Home⇛Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal⇛vol. 39 no. 3 (2025)

Influence of the Visual Questioning Cycle Strategy on Grade 8 Learners’ Critical Thinking Skills in Science

Claire Ann Mil Dugaduga | Susie Daza

Discipline: Education

 

Abstract:

This study investigated the effectiveness of the Visual Questioning Cycle Strategy (VQCS) in enhancing the critical thinking skills of eighth-grade students. The research addressed the problem of developing higher-order thinking among middle school learners through structured inquiry methods. While previous literature has explored the value of inquiry-based strategies in promoting student engagement, limited studies have assessed the specific impact of VQCS on measurable critical thinking outcomes. A quasi-experimental, non-comparative design involved 19 students from a first block science class at Albemarle Road Middle School. The Cornell Critical Thinking Test – Level X was used to evaluate students’ critical thinking skills before and after the VQCS intervention. Demographic surveys and feedback instruments were used to assess perceptions and classroom effectiveness. The findings indicated a statistically significant improvement in students’ critical thinking performance. Multiple regression analysis revealed that language, race, and ethnicity were significantly related to critical thinking gains, whereas age and gender were not. Teacher and student feedback further supported the instructional value of VQCS, with high mean ratings indicating positive reception. The results suggest that VQCS is a promising pedagogical strategy for cultivating critical thinking and promoting inclusive learning environments. Its application across content areas may help bridge achievement gaps and foster deeper, more analytical learning among middle school students.



References:

  1. A.J. Dahl , J. Peltier, & J. Schibrowsky. (2018). Critical Thinking and Reflective Learning in the Marketing Education Literature: A Historical Perspective and Future Research Needs. In Journal of Marketing Education. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/a577c0d2b2b17ff1c3a2c30e4b5747a3caa5d490
  2. A., W., & Khalaf, M. (2022). The Effectiveness of Visual Mind Mapping Strategy for Improving English Language Learners’ Critical Thinking Skills and Reading Ability. European Journal of Educational Research. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/d0724eba936a2adc14d15ad3108edf4f087a1a20
  3. Abdulaziz Muafa. (2024). The impact of digital media on the development of critical thinking skills among middle school students: A field study. In International Journal for Scientific Research. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/f7f01ecbc8975755064e62cce222cb57f7c4d4fd
  4. Addaquay, A. P. (2024). Integrating Critical Thinking into Advanced Musical Analysis in Ghanaian Music Education. PAN African Journal of Musical Arts Education. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/9f67885b5b7d85b841ee594434547878c7389e8e
  5. Agung S & Annisa Ratna Kumala. (2022). INDEPENDENT CURRICULUM INTEGRATION IN RESPONDING TO THE CHALLENGES OF THE ERA OF SOCIETY 5.0. In International Journal of Education and Social Science Research. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/c59e4d658b82b3a7acb0edd9f3b3eadd30411f14
  6. AJ Franco-Mariscal & MJ Cano-Iglesias. (2024). The ENCIC-CT model for the development of critical thinking. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-78578-8_1
  7. Akpan, B. (2020). Classical and Operant Conditioning—Ivan Pavlov; Burrhus Skinner. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-43620-9_6
  8. Amy Shaw, O. Liu, Lin Gu, Elena Kardonova, I. Chirikov, Guirong Li, Shangfeng Hu, Ningning Yu, Liping Ma, Fei Guo, Qi Su, Jinghuan Shi, Henry Shi, & P. Loyalka. (2019). Thinking critically about critical thinking: validating the Russian HEIghten® critical thinking assessment. In Studies in Higher Education. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/41b63547bef8aa3937e3a7240c6078cd1c243392
  9. Ana L. Porzecanski, A. Bravo, M. Groom, L. Dávalos, N. Bynum, B. J. Abraham, J. Cigliano, Carol Griffiths, D. Stokes, M. Cawthorn, Denny S. Fernández, Lauri Freeman, T. Leslie, T. Theodose, D. Vogler, & E. Sterling. (2021). Using Case Studies to Improve the Critical Thinking Skills of Undergraduate Conservation Biology Students. In Case Studies in the Environment. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/c5098cbba0f64f8db1c03d5f45d1c01b080e45d1
  10. Andrea Barta, Borbála Tamás, & Tünde Póka. (2024). The Comparison of Several Factorial Structures of the Cornell Critical Thinking Test Level Z. In Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Psychologia-Paedagogia. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/b0f4ba4b32e19e40662c0838733c6dfd57c0ab3d
