVID-19 nationwide lockdown in Greece. Psychiatry Research, 295, 113560. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113560
- Good Therapy. (2018). Coping Mechanism. Retrieved from https://www.goodtherapy.org/blog/psychpedia/coping-mechanisms Granada, A. (2021). A guide to the education system in the Philippines. http://surl.li/bkpxg
- Graves, B. S., Hall, M. E., Dias-Karch, C., Haischer, M. H., & Apter, C. (2020).
- Gender differences in perceived stress and coping among college students. PloS one, 16(8), e0255634. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255634
- Grima, N., Corcoran, W., Hill-James, C., Langton, B., Sommer, H., & Fisher, B. (2020). The importance of urban natural areas and urban ecosystem services during the COVID-19 pandemic. Plos one, 15(12), e0243344
- Gruebner, O., Rapp, M. A., Adli, M., Kluge, U., Galea, S., & Heinz, A. (2017). Cities and Mental Health. Deutsches Arzteblatt international, 114(8), 121–127. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2017.0121
- Gudi, S. K., Undela, K., Venkataraman, R., Mateti, U. V., Chhabra, M., Nyamagoud, S., & Tiwari, K. K. (2020). Knowledge and beliefs towards universal safety precautions to flatten the curve during novel coronavirus disease (nCOVID-19) pandemic among general public in India: a web-based cross-sectional survey. Drugs & therapy perspectives: for rational drug selection and use, 36 (9), 413-420. DOI:10.1101/2020.03.31.20047126
- Hagerty, S. L., & Williams, L. M. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on mental health: The interactive roles of brain biotypes and human connection. Brain, Behavior & Immunity-Health, 5, 100078. doi: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100078
- Hiremath, P., Kowshik, C. S., Manjunath, M., & Shettar, M. (2020). COVID-19: impact of lock-down on mental health and tips to overcome. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 2020(51), 102088. doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102088
- Hoosen, M., Mthembu, T. G., & Roman, N. V. (2020). Spiritual care–‘A deeper immunity’–A response to Covid-19 pandemic. African Journal of Primary Health Care and Family Medicine, 12(1), 1-3. DOI:10.4102/phcfm.v12i1.2456
- Hou, T. Y., Mao, X. F., Dong, W., Cai, W. P., & Deng, G. H. (2020). Prevalence of and factors associated with mental health problems and suicidality among senior high school students in rural China during the COVID-19 outbreak. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 2020(54), 102305.DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102305
- Huang, L., Lei, W., Xu, F., Liu, H., & Yu, L. (2020). Emotional responses and coping strategies in nurses and nursing students during Covid-19 outbreak: A comparative study. PLoS One, 15(8), e0237303. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237303
- Jaberi, A., Momennasab, M., Yektatalab, S., Ebadi, A., & Cheraghi, M. A. (2019).Spiritual health: A concept analysis. Journal of Religion and Health, 58(5), 1537-1560. DOI: 10.1007/s10943-017-0379-z
- Janney, J. (2018). Gender differences when coping with depression. University of North Carolina at Pembroke. http://www.uncp.edu/academics/library
- Joseph, S. J., Bhandari, S. S., Ranjitkar, S., & Dutta, S. (2020). School closures and mental health concerns for children and adolescents during theCOVID-19 Pandemic. Psychiatria Danubina, 32(2), 309–310. http://surl.li/bkpfr
- Kahambing, J. G. S., & Edilo, S. R. (2020). Stigma, exclusion, and mental health during COVID19: 2 cases from the Philippines. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 2020(54), 102292. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102292
- Kang-Hyun, P., Kim A., Yang M., Lim S., & Park, J. (2021). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the lifestyle, mental health, and quality of life of adults in South Korea. PLoS One 16, no. 2 (2021): e0247970. doi.org/10.1371
- Kaya, T. (2020). The changes in the effects of social media use of Cypriots due to COVID-19 pandemic. Technology in Society, 63, 101380. DOI: 10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101380
- Kontoangelos, K., Economou, M., &Papageorgiou, C. (2020). Mental health effects of COVID-19 pandemia: A review of clinical and psychological traits. Psychiatry Investigation, 17(6), 491. DOI:10.30773/pi.2020.0161
- Kreitz, M. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on high school students. Retrieved from http://surl.li/bkpgc
- Kuhfeld, M., Soland, J., Tarasawa, B., Johnson, A., Ruzek, E., & Liu, J. (2020). Projecting the potential impact of COVID-19 school closures on academic achievement. Educational Researcher, 49(8), 549-565.DOI: 10.3102%2F0013189X20965918
- Lee, H. F., Kuo, C. C., Chien, T. W., & Wang, Y. R. (2016). A meta-analysis of the effects of coping strategies on reducing nurse burnout. Applied Nursing Research, 31, 100-110. DOI: 10.1016/j.apnr.2016.01.001
