Home⇛Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal⇛vol. 39 no. 5 (2025)

Psychological Distress, Coping Mechanisms, and Help-Seeking Behaviors among Filipino International Students in Australia: A Basis for Developing a Peer Support Mental Health Program

Myra Mia De Los Reyes

Discipline: Psychology and Health

 

Abstract:

The population of Filipino international students in Australia has shown rapid growth over the past years. Previous research has discussed the challenges of international students when moving to their host country, including language barriers, financial issues, living arrangements, and cultural adjustments that may lead to psychological distress when not addressed. International students use different coping mechanisms to cope with these challenges. In line with this, mental health programs are promoted by their host country, however, research proved that international students are unlikely to seek psychological help due to help-seeking barriers. This study investigated the relationship between psychological distress, coping mechanisms, and help-seeking behaviors of Filipino international students in Australia. The study was utilized in a quantitative study through descriptive-correlational and descriptive comparative research design on the data obtained from three hundred eight six (386) respondents, which was selected using a purposive sampling technique. The data are gathered using an online survey questionnaire containing the Informed Consent Form, Personal Data Sheet, Kessler-10 (K-10), Brief COPE Scale, and General Help-Seeking Questionnaire (GHSQ). Results revealed that Filipino international students in Australia are most likely to have a moderate disorder, and they most likely use problem-focused coping mechanisms. Although psychological distress is evident, Filipino international students did not prefer to seek help in the event of personal problems or suicidal ideation. The relationship between the variables revealed that psychological distress positively correlates with coping mechanisms particularly problem-focused (r = 0.354) and emotion-focused (r = 0.546) coping mechanisms; psychological distress did not show any relationship with the help-seeking behaviors of the subjects (r = 0.059, r = -0.028); and Help-seeking behavior revealed a significant relationship with coping mechanisms (r = 0.211 & r = 0.213, r = 0.192 & r = 0.13, r = 0.118). The results indicated that coping mechanisms were used by Filipino international students when experiencing psychological distress. However, Filipino international students in Australia did not prefer seeking help in times of psychological distress. Moreover, psychological distress and avoidant coping mechanisms were shown to vary on age (p = 0.001, p = 0.039), and the financial capacity of the respondents is an important factor in their help-seeking behavior (p = 0.038, p = 0.5557). Furthermore, the results of the study revealed the importance of KALMA a peer support mental health program to address the ongoing challenges and psychological distress of the respondents.



References:

  1. Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211. DOI: 10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
  2. Alharbi, E. S., & Smith, A. P. (2018). Review of the Literature on Stress and Wellbeing of International Students in English-Speaking Countries. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(12), 2698. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122698
  3. Ali, K., Farrer, L., Gulliver, A., & Griffiths, K. M. (2015). Online Peer-to-Peer Support for Young People With Mental Health Problems: A Systematic Review. JMIR mental health, 2(2), e19. https://doi.org/10.2196/mental.4418
  4. Alsahafi, N., & Shin, S. (2017). Factors affecting the academic and cultural adjustment of Saudi international students in Australian universities. Journal of International Students, 7(1), 53–72. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v7i1.245
  5. Argao, R. C., Reyes, M. E., & Delariarte, C. F. (2021). Mental Health Literacy & Mental Health of Filipino College Students. North American Journal of Psychology, 23(3), 437-452.
  6. Arkoudis, S., & Trần, L. T. (2007). International Students in Australia: Read ten thousand volumes of books and walk ten thousand miles. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 27(2), 157–169. https://doi.org/10.1080/02188790701378792
  7. Atherton, K., & Cornwall, J. (2022). Psychological Distress and Help-seeking Behaviour: Chinese International Students in New Zealand. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(3), 1044. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031044
  8. Australia and the Philippines: Partners in prosperity | Austrade. (2024). Austrade.gov.au. https://www.austrade.gov.au/en/news-and-analysis/news/australia-and-the-philippines-partners-in-prosperity
  9. Australia International Student Statistics (2023). Erudera. https://erudera.com/statistics/australia/australia-international-student statistics/#:~:text=There%20are%20currently%20619%2C371%20international,Australia%2C%20a%20total%20of%20244%2C193.
  10. Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2024, February 14). Overseas school student numbers on the rise. ABS. https://www.abs.gov.au/media-centre/media-releases/overseas-school-student-numbers-rise.