  11. Aneesa Mohammed Al-Rahbi, A. Al-Mekhlafi, Thuwayba Al-Barwani, & Ehab N. Omara. (2022). Challenging the Status Quo: Critical Thinking Skills Integration in the EFL Curriculum of Young Learners. In Journal of Curriculum and Teaching. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/bae16fba4e2f3ddb359f2b496757af93df1e1d7d
  12. Angela Byrd. (2015). Teaching with Text-Based Questions: Helping Students Analyze Nonfiction and Visual Texts. In Language arts. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/7ce5d1d1f8c3568b310480d1a822fd1ab213213d
  13. Angelopoulos, P., Mitropoulou, D., & Papadimas, K. (2021). The Contribution of Open Educational Robotics Competition to Support STEM Education and the Development of Computational Thinking Skills. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/5a6f684d767bde1e8abde3212f0f3d39b2592dce
  14. Antoine Decressac (#LinguisticallyYours). (2024). Blog 8.5- Language Variation II: How Age, Gender, and Ethnicity https://medium.com/@adecressac/blog-8-5-language-variation-ii-how-age-gender-and-ethnicity-shape-our-language-70269fd248dc
  15. Arif Hidayatul Khusna, T. Siswono, & Pradnyo Wijayanti. (2024). Research trends in critical thinking skills in mathematics: a bibliometric study. In International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE). https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/7b92b2c023034e8deba8f0149d27f477adeb6f9b
  16. Aripova, U. (2024). STAGES OF HISTORICAL PROGRESS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CRITICAL AND LOGICAL THINKING. The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/834c6dcab16533d0b0262b01fb4fc6fec435d769
  17. Babii, B. Neculau, & M. Lipman. (2019). Critical Thinking in the Contemporary Education: A Historical Approach. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/e47b4d1e1a8079f308cdaaf0cef6fc93c452319b
  18. Birgili, B. (2015). Creative and critical thinking skills in problem-based learning environments. Journal of Gifted Education and Creativity, 2(2), 71–80. https://doi.org/10.18200/JGEDC.2015214253
  19. Borbenchuk, Nataliia Kovalska, & D.S. Chebonenko. (2022). THE INFLUENCE OF LEGO ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CRITICAL THINKING. In Scientific Herald of Sivershchyna. Series: Education. Social and Behavioural Sciences. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/0ded6a20ddad21ac6a7d9d691ae83b2321406a98
  20. Branden Thornhill-Miller, Anaëlle Camarda, Maxence Mercier, Jean-Marie Burkhardt, Tiffany Morisseau, S. Bourgeois-Bougrine, Florent Vinchon, Stephanie El Hayek, Myriam Augereau-Landais, F. Mourey, Cyrille Feybesse, Daniel Sundquist, & T. Lubart. (2023). Creativity, Critical Thinking, Communication, and Collaboration: Assessment, Certification, and Promotion of 21st Century Skills for the Future of Work and Education. In Journal of Intelligence. https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3200/11/3/54
  21. Byrd, A. (2015). Teaching with Text-Based Questions: Helping Students Analyze Nonfiction and Visual Texts. Language Arts. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/7ce5d1d1f8c3568b310480d1a822fd1ab213213d
  22. Calma & Martin Davies. (2020). Critical thinking in business education: current outlook and future prospects. In Studies in Higher Education. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/fe30f9955cac484bd0559192f191594a18a64fe5
  23. Cengage. (2021). How Inclusivity Promotes Student Engagement - The Cengage Blog. https://blog.cengage.com/how-inclusivity-promotes-student-engagement/
  24. Chris Fahnoe & Punya Mishra. (2013). Do 21st Century Learning Environments Support Self-Directed Learning? Middle School Students’ Response to an Intentionally Designed Learning Environment. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/0ba57aeb4a0719459dbbda42c0fa3d5cae8b819b
  25. Christopher Coney. (2015). Critical Thinking in its Contexts and in Itself. In Educational Philosophy and Theory. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/da05f36b443584f658a2fd0e4d3d9440c2681e8c
  26. Clara Ling Boon Ing, Che Aleha Ladin, & Lim Jia Wei. (2024). VISUAL ART AS A TOOL TO LEARN ABOUT LITERATURE. In Malaysian Journal of Learning and Instruction. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/343ebe80180f7fbc45a62912e032e841a1180c17
  27. Development of Teacher Feedback Use Evaluation Scale - ERIC. (2020). https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1244895.pdf
  28. Djoko Sutrisno, Noor Azlinda, Zainal Abidin, Nanda Pambudi, Emilia Adyawati, & Sulfikar Sallu. (2024). EXPLORING THE BENEFITS OF MULTIMODAL LITERACY IN ENGLISH TEACHING: ENGAGING STUDENTS THROUGH VISUAL, AUDITORY, AND DIGITAL MODES. In Global Synthesis in Education Journal. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/497bbd98a82b9f79d5dc2e63a7d585babe8aa3c1