- Lee, J. (2020). Mental health effects of school closures during COVID-19. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 4(6), 421. DOI: 10.1016/S2352- 4642(20)30109-7
- Lee, J. H., Seo, M., Lee, M., Park, S. Y., Lee, J. H., & Lee, S. M. (2017). Profiles of coping strategies in resilient adolescents. Psychological Reports, 120(1), 49-69. DOI: 10.1177/0033294116677947
- Liddon, L., Kingerlee, R., & Barry, JA (2017). Gender differences in preferences for psychological treatment, coping strategies, and triggers to helpāseeking. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57(1), 42-58. DOI: 10.1111/bjc.12147
- Ling, K., Xianxiu, W., & Xiaowei, Z. (2020). Analysis of nurses’ job burnout and coping strategies in hemodialysis centers. Medicine, 99(17) e19951.DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000019951
- Mahdy, M. A. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the academic performance of veterinary medical students. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 7, 732. DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.594261
- Man, M. A., Toma, C., Motoc, N. S., Necrelescu, O. L., Bondor, C. I., Chis, A. F., & Rajnoveanu, R. M. (2020). Disease perception and coping with emotional distress during COVID-19 pandemic: A survey among medical staff.
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(13), 4899. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17134899
- Matingwina, T. (2018). Health, academic achievement and school-based interventions. London: IntechOpen: Health and Academic Achievement,143. DOI:10.5772/intechopen.76431
- Matud, M. P. (2017). Gender and health. Gender Differences in Different Contexts, 4, 57-76. DOI: 10.5772/65410
- Mittelmark, M. B., Sagy, S., Eriksson, M., Bauer, G. F., Pelikan, J. M., Lindström, B., & Arild Espnes, G. (2017). The handbook of salutogenesis. Springer Nature. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-04600-6
- Moore, S. A., Faulkner, G., Rhodes, R. E., Brussoni, M., Chulak-Bozzer, T. (2020). Impact of the COVID-19 virus outbreak on movement and play behaviours of Canadian children and youth: A national survey. International Journal Behavior Nutrition and Physical Activity, 17, 85.DOI: 10.1186/s12966-020-00987-8
- Morelli, M., Cattelino, E., Baiocco, R., Trumello, C., Babore, A., Candelori, C., & Chirumbolo, A. (2020). Parents and children during the COVID-19 lockdown: The influence of parenting distress and parenting self-efficacy on children’s emotional well-being. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 2584. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.584645
- Nicola, M., Alsafi, Z., Sohrabi, C., Kerwan, A., Al-Jabir, A., Iosifidis, C., Agha, M., & Agha, R. (2020). The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): A review. International Journal of Surgery (London, England), 78, 185–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.018
- Ng, J. Y., & Hanna, C. (2021). Headache and migraine clinical practice guidelines: A systematic review and assessment of complementary and alternative medicine recommendations. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 21(1), 1-14. DOI: 10.1186/s12906-021-03401-3
- NYSUT Social Service. (2013). Stress assessment.http://surl.li/bkpno
- Ornell, F., Schuch, J. B., Sordi, A. O., & Kessler, F. H. P. (2020). “Pandemic fear” and COVID-19: Mental health burden and strategies. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 42(3), 232-235. DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0008
- Owen, A. J., Tran, T., Hammarberg, K., Kirkman, M., Fisher, J., & COVID-19 Restrictions Impact Research Group (2021). Poor appetite and overeating reported by adults in Australia during the coronavirus-19 disease pandemic: a population-based study. Public Health Nutrition, 24(2), 275–281. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980020003833
- Oyer, L. (2020). Changes to eating patterns during the pandemic. http://surl.li/bkqih
- Pak, A., Adegboye, O. A., Adekunle, A. I., Rahman, K. M., McBryde, E. S., & Eisen, D. P. (2020). Economic consequences of the COVID-19 outbreak: The need for epidemic preparedness. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 241. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00241
- Patino, C. M., & Ferreira, J. C. (2018). Internal and external validity: Can you apply research study results to your patients? Jornal brasileiro de pneumologia : publicacao oficial da Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisilogia, 44(3), 183. DOI: 10.1590/S1806- 37562018000000164
- Pfefferbaum, B., & North, C. S. (2020). Mental health and the Covid-19 pandemic. New England Journal of Medicine, 383, 510- 512.DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp2008017
- Philippine Statistics Authority. (2021). Updated full year poverty statistics. https://psa.gov.ph/poverty-press-releases Project School Wellness. (2021). What is Physical Health? http://surl.li/bkppl