  11. Australian Government Department of Education. (2023). Key finding from the 2023 Higer Education Student Statistics. https://www.education.gov.au/higher-education-statistics/student-data/selected-higher-education-statistics-2023-student-data/key-findings-2023-student-data
  12. Australian Government Department of Education. (2024). International student monthly summary and data tables - Department of Education, Australian Government. Department of Education. https://www.education.gov.au/international-education-data-and-research/international-student-monthly-summary-and-data-tables
  13. Australian Government. (2023). Intergenerational Report 2023. Australia’s Future to 2063. https://treasury.gov.au/sites/default/files/2023-08/p2023-435150.pdfaustralian trade and investment
  14. Austria-Cruz, M. C. A. (2019). Academic Stress and coping Strategies of Filipino College Students in private and public universities in Central Luzon. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science, 5(11), 603–607. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijaems.511.6
  15. Balberan, J. C., & Bengwasan, P. D. (2024). COVID-19 stress, Facebook use intensity and coping strategies of Filipino students: an analysis of data collected during a pandemic. Discover Psychology, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44202-024-00177-8
  16. Beogo, I., Ramde, J., Anne, A., Gagnon, M.P., Sia, D., Tchouaket, E. N. (2023). e–Mental Health Program to Prevent Psychological Distress Among French-Speaking International Students in a Linguistic-Cultural Minority Context (Ottawa, Alberta, and Quebec): Protocol for the Implementation and Evaluation of Psy-Web. JMIR Research Protocols, 12, e47059–e47059. https://doi.org/10.2196/47059
  17. Bryman, A. (2016). Social Research Methods (5th ed.). Oxford University Press.
  18. Burns, R. A., & Crisp, D. A. (2019). The long-term mental health of Australia’s tertiary students. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 55(9), 1223–1230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-019-01806-7
  19. Carandang, R. R., Shibanuma, A., Kiriya, J., Vardeleon, K. R., Asis, E., Murayama, H., & Jimba, M. (2020). Effectiveness of peer counseling, social engagement, and combination interventions in improving depressive symptoms of community-dwelling Filipino senior citizens. PLOS ONE, 15(4), e0230770. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230770
  20. Carcary, M. (2009). Research audit trails: Enhancing trustworthiness in qualitative inquiry. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 7(1), 11-24. https://doi.org/10.21427/7tk0-m491
  21. Carver, C. S. (1997). You want to measure coping but your protocol’s too long: Consider the Brief COPE. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4(1), 92-100. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327558ijbm0401_6
  22. Cayaon, M. C. (2022). Coping Mechanism in College Life of Freshmen Students of Western Philippines University-Main Campus. Psych Educ, 1(3), 185-198. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.19607979.v2
  23. Chen, Y., Peng, Y., Xu, H., & O’Brien, W. H. (2018). Age differences in stress and coping: Problem-focused strategies and the mediating role of positive affect. Journal of Aging Studies, 44, 75-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2018.01.002
  24. Chinman, M., George, P., Dougherty, R. H., Daniels, A. S., Ghose, S. S., Swift, A., & Delphin-Rittmon, M. E. (2014). Peer support services for individuals with serious mental illnesses: assessing the evidence. Psychiatric services (Washington, D.C.), 65(4), 429–441. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201300244
  25. Clarke, M. (2022, September 5). International student numbers by country, by state and territory -Department of Education, Australian Government. Department of Education. https://www.education.gov.au/international-education-data-and-research/international-student numbers-country-state-and-territory
  26. Commission, A. T. (n.d.). Philippines education market profile. Www.austrade.gov.au. https://www.austrade.gov.au/australian/education/countries/philippines
  27. Constantine, M. G., & Sue, D. W. (2006). Factors affecting the help-seeking attitudes and behaviors of college students of color: An examination of racial/ethnic group differences. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(1), 67-79. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.53.1.67
  28. Cozby, P. C. (2009). Methods in behavioral research. Mcgraw-Hill Education - Europe.
  29. Creswell, J. W. and Cresswell, J.D. (2017). Research Design Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. 4th Edition, SAGE, Newbury Park. - References - Scientific Research Publishing. (n.d.). https://www.scirp.org/(S(351jmbntvnsjt1aadkozje))/reference/referencespapers.aspx?referenceid=2969274
  30. Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2017). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (3rd ed.). Sage Publications.