  29. E. Turda. (2021). The Impact of Teacher’s Feedback in Increasing Student’s Self-Efficacy and Motivation. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/ad0283a407b7ddc7ad7015e4bfe6a2eb84f05bb3
  30. Ekrem Zahid Boyraz. (2023). Teaching Critical Thinking in the Ottoman Empire. In Sosyal Bilimler ve Eğitim Dergisi. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/f0cc6bf8ce44861e6187f0f8d4b08da599a4045f
  31. ElisabethH. (2023). Creating a likert rating scale with sub categories and feedback for https://community.articulate.com/discussions/discuss/creating-a-likert-rating-scale-with-sub-categories-and-feedback-for-each-categor/848234
  32. Emmanuel Dumbuya. (2024). Developing a framework for revising the curriculum to incorporate future skills such as digital literacy, critical thinking and adaptability, while aligning with global standards. In International Journal of Science and Research Archive. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/841c7419f7085ee3f134f68442ae1b10baf88673
  33. Erin Chaparro. (2022). Using Visual Thinking Strategies in the Classroom - Edutopia. https://www.edutopia.org/article/using-visual-thinking-strategies-classroom/
  34. F. J. Miharja, I. Hindun, & Ahmad Fauzi. (2019). Critical thinking, metacognitive skills, and cognitive learning outcomes: a correlation study in genetic studies. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/d31e90de5330be3d12d132422a79928e3c29557e
  35. F. Saleem, M. Hassali, Z. Ibrahim, A. Alrasheedy, & H. Aljadhey. (2015). Learning styles of pharmacy undergraduates: Experience from a Malaysian University. In Pharmacy Education. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/9976916f301c519df62463e432438f216ce41ee3
  36. Feryad Doğuş & Sanem Tabak. (2024). Teacher Autonomy from the Perspective of Middle School Teachers. In Asya Öğretim Dergisi. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/21a6a8b4e1788e2d35e87c0e2047226490227c1b
  37. French, B. Hand, William J. Therrien, & J. A. V. Vázquez. (2012). Detection of Sex Differential Item Functioning in the Cornell Critical Thinking Test. In European Journal of Psychological Assessment. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/422d2ced0f0f18ed2b434eba339bd62673c57c7e
  38. Gender Differences in Large-Scale and Small-Scale Spatial Ability. (2019). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6591491/
  39. Gerald Ardito, Pauline H. Mosley, & Lauren Scollins. (2014). WE, ROBOT: Using Robotics to Promote Collaborative and Mathematics Learning in a Middle School Classroom. In The Middle Grades Research Journal. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/20e7a851394f68aa748ef7f300e5147f6ea81b16
  40. H. Sahin, B. French, B. Hand, & Murat Gunel. (2015). Detection of Differential Item Functioning in the Cornell Critical Thinking Test Between Turkish and United States Students. In European Journal of Psychological Assessment. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/4e0f2d008e258def620373c4fa3b100910206bf6
  41. Hall & D. Morris-Compton. (2018). Outcomes of Service-Learning Experiences as Predictors of Critical Thinking Skills. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/bec847f5b28cb6aa01dbaa2f4963ed18b1184575
  42. Hanzalah Mohamed Nor & A. J. Sihes. (2021). Critical Thinking Skills in Education: A Systematic Literature Review. In International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/ff80f9ea8d315caff1db69da6deaeca24e3c36f1
  43. Hasan Tuaputty, Saiful Alimudi, Ine Irene, L. N. Latuperissa, & A. Donkor. (2023). Project-based learning using a laboratory approach on learning outcomes and critical thinking in marine biology. In JPBI (Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi Indonesia). https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/ad1e3fd85c7e9d6153fd9b332f0aa91e6bd2eb6e
  44. Hebebci & Ertuğrul Usta. (2022). The Effects of Integrated STEM Education Practices on Problem Solving Skills, Scientific Creativity, and Critical Thinking Dispositions. In Participatory Educational Research. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/4c7a84bbc99fd113388dae15eb79ab56478f3559
  45. Hikmawati, Gunawan Gunawan, Haerunisyah Sahidu, & Kosim Kosim. (2021). Effect of Local Culture Based Learning in Science on Critical Thinking and Student Communication Skills. In Journal of Science and Science Education. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/6ef1273db11754b3743a81eff1d9f407aebca191
  46. Howard & Samuel D. Miller. (2016). Middle-School Teachers’ Enacted Beliefs: Negotiating the Nonnegotiables of High-Stakes Accountability Policies. In The Middle Grades Research Journal. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/cf1664ea84364fd20be240f82aae1d8cf378ab0a
  47. Husnuz Zaimah, T. Siswono, & Tri Dyah Prastiti. (2024). Developing a GeoGebra-Based Teaching Module on Quadrilateral Area and Perimeter to Enhance Seventh-Grade Students’ Critical Thinking Skills. In IJORER : International Journal of Recent Educational Research. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/5d43ebae704efaff82cff6267af6162a1bec836a