- Rodríguez-Hidalgo, A. J., Pantaleón, Y., Dios, I., & Falla, D. (2020). Fear of COVID-19, stress, and anxiety in university undergraduate students: A predictive model for depression. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 3041. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.591797
- Romero, P. (2021). Senators alarmed over increasing number of dropouts. Philippine Star.http://surl.li/bkpym
- Rossi, R., Socci, V., Talevi, D., Mensi, S., Niolu, C., Pacitti, F. & Di Lorenzo, G. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown measures impact on mental health among the general population in Italy. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 790. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00790
- Serafini, G., Parmigiani, B., Amerio, A., Aguglia, A., Sher, L., & Amore, M. (2020). The psychological impact of COVID-19 on the mental health in the general population. QJM: Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians, 113(8), 531-537. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcaa201
- Spagnolo, P. A., Manson, J. E., & Joffe, H. (2020). Sex and gender differences in health: What the COVID-19 pandemic can teach us. Annals of Internal Medicine, 173(5), 385–386. DOI:10.7326/M20-1941
- Thangaswamy, G. C., Arulappan, J., Anumanthan, S., & Jayapal, S. K. (2021). Trends and determinants of mental health during COVID-19 pandemic: Implications and strategies to overcome the mental health issues- A rapid review from 2019-2020. International Journal of Nutrition, Pharmacology, Neurological Diseases, 11(1), 1-6. DOI: 10.4103/ijnpnd.ijnpnd_86_20
- Terada, Y. (2020). Covid-19’s impact on students’ academic and mental well-being. Edutopia. http://surl.li/bkpsa
- Torales, J., O’Higgins, M., Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., &Ventriglio, A. (2020). The outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus and its impact on global mental health. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(4), 317-321.DOI: 10.1177/0020764020915212
- UNESCO (2020). Education: From disruption to recovery. Retrieved from https://en.unesco.org/covid19/educationresponse UNESCO (2021). Global education coalition. https://en.unesco.org/covid19/educationresponse/globalcoalition
- Viner, R. M., Russell, S. J., Croker, H., Packer, J., Ward, J., Stansfield, C., & Booy, R. (2020). School closure and management practices during coronavirus outbreaks including COVID-19: a rapid systematic review. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 4(5), 397-404.DOI: 10.1016/S2352- 4642(20)30095-X
- Waite, L. J. (2018). Future directions for the demography of aging: Proceedings of a workshop. http://surl.li/bkpvv
- Wang, G., Zhang, Y., Zhao, J., Zhang, J., & Jiang, F. (2020). Mitigate the effects of home confinement on children during the COVID 19 outbreak. The Lancet, 395(10228), 945-947. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30547-X
- WebMD. (2020). Coronavirus history. Retrieved from http://surl.li/bkpts World Health Organization. (2020). Constitution. http://surl.li/bkpuv
- World Health Organization. (2020). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Small public gatherings. http://surl.li/bkqku World Health Organization. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 on people’s livelihoods, their health, and our food system. http://surl.li/jelq World Health Organization. (2020). Mental health and COVID-19.http://surl.li/bkptv
- World Health Organization. (2021). Weekly operational update on COVID-19 Retrieved from http://surl.li/bkpty
- Xiang, M., Zhang, Z., & Kuwahara, K. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on children and adolescents’ lifestyle behavior larger than expected. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 63(4), 531–532. DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2020.04.013
- Xiong, J., Lipsitz, O., Nasri, F., Lui, L., Gill, H., Phan, L., Chen-Li, D., Iacobucci, M., Ho, R., Majeed, A., & McIntyre, R. S. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 55–64. DOI:10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.001
- Yazon, A. D., Ang-Manaig, K., & Tesoro, J. F. B. (2018). Coping mechanism and academic performance among Filipino undergraduate students. Knowledge E Social Sciences, 30-42. http://surl.li/bkpun
- Zhang, X., Dimitriou, D., & Halstead, E. J. (2021). Sleep, anxiety, and academic performance: a study of adolescents from public high schools in China. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 2567. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.678839 Zheng, C., Huang, W. Y.,
- Zhou, X., Snoswell, C. L., Harding, L. E., Bambling, M., Edirippulige, S., Bai, X., & Smith, A. C. (2020). The role of telehealth in reducing the mental health burden from COVID-19. Telemedicine and e-Health, 26(4), 377-379. DOI:10.1089/tmj.2020.006