  31. Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2018). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Sage Publications.
  32. Daga, S. S., Lin, K. L., & Raval, V. V. (2020). Asian International Students’ Construal’s of Well-Being and Distress. Journal of International Students, 10(3), 743-763. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v10i3.2446
  33. David, E. J. R., Okazaki, S., & Saw, A. (2019). Filipino American psychology: A handbook of theory, research, and clinical practice. Oxford University Press.
  34. Department of Home Affairs website. (n.d.). Department of Home Affairs Website. https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/research-and-statistics/statistics/visa-statistics/study
  35. Department of Home Affairs. (2023). Department of Home Affairs Australian Government Australia’s Migration Trends 2022-23. https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/research-and-stats/files/migration-trends-2022-23.PDF
  36. Dingle, G. A., Han, R., & Carlyle, M. (2022). Loneliness, Belonging, and Mental Health in Australian University Students Pre- and Post-COVID-19. Behaviour Change, 39(3), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1017/bec.2022.6
  37. Ditas-Maranan, M. R., & Enriquez, V. G. (2014). Understanding Kapwa in Filipino Psychology: Implications for Migration Research. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 10(3), 563-576. DOI: 10.5964/ejop.v10i3.755
  38. Ebert, D. D., Mortier, P., Kaehlke, F., Bruffaerts, R., Baumeister, H., Auerbach, R. P., Alonso, J., Vilagut, G., Martínez, K. U., Lochner, C., Cuijpers, P., Kuechler, A., Green, J., Hasking, P., Lapsley, C., Sampson, N. A., & Kessler, R. C. (2019). Barriers of mental health treatment utilization among first‐year college students: First cross‐national results from the WHO World Mental Health International College Student Initiative. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 28(2), e1782. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.1782
  39. Enriquez, V. (1986). KAPWA: A CORE CONCEPT IN FILIPINO SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY. In V. Enriquez (Ed.), Philippine Worldview (pp. 6-19). Singapore: ISEAS Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1355/9789814379021-005
  40. Fisher, J. D., & Fisher, W. A. (1992). Changing AIDS-risk behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 111(3), 455-474. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.111.3.455
  41. Forbes-Mewett, H., & Sawyer, A.-M. (2016). International Students and Mental Health. Journal of International Students, 6(3), 661–677. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v6i3.348
  42. García, F. E., Barraza-Peña, C. G., Wlodarczyk, A., Alvear-Carrasco, M., & Reyes-Reyes, A. (2018). Psychometric properties of the Brief-COPE for the evaluation of coping strategies in the Chilean population. Psicologia Reflexão E Crítica, 31(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41155-018-0102-3
  43. Gartman, K. D. (2016). Challenges of international students in a university setting. Journal of Adult Education Tanzania, 45(2), 1. https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-4316765671/challenges-of-international-students-in-a-university
  44. Gravetter, F. J., & Wallnau, L. B. (2016). Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences (9th ed.).
  45. Hammer, J. H., Parent, M. C., & Spiker, D. A. (2019). Mental health stigma, self-compassion, and help-seeking attitudes among college students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 66(6), 920-931. DOI: 10.1037/cou0000379
  46. Harrer, M., Adam, S. H., Fleischmann, R. J., Baumeister, H., Auerbach, R., Bruffaerts, R., & Cuijpers, P. (2019). Effectiveness of an internet-and app-based intervention for college students with elevated stress: randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 21(5), e12403. doi:10.2196/12403
  47. Health and wellbeing | Study Australia. (n.d.). https://www.studyaustralia.gov.au/en/life-in-australia/student-support-services/health-and-wellbeing#:~:text=Beyond%20Blue%20is%20one%20of,who%20do%20not%20speak%20English.
  48. Hechanova, M. R. M., Jocson, R. M., Alianan, A. S., Santos, J. J. I. D., Manaois, J. O., Gomez, G. A., & Lamzon, G. R. (2023). Developing resilience online: Evaluation of synchronous and asynchronous resilience interventions for Filipino college students. Research in Learning Technology, 31. https://doi.org/10.25304/rlt.v31.2890
  49. Hirai, R., Frazier, P., & Syed, M. (2015). Psychological and Sociocultural Adjustment of First-Year International Students: Trajectories and Predictors. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 62(3), 438-452. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000072
  50. Hovey, J. D., & King, C. A. (1996). Suicidality among acculturating Mexican Americans: Current knowledge and directions for research. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 26(4), 337-352.