  48. Hyunju Lee & Mee-Hun Lee. (2021). Visual art education and social-emotional learning of students in rural Kenya. In International Journal of Educational Research. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/069ff7857d1c53b7791aeb55afca79374e4b1838
  49. G. Sudirta, I. W. Widiana, K. Setemen, N. W. Sukerti, N. K. Widiartini, & N. Santiyadnya. (2022). The Impact of Blended Learning Assisted with Self-Assessment toward Learner Autonomy and Creative Thinking Skills. In Int. J. Emerg. Technol. Learn. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/536d66eb1e7ccb983cf64b5ee3a14d780a3537d0
  50. I. Liu & Pornpimol Sukavatee. (2019). The Effects of Debate Instruction Through a Flipped Learning Environment on Critical Thinking Skills of Thai High School Students. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/2393fc70152878f016fab7ced03260b89d0e0b7a
  51. Investigating the Importance of Demographic Features for EDM ... (n.d.). https://educationaldatamining.org/EDM2023/proceedings/2023.EDM-long-papers.11/index.html
  52. Ismah Mufidah, Lukman Nulhakim, & Trian Pamungkas Alamsyah. (2020). Development of Learning Media for Video Audio-Visual Stop Motion Based on Contextual Teaching and Learning in Science Learning Water Cycle Material. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/ef38ce95900e8ad6170eb398ef5722f754e53787
  53. itpartners. (2024). The Importance of Promoting Inclusivity in the Classroom. https://masterofed-sopa.tulane.edu/articles/inclusivity-in-the-classroom/
  54. Ivo de Vero & M. Barr. (2023). A Historical Text-Based Game Designed to Develop Critical Thinking Skills. In Int. J. Game Based Learn. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/93b5b5f816c2cfc9403234ec424f8cbce2fc132
  55. Jemimah Young, J. Young, John A. Williams, M. Neshyba, Quinita D. Ogletree, & Marlon James. (2023). Talking Back: An Analysis of the Scope and Impact of Critical Race Theory and Its Usage in Educational Research. In SAGE Open. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/d09caa1f69682af85d721bf9ef25b79764f57c83
  56. Jessica Giles. (2024). What Are the Standard Grade Levels by Age in the US? https://www.springfieldrenaissanceschool.com/standard-grade-levels-by-age-in-us/
  57. Jody Sherman LeVos. (2024). Average Age by School Grade Level: A Guide for Parents. https://www.beginlearning.com/parent-resources/what-grade-are-x-year-olds/
  58. Julie Memler, Julie Kittleson, Julie Memler, David Jackson, Cory Buxton, Ji Shen, & Suzanne Barbour. (2017). The effect of a flipped classroom on student academic achievement and the gender gap in high school physics. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/923ab4bd3e5fd48254ee356252fdaa6322e5c736
  59. Julien Villatte. (2023). How Inclusive Education Positively Impacts All Students - ViewSonic. https://www.viewsonic.com/library/education/how-inclusive-education-positively-impacts-all-students/
  60. Jupakkal, M. (2024). Use of Technology and Instructional Strategies in English Language Teaching among the Faculty of Public Higher Education Institutions in Sulu. Forum for Linguistic Studies. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/d2f7ffb40a14ccd59e51c2a424f8db24bd4074bc
  61. Kani Ulger. (2018). The Effect of Problem-Based Learning on the Creative Thinking and Critical Thinking Disposition of Students in Visual Arts Education. In Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-based Learning. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/641c36639961c49b3de6e2788a58be5885377493
  62. Klemas, L. (2019). LibGuides: Critical Thinking | Real-World Problem Solving: Home. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/2527d70e9655acb16706f56794846805ed6c8c9c
  63. L. Wood & M. Meyer. (2016). A participatory approach to service-learning in creative arts education: a win-win learning opportunity for campus and community? https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/10343be21f2800a4b2de6d40eaf9f1516d633446
  64. Lau. (2019). Reflections on the Umbrella Movement: Implications for civic education and critical thinking. In Educational Philosophy and Theory. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/d212a0cd537321667e270bb4976a27be73ba0388
  65. Leila Nurul Amali, Dwi Anggani Linggar Bharati, & Fahrur Rozi. (2022). The Implementation of High Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) Assessment to Evaluate the Students’ Reading Comprehension Achievement. In English Education Journal. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/f8169495649279a272be557af7a05399304a6deb
  66. Liaquat, N. Abbasi, & Siara Ferdous. (2022). Urdu Translation and Adaptation of Cornell Critical Thinking Test-Level Z in Pakistan. In Journal of Professional & Applied Psychology. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/9ab2135fb8e0a109d10010cc427f5b01f2299bb0
