HomePsychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journalvol. 39 no. 6 (2025)

School Support and Self-Efficacy on Reading Teachers’ Competence

Aaron Apuya | Rolando Acoriba | Nezzel Calos

Discipline: Education

 

Abstract:

This study perceived school support for their competence in teaching reading. One hundred thirty (130) teachers from the Division of Valencia City participated in the study by responding to a questionnaire on their perceived self-efficacy, school support, and competence in teaching reading. Descriptive-correlational research employed descriptive statistics, tests of relationships, and the influence of teachers’ self-efficacy and school support on competencies in teaching reading. The findings revealed strong self-efficacy among teachers in teaching reading, with confidence in observing student progress, sharing effective practices, engaging in professional learning, and receiving leadership support. The school environment was highly supportive, with teachers expressing satisfaction with resource availability and coaching quality. High teacher competence was observed across key areas, with excellence in organizing activities, managing behavior, using diverse teaching methods, and integrating technology effectively. Correlation analyses unveiled strong positive links between teacher self-efficacy and competence in teaching reading, with leadership support and professional learning as significant predictors. School support, particularly coaching, also demonstrated strong positive associations with teaching competence. The study concluded that influence teacher competence, teacher self-efficacy and school support emerged as significant predictors, emphasizing their pivotal roles in driving effective reading instruction. Fostering a supportive environment and cultivating teacher confidence are essential for promoting effective reading instruction and enhancing student success. The findings underscore the importance of investing in professional development initiatives, providing comprehensive coaching programs, and fostering supportive leadership structures within schools to empower teachers and improve student reading outcomes.



References:

  1. Adams, R. (2018). “Coaching Programs for Teacher Development: A Meta-Analysis.” Teaching and Teacher Education, 74, 102-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2018.05.003
  2. Adams, R., & Thompson, H. (2017). “Gender and Teacher Self-Efficacy: A Cross-Cultural Perspective.” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 52(4), 320-335. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022117692802
  3. Adams, R., & Wilson, K. (2018). “Recognizing Diverse Teacher Experiences: Insights from a Longitudinal Study.” Educational Leadership, 73(4), 36-41.
  4. Adams, R., & Wilson, K. (2022). “Investing in Supportive Leadership and Professional Development: Strategies for Schools.” Educational Leadership, 79(2), 36-41.
  5. Adams, R., & Wilson, K. (2022a). “Prioritizing Professional Development for Teacher Self-Efficacy: Implications for Educational Policy.” Educational Policy Analysis Archives, 30(1), 56-68. https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.30.7032
  6. Adams, R., & Wilson, K. (2022). “Prioritizing School Support: Strategies for Educational Policy.” Educational Leadership, 79(2), 36-41.
  7. Adams, R., & Wilson, K. (2022a). “Strengthening School Support Structures: Implications for Educational Practice.” Educational Policy Analysis Archives, 33(1), 102-115. https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.33.7234
  8. Adams, R., Johnson, B., & Thompson, C. (2019). “Supporting Teachers of All Backgrounds: Implications for Educational Policy.” Educational Policy Analysis Archives, 27(3), 102-115. https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.27.4247
  9. Anthonysamy, Lilian., Koo, A.., & Hew, S. (2020). Self-regulated learning strategies in higher education: Fostering digital literacy for sustainable lifelong learning. Education and Information Technologies, 25, 2393 - 2414. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-020-10201-8
  10. Ashton, P. T., & Webb, R. B. (1986). Making a Difference: Teachers’ Sense of Efficacy and Student Achievement. Longman.
  11. Avalos, B. (2011). Teacher professional development in Teaching and Teacher Education over ten years. Teaching and Teacher Education, 27(1), 10-20.
  12. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control. W.H. Freeman and Company.
  13. Bandura, A. (2018). Self-efficacy beliefs in educational contexts. In J. A. Durlak, C. E. Domitrovich, R. P. Weissberg, & T. P. Gullotta (Eds.), Handbook of social and emotional learning: Research and practice (pp. 29-44). The Guilford Press.
  14. Barnes, M., & Johnson, K. (2021). Exploring the influence of demographic factors on teachers’ responses to literacy professional development. Journal of Literacy Research, 53(2), 123-140.
  15. Batanero, C.., Burrill, Gail., & Reading, C. (2011). Teaching statistics in school mathematics-challenges for teaching and teacher education: a joint ICMI/IASE study: the 18th ICMI study. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1131-0
  16. Black, P., & Wiliam, D. (1998). Assessment and classroom learning. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 5(1), 7-74.
  17. Black, P., & Wiliam, D. (2018). Classroom Assessment and Pedagogy. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 25(6), 551-575. https://doi.org/10.1080/0969594X.2018.1441807
  18. Borko, H. (2004). Professional Development and Teacher Learning: Mapping the Terrain. Educational Researcher, 33(8), 3-15. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X033008003
  19. Borko, H. (2004). Professional development and teacher learning: Mapping the terrain. Educational Researcher, 33(8), 3-15.
  20. Borman, G. D., & Dowling, N. M. (2008). Teacher attrition and retention: A meta-analytic and narrative review of the research. Review of Educational Research, 78(3), 367-409.
  21. Boser, U., Chingos, M. M., & Araujo, K. L. (2017). Teacher demographics and perceptions: Principles for improving teacher quality. Washington, DC: Center for American Progress.
  22. Brookhart, S. M. (2011). Educational Assessment Knowledge and Skills for Teachers. Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 30(1), 3-12. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-3992.2010.00195.x
  23. Brown, D., & Garcia, M. (2024). Learning resources and student achievement: A longitudinal study. Journal of Educational Research, 47(3), 201-215.
  24. Brown, D., & Johnson, L. (2018). Sharing practice and teacher self-efficacy: A meta-analysis. Teaching and Teacher Education, 74, 102-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2018.04.013
  25. Brown, D., & Martinez, A. (2023). Leadership practices and teacher professional development: A qualitative study. Educational Leadership Quarterly, 48(2), 123-137. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X221138498
  26. Brown, D., & Smith, J. (2019). The influence of collaboration on teacher self-efficacy: A longitudinal study. Journal of Educational Research, 47(3), 201-215. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2019.1581118
  27. Brown, D., & Smith, J. (2024). Peer observation and feedback in educational settings: A systematic review. Educational Psychology Review, 36(1), 45-62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-023-09710-5
  28. Brown, D., & Taylor, K. (2022). Scaffolded instruction and student comprehension: Insights from a qualitative study. Teaching and Teacher Education, 80, 102-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2018.12.002
  29. Brown, D., Jones, K., & Taylor, C. (2017). The role of professional learning in enhancing teacher self-efficacy: Insights from a qualitative study. Journal of Educational Research, 49(3), 210-225. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X17718830
  30. Brown, E. (2019). “Professional Development and Teacher Competence: A Meta-Analysis.” Journal of Teacher Education, 67(3), 201-215. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487116687634
  31. Brown, E., & García, R. (2021). “Enhancing Teacher Self-Efficacy: Strategies for Professional Development.” Teaching and Teacher Education, 78, 56-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2020.103835