  51. Hutchens, G. (2024, May 15). Australia’s housing crisis in 10 graphs from the federal budget. ABC News. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-05-15/federal-budget-housing-crisis-in-10-graphs/103847336
  52. Idrissa Beogo, Ramdé, J., Anne, A., Gagnon, M.-P., Sia, D., & Eric Nguemeleu Tchouaket. (2023). e–Mental Health Program to Prevent Psychological Distress Among French-Speaking International Students in a Linguistic-Cultural Minority Context (Ottawa, Alberta, and Quebec): Protocol for the Implementation and Evaluation of Psy-Web. JMIR Research Protocols, 12, e47059–e47059. https://doi.org/10.2196/47059
  53. Jugder, M. (2016). Thematic analysis. Journal of the Nepal Medical Association, 54(200), 69-72. https://doi.org/10.31729/jnma.2821
  54. Kanthasamy, K., Puthussery, S., & Hanafi, M. I. M. (2019). Mental health status and its associated factors among international students in a public university in Malaysia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(9), 1617. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091617    
  55. Kaya, Z., & Kaval, A. (2022). The Effect of a Social Skills-Based Psychoeducation Programme on Primary School Students’ Social Skill Levels. TED EĞİTİM ve BİLİM, 47(210). https://doi.org/10.15390/eb.2022.9936
  56. Kessler, R. C., Andrews, G. Colpe, L. J., Hiripi, E., Mroczek, D. K., Normand, S.-L.T., Walters, E. E., & Zaslavsky, A. M. (2002). Short Screening Scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychological Medicine, 32(6), 959–976. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291702006074
  57. Kessler, R. C., Barker, P. R., Colpe, L. J., Epstein, J. F., Gfroerer, J. C., Hiripi, E., ... & Zaslavsky, A. M. (2003). Screening for serious mental illness in the general population. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60(2), 184-189. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.60.2.184
  58. Khanal, J., & Gaulee, U. (2019). Challenges of International Students from Pre-Departure to Post-Study: Journal of International Students, 9(2), 560–581. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v9i2.673
  59. Khawaja, N. G., & Stallman, H. M. (2011). Understanding the Coping Strategies of International Students: A Qualitative Approach. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 21(02), 203–224. https://doi.org/10.1375/ajgc.21.2.203
  60. Kim, D. H., McWhorter, E., & Castillo, L. (2023). Does mental Health literacy predict Help-Seeking behaviors among depressed Asian international students? Journal of International Students, 14(3). https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v14i3.5090
  61. Kuo, B. C., & Roysircar, G. (2004). Predictors of psychological help-seeking attitudes and tendencies among Chinese Americans. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(2), 180-190. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.51.2.180
  62. LaMontagne, A. D., Shann, C., Lolicato, E., Newton, D., Owen, P. J., Tomyn, A. J., & Reavley, N. J. (2023). Mental health-related knowledge, attitudes and behaviours in a cross-sectional sample of australian university students: a comparison of domestic and international students. BMC Public Health, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15123-x
  63. Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. Springer Publishing Company.