  67. Lintangsari, I. Emaliana, & I. Kusumawardani. (2022). Improving learners’ critical thinking and learning engagement through Socratic questioning in Nominal Group Technique. In Studies in English Language and Education. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/6242ca3d8789a3bd7e4020e5ab16896738baec02
  68. Liu, O., Frankel, L., & Roohr, K. (2014). Assessing critical thinking in higher education: Current state and directions for next‐generation assessment. ETS Research Report Series. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ets2.12009
  69. Liu, Q., Liu, Z., & Li, X. (2024). Employ a gamified questioning strategy to facilitate children’s literacy and critical thinking. 2024 International Symposium on Educational Technology (ISET). https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/02d67679733f5e4f78f04c5287f796a181514820
  70. Loan, L. T. T. (2024). THE ROLE OF CRITICAL THINKING IN SECONDARY EDUCATION. Vinh University Journal of Science. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/bc117ec4ccdcc93323bbc4ab5bf3e70de988373e
  71. M Windschitl. (2009). Cultivating 21st century skills in science learners: How systems of teacher preparation and professional development will have to evolve. https://www.academia.edu/download/31924728/21stCenturySkills.pdf
  72. M. Park, M. McMillan, Jane Conway, S. Cleary, Leonie Murphy, & Sharee Griffiths. (2013). Practice-based simulation model: a curriculum innovation to enhance the critical thinking skills of nursing students. In Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/46dc9527e2b4294ce634ca2dbd2a21c164bd8d5a
  73. M. Štros & David Ríha. (2021). Applied quasi experimental research design in personal sales – a case study. In Trendy v podnikání. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/97dfd2c839aa7db4a69434fda48915adfeb43378
  74. M. Yuliana, Ratna Hidayah, & Ngatman. (2023). Effects of the Think-Talk-Write Model with Visual Media to Improve Students’ Summary Writing Skills. In Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/f6ea370772fdf2a83c954868a660100b5a449891
  75. Majumder, B. Sa, F. Alateeq, & Sayeeda Rahman. (2019). Teaching and Assessing Critical Thinking and Clinical Reasoning Skills in Medical Education. In Handbook of Research on Critical Thinking and Teacher Education Pedagogy. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/dfd455e81382055e753674276eb5cb12e60dc7c2
  76. Maria Rosina Wea Sela, Ngurah Mahendra Dinatha, Josep Marsianus Rewo, & Maria Yuliana Kua. (2024). PENERAPAN MEDIA AUDIO-VISUAL PADA PEMBELAJARAN IPA UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PEMAHAMAN SISWA SD. In Jurnal Dedikasi Pendidikan. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/d95023470093b99a9c79b0d0ee26ed5daf002747
  77. Mentari Pradi Galih Nurani, Budi Handoyo, Salman Rashid, & Lisa Nikita Meilana. (2024). The Effect of Geographical Inquiry Based on Learning Style Differentiation on Students’ Critical Thinking Skills. In Future Space: Studies in Geo-Education. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/c5ffffd71c376dd436bcb43f142e27c351364c8d
  78. Michele C. McDonnall, Jennifer L. Cmar, & Zhen S. McKnight. (2023). How Degree Major and Demographic Factors Influence Employment and Earnings for College Graduates with Visual Impairments. In Rehabilitation counseling bulletin. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/a0d9a667574822282a7e28f2f88addaa98aec270
  79. Models Informing Assessment - CARLA’s. (2018). https://archive.carla.umn.edu/assessment/vac/Modes/p_1.html
  80. Muhammad Jamil, Wahid Mehmood, & Mahwish Aziz. (2024). Development of Critical Thinking Skills: An Analysis of English Curriculum Grades I-XII (2019). In Spry Contemporary Educational Practices. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/0a476e2ccd623e84b03a285a2c10d50d36a4fe53
  81. Mujahida Jupakkal. (2024). Use of Technology and Instructional Strategies in English Language Teaching among the Faculty of Public Higher Education Institutions in Sulu. In Forum for Linguistic Studies. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/d2f7ffb40a14ccd59e51c2a424f8db24bd4074bc
  82. N. Lee, Zijun Wang, & Bernice Lim. (2021). The development of critical thinking: what university students have to say. In Teaching in Higher Education. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/0c21a71a8c4818efb1d7ab517db41a551c0b4ff9
  83. Nalls, I. (2024). Developing Critical Thinking in Grades 3-4. International Journal of Asian Education. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/b6de662c161149a8cee1c002b2d916b48faef0a4