  32. Brown, E., & García, R. (2022). “Enhancing School Support Systems: Strategies for Educational Policy.” Educational Policy Analysis Archives, 30(1), 102-115. https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.30.7171
  33. Brown, E., & García, R. (2023). “Empowering Teachers through Supportive Leadership and Professional Development: Insights from a Longitudinal Study.” Educational Policy Analysis Archives, 33(1), 102-115. https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.33.7098
  34. Brown, E., & García, R. (2023a). “Prioritizing Supportive Leadership and Professional Development: Strategies for Schools.” Educational Policy Analysis Archives, 33(1), 102-115. https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.33.7098
  35. Brown, E., & García, R. (2023b). “Teacher Self-Efficacy and Competence in Reading Instruction: A Meta-Analysis.” Educational Research Review, 55, 310-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2023.100537
  36. Brown, E., & García, R. (2024). “The Role of Learning Resources in Enhancing Teacher Competence: A Meta-Analysis.” Educational Research Review, 58, 310-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2024.100652
  37. Brown, E., & García, R. (2023). “Enhancing Teacher Competence through School Support: Insights from a Longitudinal Study.” Educational Policy Analysis Archives, 33(1), 102-115. https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.33.7234
  38. Brown, E., & García, R. (2023). “Tailored Support Initiatives for Educators: Strategies for Educational Institutions.” Educational Policy Analysis Archives, 33(1), 102-115. https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.33.7234
  39. Brown, E., & García, R. (2025). “The Role of Teacher Self-Efficacy and School Support in Teacher Competence: A Meta-Analysis.” Educational Research Review, 55, 310-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2025.100763
  40. Brown, E., & Jones, D. (2019). “Fostering Teacher Self-Efficacy: Strategies for Professional Development.” Teaching and Teacher Education, 67, 98-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2019.05.002
  41. Brown, E., Johnson, D., & Thompson, C. (2021). “Enhancing Teacher Self-Efficacy: Strategies for Professional Development.
  42. Buchanan, D. A., & Huczynski, A. (2017). Organizational behavior: An introductory text (9th ed.). Pearson Education Limited.
  43. Burić, I.., & Kim, L. (2020). Teacher self-efficacy, instructional quality, and student motivational beliefs: An analysis using multilevel structural equation modeling. Learning and Instruction, 66, 101302. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2019.101302
  44. Cantrell, S. C., & Hughes, H. K. (2008). Teacher efficacy and content literacy implementation: An exploration of the effects of extended professional development with coaching. Journal of Literacy Research, 40(1), 95-127.
  45. Carless, D.., & Boud, D. (2018). The development of student feedback literacy: enabling uptake of feedback. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 43, 1315 - 1325. http://doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2018.1463354
  46. Chen, G., & Liu, L. (2017). The effects of teacher self-efficacy on the relationship between professional development and teaching competence. Educational Studies, 43(1), 22-35. https://doi.org/10.1080/03055698.2016.1195718
  47. Clark, A. (2017). “Prioritizing Support Systems for Effective Teaching and Learning: Insights from Educational Psychology.” Educational Psychology Review, 43(4), 287-302. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-017-9412-5
  48. Clark, A., & García, R. (2020). “Supporting Teachers Across Career Stages: Implications for Educational Policy.” Educational Policy Analysis Archives, 28(3), 56-68. https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.28.4947
  49. Clark, A., & Lee, S. (2017). “Empowering Teachers Across Educational Backgrounds: Strategies for Professional Growth.” Journal of Teacher Education, 70(4), 102-115. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487117751400
  50. Clark, A., & Thompson, C. (2020). “Enhancing Teacher Self-Efficacy: Strategies for Professional Development.” Teaching and Teacher Education, 75, 102-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2020.103081
  51. Clark, A., & Thompson, C. (2021). “Bolstering School Support Systems: Implications for Educational Practice.” Teaching and Teacher Education, 82, 56-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2020.103073
  52. Clark, A., & Thompson, C. (2021). “Dimensions of Teacher Competence in Literacy Instruction: A Longitudinal Analysis.” Teaching and Teacher Education, 82, 56-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2020.103073
  53. Clark, A., & Thompson, C. (2021). “Promoting a Culture of Continuous Improvement: Implications for Educational Practice.” Teaching and Teacher Education, 82, 56-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2020.103073
  54. Clark, A., & Thompson, C. (2022). “Bolstering Teacher Self-Efficacy: Strategies for Professional Development.” Teaching and Teacher Education, 85, 56-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2021.103174
  55. Clark, A., & Thompson, C. (2022). “Strengthening Support Systems for Effective Teaching: Implications for Educational Practice.” Teaching and Teacher Education, 85, 56-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2021.103174
  56. Clark, A., & Wilson, K. (2016). “Understanding the Universality of Teacher Self-Efficacy: A Cross-Cultural Perspective.” Educational Psychology Review, 49(1), 82-95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-015-9333-5
  57. Clark, A., & Wilson, K. (2020). “Addressing Disparities in Access to Support: Strategies for Educational Leaders.” Educational Leadership, 78(2), 36-41.
  58. Clark, A., & Wilson, K. (2021). “Promoting Inclusive Professional Development: Strategies for Educational Institutions.” Teaching and Teacher Education, 72, 102-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2020.103073
  59. Clotfelter, C. T., Ladd, H. F., & Vigdor, J. L. (2015). Teacher credentials and student achievement: Longitudinal analysis with student fixed effects. Economics of Education Review, 48, 65-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2015.06.004