  64. Lee, J. S. (2017). Challenges of international students in a Japanese University: Ethnographic Perspectives. Journal of International Students, 7(1), 73–93. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v7i1.246
  65. Lee, R. L. T., Chien, W. T., Ligot, J., Nailes, J. M., Tanida, K., Takeuchi, S., Ikeda, M., Miyagawa, S., Nagai, T., Phuphaibul, R., Mekviwattanawong, C., Su, Y.-Y., Zhang, R. X., Lee, P. H., & Kwok, S. W. H. (2020). Associations Between Quality of Life, Psychosocial Well-being and Health-Related Behaviors Among Adolescents in Chinese, Japanese, Taiwanese, Thai and the Filipino Populations: A Cross-Sectional Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(7), 2402. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072402
  66. Li, Y., & Bai, H. (2018). Cultural Factors and Psychological Distress in International College Students in the United States: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 65(5), 593-607. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000276
  67. Madge, C., Raghuram, P., & Noxolo, P. (2014). Conceptualizing international education. Progress in Human Geography, 39(6), 681–701. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132514526442
  68. Martinez, A. B., Lau, J. Y. F., Morillo, H. M., & Brown, J. S. L. (2022). ‘C’mon, let’s talk: a pilot study of mental health literacy program for Filipino migrant domestic workers in the United Kingdom. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-022-02405-9
  69. Martínez, A., Co, M., Lau, J. Y. F., & Brown, J. (2020). Filipino help-seeking for mental health problems and associated barriers and facilitators: a systematic review. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 55(11), 1397–1413. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-020-01937-2
  70. Matud, M. P., Bethencourt, J. M., & Ibañez, I. (2014). Gender difference in psychological distress in Spain. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 17, E71. https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2014.70
  71. Misra, R., & Mckean, M. (2000, January). (PDF) College students ‘academic stress and its relation to their anxiety, time management, and leisure satisfaction. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/209835950_College_students
  72. Naylor, R. (2020). Key factors influencing psychological distress in university students: The effects of tertiary entrance scores. Journal of College Student Development, 61(6), 727-743. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2020.0069
  73. Newton, D. C., Tomyn, A. J., & LaMontagne, A. D. (2021). Exploring the challenges and opportunities for improving the health and wellbeing of international students: Perspectives of international students. Journal of the Australian and New Zealand Student Services Association, 29(1), 18–34. https://doi.org/10.30688/janzssa.2021.1.02
  74. Ng, E. C., Wang, W., & Seigerroth, A. K. (2020). Exploring Mental Health Issues Among International Students: Evidence from a Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(22), 8452. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228452
  75. Olaoye, D. (2020). Exploring the Challenges of International Students Studying at HBCUs (J. Cubbage, U. Onuzulike, & W. Edmonds, Eds.) [Pdf Exploring the Challenges of International Students Studying at HBCUs]. https://www.proquest.com/openview/9e27818fa95c790f20563dd472c71a33/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y
  76. Palinkas, L. A., Horwitz, S. M., Green, C. A., Wisdom, J. P., Duan, N., & Hoagwood, K. (2015). Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 42(5), 533-544. DOI: 10.1007/s10488-013-0528-y
  77. Philippines country brief. (2023). Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/philippines/philippines-country brief#:~:text=Education%20engagement%20between%20Australia%20and,eighth%20largest%20international%20student%20cohort
  78. Ramos, B. et al. (2021) ‘Burnout risks of Filipino College students during the COVID- 19 pandemic: A basis for Institutional Mental Health Program’, Technium Social Sciences Journal, 26, pp. 112–122. doi:10.47577/tssj. v26i1.5245.
  79. Repper, J., & Carter, T. (2011). A review of the literature on peer support in mental health services. Journal of mental health (Abingdon, England), 20(4), 392–411. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638237.2011.583947
  80. Reynolds, E. K., MacPherson, L., Dziura, J., Smith, K., & Salmoirago-Blotcher, E. (2019). Effectiveness of the freshman transition course for reducing stress among first-year college students: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of American College Health, 67(5), 413-421. doi:10.1080/07448481.2018.1512309
  81. Rickwood, D., Deane, F. P., Wilson, C. J., & Ciarrochi, J. (2005). Young people’s help-seeking for mental health problems. Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health, 4(3), 1-34. doi:10.5172/jamh.4.3.1
  82. Saad, I. M., Ibrahim, N., & Latar, M. A. M. (2018). Mental Health and Help-Seeking Behavior Among International Students: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. Journal of International Students, 8(1), 347-366. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1128760
  83. Sapranaviciute, L., Perminas, A., & Pauziene, N. (2012). Stress coping and psychological adaptation in the international students. Open Medicine, 7(3). https://doi.org/10.2478/s11536-011-0161-7
  84. Saravanan, C., Mohamad, M., & Alias, A. (2019). Coping strategies used by international students who recovered from homesickness and depression in Malaysia. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 68(68), 77–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2018.11.003
  85. Serrano, J. O., Reyes, M. E. S., & de Guzman, A. B. (2022). Psychological Distress and Coping of Filipino University Students amidst the Global Pandemic: A Mixed-Method Study. Journal of International Students, 12(1), 55-75. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v12i1.3183
  86. Siedlecki, S. L. (2020). Understanding Descriptive Research Designs and Methods. Clinical Nurse Specialist, 34(1), 8-12.