  84. Norsyazwani Muhamad Dah, Mohd Syafiq Aiman Mat Noor, Muhammad Zulfadhli Kamarudin, & Mohd Mokhzani Ibrahim. (2023). Facilitation of Student Questioning in the Malaysian Secondary Science Classroom Using the Investigable Questioning Formulation Technique (IQFT) Protocol. In Asia-Pacific Science Education. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/c3cbfa80ccce35c802f4acc06e3e34e9304fbea5
  85. Nur, T. D., Corebima, A. D., Zubaidah, S., Ibrohim, I., & Saefi, M. (2023). Learning Biology through Thinking Empowerment by Questioning: The Effect on Conceptual Knowledge and Critical Thinking. Participatory Educational Research. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/eb31e9ebe1416444963c6e4758a03acc47d2413c
  86. Olha I. Dienichieva, Maryna Komogorova, Svitlana Lukianchuk, Liudmyla I. Teletska, & Inna M. Yankovska. (2021). From Reflection to Self-Assessment: Methods of Developing Critical Thinking in Students. In International Journal of Education and Information Technologies. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/efd33ab2da6832291c3eeda11ebef466333a09fe
  87. Paola Andreucci-Annunziata, Andrea Riedemann, S. Cortés, A. Mellado, María Teresa del Río, & Alejandro Vega-Muñoz. (2023). Conceptualizations and instructional strategies on critical thinking in higher education: A systematic review of systematic reviews. In Frontiers in Education. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feduc.2023.1141686/full
  88. Patricia Penina Adele & Sari Wulandari. (2024). Introduction to Critical Thinking in Educational Model for Visual Communication Design Methods: Study Case Design Methods Class for Visual Communication Design Program at Binus University, Indonesia. In Indonesian Journal of Visual Culture, Design, and Cinema. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/58c1c79ae1fb2c6e6511e2041699e82cca9dde53
  89. Proposed metrics for summarizing student evaluation of teaching ... (2023). https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/2331186X.2023.2254665
  90. Qunli Xie. (2024). Research on Strategies for Cultivating Students’ Critical Thinking Skills. In Advances in Social Behavior Research. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/86c84f94ee1d353ca48bf251b245f2c807659f7f
  91. R. Amwe. (2019). 5E Learning Cycle Instructional Model: A Constructivist Approach in Teaching Science to Pupils with Visual Impairment. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/8bd274af367cd353eea0875165d921dc0fda1b82
  92. R. Bataineh & Lamma Hmoud Zghoul. (2006). Jordanian TEFL Graduate Students’ Use of Critical Thinking Skills (as Measured by the Cornell Critical Thinking Test, Level Z). In International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/ecf7681e27351970b7b2f219bc2ba1bf11ae9804
  93. RA Neimeyer, M Woodward, & A Pickover. (2016). Questioning our questions: A constructivist technique for clinical supervision. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10720537.2015.1038406
  94. Reporting of demographic variables in the Journal of ... - PubMed. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32383188/
  95. Riska Wulandari, Baedhowi, & A. Hindrayani. (2021). Measuring Critical Thinking Skills with the RED Model. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/271420f3f209fec452fd8c760ac257bd03ef9564
  96. Ro, J. (2023). Critical thinking in the national curriculum and teacher education in South Korea: a missing link. Teachers and Teaching. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/817ca8d42c2f4554b99ae143f661dd0a1013aaec
  97. Rosalina, T., & Muslumov, R. (2022). Psychological and pedagogical study of the nature of the critical thinking development in deviant adolescents (on the example of schoolchildren in Russia and Indonesia). Russian Journal of Deviant Behavior. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/289a19c37918f1ed6e1758a95e6adaa61a26dc21
  98. Rosnani Hashim, Suhailah Hussien, W. Yusoff, Madihah Khalid, Sulaiman Hashim, Ainol Madziah Zubairi, & Moomala Othman. (2019). Teachers’ instructional and assessment methods for critical thinking skills and evaluation of the Hikmah Pedagogy Training modules: a case study in Kuala Lumpur. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/b086d0ba9077a069035eb09504c939c403124ce2
  99. Rotilă, V. (2022). The Absence of Critical Thinking Skills and its Effects. Case Study: Vaccine Hesitation. Revista Romaneasca Pentru Educatie Multidimensionala. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/995cc03a87a466604c6261944cfccf586b4a8e20
  100. Ruppert, T. (2012). The Visual Policy Making Life-Cycle : Supporting Policy Makers with Visual-Interactive ICT Tools for Sustainable Policy Making. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/cacaf910df976051fd1c6d1d0dbe341ac1c6cbdd
  101. S Foss. (2014). Visual, critical, and scientific thinking dispositions in a 3rd grade science classroom. https://search.proquest.com/openview/cc926d0279bf2edb06b36c83969757e3/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750