  87. Skromanis, S., Cooling, N., Rodgers, B., Purton, T., Fan, F., Bridgman, H., Harris, K., Presser, J., & Mond, J. (2018). Health and Well-Being of International University Students, and Comparison with Domestic Students, in Tasmania, Australia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(6), 1147. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061147
  88. Stallman, H. M. (2010). Psychological Distress in University Students: A Comparison with General Population Data. Australian Psychologist, 45(4), 249-257. https://doi.org/10.1080/00050067.2010.482109
  89. Tan-De Guia, G. (2022). Assessment of Academic Stress and Negative Coping Strategies of Freshmen Academicians. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 6(7), 2558-2566.
  90. Taylor, P., Saheb, R., & Howse, E. (2018). Creating healthier graduates, campuses and communities: Why Australia needs to invest in health promoting universities. Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 30(2), 285–289. https://doi.org/10.1002/hpja.175
  91. TIME Association. (2021). International mobility report. https://timeassociation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/TIME_Association_International_Mobility_Report.pdf
  92. Trochim, W. M. K., Donnelly, J. P., & Arora, K. (2016). Research methods: The essential knowledge base. Cengage Learning.
  93. Trochim, W., & Donnelly, J. P. (2008). The research methods knowledge base. Atomic Dog Publishing.
  94. Trujillo, J. P. C., Mohammed, P. J., & Saleh, S. T. (2020). Students’ motivations to study abroad: the case of international students at the University of Debrecen. Central European Journal of Educational Research, 2(1), 76–81. https://doi.org/10.37441/cejer/2020/2/1/5760
  95. Tuliao, A. P., & Velasquez, P. a. E. (2014). Revisiting the General Help Seeking Questionnaire: Adaptation, Exploratory Factor Analysis, and Further Validation in a Filipino College Student Sample. Philippine Journal of Psychology, 47(1), 1.https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Antover_Tuliao/publication/263278461_Revisiting_the_General_Help_Seeking_Questionnaire_Adaptation_Exploratory_Factor_Analysis_and_Further_Validation_in_a_Filipino_College_Student_Sample/links/0f31753a6db7ac2a98000000.pdf
  96. Wadmand, R., Webster, L., Mawn, L., & Stain, H. J. (2018). Adult attachment, psychological distress and help-seeking in university students: Findings from a cross-sectional online survey in England. BMC Psychology, 6(1), 47. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-018-0250-4
  97. Wang, C. C., & Mallinckrodt, B. (2006). Acculturation, Attachment, and Psychological Adjustment of Chinese/Taiwanese International Students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(4), 422-433. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.53.4.422
  98. Wang, X., Smith, R. A., & Merten, T. J. (2018). Social Support, Psychological Distress, and Internet Use Among International Students: A Cross-Sectional Study. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 21(11), 695-701. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2018.0106
  99. Wei, M., Liao, K. Y. H., & Heppner, P. P. (2011). Psychological health of Chinese international students in the United States: Validation of a multifaceted measure. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 24(1), 71-86. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515070.2010.543685
  100. Willson, C. K., Deanne, F. P., Ciarrochi, J. V., & Rickwood, D. (2005). The General Help-Seeking Questionnaire (GHSQ): Towards a Scale of Intention to Seek Professional Help for Mental Health Problems. Mental Health and Substance Use, 3(3), 247-260. https://doi.org/10.1080/15258370500135956
  101. Wohler, Y., & Dantas, J. A. (2016). Barriers Accessing Mental Health Services Among Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CALD) Immigrant Women in Australia: Policy Implications. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 19(3), 697–701. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-016-0402-6
  102. Yassin, A. A., Razak, N. A., Qasem, Y. a. M., & Mohammed, M. a. S. (2020). Intercultural learning challenges affecting international students’ sustainable learning in Malaysian higher education institutions. Sustainability, 12(18), 7490. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187490
  103. Yusuf, A. J., Hakeem, D. A., & Nyakwara, S. M. (2019). Acculturation, mental health, and help-seeking attitudes among African international students in Australia. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 70, 41-50. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2019.01.009
  104. Zhang, J., Norvilitis, J. M., & Jin, S. (2001). Sex Roles, 44(3/4), 237–251. doi:10.1023/a:1010911305338

Tools


Copyright © 2025  KITE Digital Educational Solutions |  Exclusively distributed by CE-Logic