  102. S. Al-Mazroa. (2017). Assessment of critical thinking skills in undergraduate animal science students and curriculum. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/dfab2e54120d2a2d99d60a0048176fa2084d61e5
  103. S. Stratton. (2019). Quasi-Experimental Design (Pre-Test and Post-Test Studies) in Prehospital and Disaster Research. In Prehospital and Disaster Medicine. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/64fec18f6f6cac54b43af50c9806ef2b30e242e8
  104. S.M.A. Priyadarshanie. (2015). Attitudes of teachers of English in higher education towards peer observation of teaching. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/4976866e60054713b758a95bc240fa1eb20952f4
  105. Santos, L.F. (2017). The role of critical thinking in science education. Education and Practice, 8(20). Institute of Curriculum and Instruction, Nanjing Normal University, 122 Ninghai Road, Nanjing, China
  106. Sarah D. Wainscott & Kelsey Spurgin. (2024). Differentiating Language for Students Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing: A Practice-Informed Framework for Auditory and Visual Supports. In Language, speech, and hearing services in schools. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/c8cc23a76fee1e8e57aad8bdfc3b6edff5d853af
  107. Sarigöz, O. (2023). Teaching the 21st Century Learning Skills with the Critical Thinking Technique Based on the Argumentation Method. Educational Policy Analysis and Strategic Research. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/b482ca990e041f8d65644b8177fbad67424e7cc2
  108.  
  109. Sarkingobir, Y., & Bello, A. (2024). Enhancing Critical Thinking through Ethnoscience-Integrated Problem-Based Learning: A Comparative Study in Secondary Education. International Journal of Ethnoscience and Technology in Education. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/83c345e3afbbcb1eed98d8bd43821393b211f560
  110. Saurabh Deo & Katja Hölttä-Otto. (2023). Critical thinking assessment in engineering education: A Scopus-based literature review. In Journal of Mechanical Design. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/8cbdafc101b569245453804eb746eee12c9dfc0d
  111. Suleyman Akcay. (2024). Comparison of Turkish Science Curricula and British Science Curriculum in Terms of Environmental Education. In İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/d17c6225bfffb3a6c68f0e10a9db2e3f54cec7e4
  112. Sumera Kanwal, Waqas Mahmood, Muzammila Akram, & Nilofar Pervez. (2024). Effect of Critical Thinking Skills on Misconceptions of Students in Learning Mathematics at the Elementary School Level. In The Critical Review of Social Sciences Studies. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/6a3da52e46fe21400a2777a3175c2bcda3910355
  113. Sung-tae Kim, 한양대학교 관광학과 박사., & Daeyoung Kwak. (2020). A Study on the Behavior Intention of Individual Tourists Using the Theory of Planned Behavior : The Moderating Effect of Perceived Risk and Demographic Characteristics. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/f43a5f83fe1d15a729f5b8bbb95962ad76223f8a
  114. Suparya, I. K. (2024). Development of A Critical Thinking Test with Science Content Oriented to Tri Hita Karana Local Wisdom. Jurnal Komunikasi Pendidikan. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/94b9e728247693695006d953ba30e6c3c2377a87
  115. Suren Jayasuriya, Kimberlee Swisher, Joshua D. Rego, Sreenithy Chandran, John Mativo, Terri L. Kurz, Cerenity E. Collins, Dawn T. Robinson, & Ramana Pidaparti. (2024). ImageSTEAM: Teacher Professional Development for Integrating Visual Computing into Middle School Lessons. In AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/66ba20ff6670179fab53dd6b63b26c3e82cc1cb1
  116. Teaching Strategies. (2024). 7 Powerful Ways to Promote Equity in the Classroom - Prodigy. https://www.prodigygame.com/main-en/blog/equity-in-the-classroom/
  117. Teaching with Visuals - ASCD. (2023). https://www.ascd.org/el/articles/teaching-with-visuals
  118. The Age-Related Changes in Speed of Visual Perception, Visual ... (2021). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8416250/
  119. The Impact of Demographic Characteristics on Academic Performance. (2025). https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1289894.pdf
  120. T. Ruppert. (2012). The Visual Policy Making Life-Cycle : Supporting Policy Makers with Visual-Interactive ICT Tools for Sustainable Policy Making. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/cacaf910df976051fd1c6d1d0dbe341ac1c6cbdd
  121. Trevor Mendis. (2024). Corporate index: bridging the academic–practitioner gap. In Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/43e0fc0da6e3e7e139a50eee4210c6f180c7d325
  122. Uribe Enciso, O. L., Uribe Enciso, D. S., & Vargas Daza, M. del P. (2017). Critical thinking and its importance in education: Some reflections. Rastros Rostros, 19(34), 78–88.
  123. Using Inclusive Teaching Strategies | Center for Teaching Innovation. (2025). https://teaching.cornell.edu/teaching-resources/building-inclusive-classrooms/using-inclusive-teaching-strategies
  124. W. Iwaoka, Yong Li, & W. Y. Rhee. (2010). Measuring Gains in Critical Thinking in Food Science and Human Nutrition Courses: The Cornell Critical Thinking Test, Problem-Based Learning Activities, and Student Journal Entries. In The Journal of Food Science Education. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1541-4329.2010.00100.x
  125. Wheeley, H. Klieve, & Lorna Clark. (2022). Developing reflection and critical thinking in a leadership education course: leading learning and change. In Studies in Higher Education. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/f1617c0381ecd0c749287c5c79d7e06ac377c464
  126. Why Ask Questions / VTS - Yellowstone Art Museum. (2021). https://www.artmuseum.org/art-suitcase/why-ask-questions/
  127. Widana, I., & Parwata, I. (2018). Higher order thinking skills assessment towards critical thinking on mathematics lesson. http://repo.mahadewa.ac.id/id/eprint/1694/
  128. Ya. Makhova. (2024). ANALYSIS OF THE MAIN METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO FORMING MATHEMATICL COMPETENCE IN SECONARY AND HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS. In ТHE SOURCES OF PEDAGOGICAL SKILLS. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/c23d264eb810185a0f6e2114faca78fe424a65eb
  129. Yi Wu. (2024). Critical Thinking Pedagogics Design in an Era of ChatGPT and Other AI Tools — Shifting From Teaching “What” to Teaching “Why” and “How.” In Journal of Education and Development. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/33e71ef65ee26e2d532263da6e3b9ac326d3c762
  130. Yucheng Zhou, Zhi Rao, Jun Wan, & Jianbing Shen. (2024). Rethinking Visual Dependency in Long-Context Reasoning for Large Vision-Language Models. In ArXiv. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/45a3db25a7a278781eee3da88195966a5e29eba9
  131. Yuliia V. Panasiuk. (2023). PECULIARITIES OF BLOOM’S TAXONOMY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENTS COGNITIVE SKILLS IN THE ENGLISH CLASSROOM AT THE HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS. In International Humanitarian University Herald. Philology. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/c73b456e474fe8f97446a36dfbf414f4e750bc35
  132. Zakir Hossain. (2024). School librarians developing AI literacy for an AI-driven future: leveraging the AI Citizenship Framework with scope and sequence. In Library Hi Tech News. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/a5dd26f006d45faaa616765ff3ed70ddd487cafa
  133. Zaliza Md Yasin. (2024). A Comprehensive Review of Research on Head of Panel Leadership in Malaysian Primary Schools. In Journal of Social Research and Behavioral Sciences. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/a93b961f82f132fc2b2be5fbb4992b93e2807d05
  134. Zhou. (2022). Hitting Purchase: The Influence of Social and Demographic Variables on Fast Fashion Consumers. In Journal of Student Research. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/498eb87c8a4fef532e3a4f35dc264538a73c3d34
  135. Тарас Пащенко. (2024). Critical Thinking Development in Adult Learners through Problem-Based Learning in an Online Setting. In Voprosy obrazovaniya / Educational Studies Moscow. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/cc0354cac2d1dc5e8bc3368e6c1fb622c0cb77b3.
  136. Using Inclusive Teaching Strategies | Center for Teaching Innovation. (2025). https://teaching.cornell.edu/teaching-resources/building-inclusive-classrooms/using-inclusive-teaching-strategies

Tools


Copyright © 2025  KITE Digital Educational Solutions |  Exclusively distributed by CE-Logic