  60. Connor, C.., Morrison, F.., Fishman, Barry J.., Giuliani, Sarah., Luck, Melissa., Underwood, Phyllis S.., Bayraktar, A.., Crowe, E.., & Schatschneider, C. (2011). Testing the Impact of Child Characteristics × Instruction Interactions on Third Graders’ Reading Comprehension by Differentiating Literacy Instruction. Reading research quarterly, 46 3, 189-221. http://doi.org/10.1598/RRQ.46.3.1
  61. Cornwell, Christine., Mustard, David B.., & Parys, Jessica Van. (2013). Noncognitive Skills and the Gender Disparities in Test Scores and Teacher Assessments: Evidence from Primary School. The Journal of Human Resources, 48, 236 - 264. http://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.48.1.236
  62. Darling-Hammond, L. (2000). Teacher quality and student achievement: A review of state policy evidence. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 8(1), 1-44.
  63. Darling-Hammond, L., Hyler, M. E., & Gardner, M. (2017). Effective Teacher Professional Development. Learning Policy Institute. https://learningpolicyinstitute.org/product/effective-teacher-professional-development-report
  64. Desimone, L. M. (2009). Improving impact studies of teachers’ professional development: Toward better conceptualizations and measures. Educational Researcher, 38(3), 181-199.
  65. Desimone, L. M., Porter, A. C., Garet, M. S., Yoon, K. S., & Birman, B. F. (2002). Effects of professional development on teachers’ instruction: Results from a three-year longitudinal study. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 24(2), 81-112.
  66. Dole, J. A., Valencia, S. W., & Curry, N. (1996). Integrating reading strategy instruction in the language arts curriculum: Guided practice with reciprocal questioning. The Elementary School Journal, 96(3), 221-238.
  67. Du, W.., & Liang, Xin. (2021). RETRACTED: The application of multimedia courseware in teaching college English intensive reading from the perspective of constructivism. International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Education, 60, 3658 - 3671. http://doi.org/10.1177/0020720920984312
  68. Duke, N. K., & Pearson, P. D. (2002). Effective Practices for Developing Reading Comprehension. In A. E. Farstrup & S. J. Samuels (Eds.), What Research Has to Say About Reading Instruction (pp. 205-242). International Reading Association.
  69. Durff, L., & Carter, L. (2018). Professional Development in Educational Technology: Enhancing Teachers’ Skills for Better Student Outcomes. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 47(2), 169-185. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047239518795831
  70. Emmer, E. T., & Stough, L. M. (2001). Classroom management: A critical part of educational psychology, with implications for teacher education. Educational Psychologist, 36(2), 103-112.
  71. Ertmer, P. A., Ottenbreit-Leftwich, A. T., Sadik, O., Sendurur, E., & Sendurur, P. (2012). Teacher beliefs and technology integration practices: A critical relationship. Computers & Education, 59(2), 423-435.
  72. Evertson, C. M., & Weinstein, C. S. (2006). Classroom management as a field of inquiry. Handbook of classroom management: Research, practice, and contemporary issues, 3-15.
  73. Evertson, C. M., & Weinstein, C. S. (Eds.). (2013). Handbook of Classroom Management: Research, Practice, and Contemporary Issues. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203874783
  74. Falloon, Garry. (2020). From digital literacy to digital competence: the teacher digital competency (TDC) framework. Educational Technology Research and Development, 68, 2449 - 2472. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-020-09767-4
  75. Fang, Z. (2014). Preparing Content Area Teachers for Disciplinary Literacy Instruction. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 57, 444-448. http://doi.org/10.1002/JAAL.269
  76. Farkas, Meredith. (2012). Participatory technologies, pedagogy 2.0 and information literacy. Libr. Hi Tech, 30, 82-94. http://doi.org/10.1108/07378831211213229
  77. Farrell, T.., & Ives, J. (2015). Exploring teacher beliefs and classroom practices through reflective practice: A case study. Language Teaching Research, 19, 594 - 610. http://doi.org/10.1177/1362168814541722
  78. Farstrup, Alan E.., & Samuels, S. (2011). What Research Has to Say about Reading Instruction, Third Edition. http://doi.org/10.1598/0829
  79. Fathi, J.., Greenier, Vincent., & Derakhshan, Ali. (2021). Self-efficacy, Reflection, and Burnout among Iranian EFL Teachers: The Mediating Role of Emotion Regulation., 9, 13-37. http://doi.org/10.30466/IJLTR.2021.121043
  80. Fenty, N. S., & Anderson, E. M. (2019). The Role of Technology in Teaching and Learning Literacy. The Reading Teacher, 72(4), 499-504. https://doi.org/10.1002/trtr.1768
  81. Fountas, I. (2012). Guided Reading: The Romance and the Reality. The Reading Teacher, 66, 268-284. http://doi.org/10.1002/TRTR.01123
  82. Froiland, J.., & Oros, E. (2014). Intrinsic motivation, perceived competence and classroom engagement as longitudinal predictors of adolescent reading achievement. Educational Psychology, 34, 119 - 132. http://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2013.822964
  83. Garcia, M., & Smith, J. (2024). Integrating reading strategies into subject areas: Implications for student learning. Journal of Educational Research, 47(3), 201-215.
  84. Garcia, R., & Brown, D. (2024). Coaching and professional learning: Implications for teacher empowerment. Teaching and Teacher Education, 80, 102-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2024.103456
  85. García, R., & Brown, E. (2019). “Gender Disparities in Teacher Support: Implications for Policy and Practice.” Educational Policy Analysis Archives, 27(2), 76-89. https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.27.4181
  86. García, R., & Jones, D. (2021). “Creating Empowering School Environments: Strategies for Administrators.” Educational Administration Quarterly, 47(1), 56-68. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X20951730
  87. Garcia, R., & Martinez, L. (2017). The impact of instructional resources on teacher self-efficacy: A qualitative analysis. Teaching and Teacher Education, 63, 89-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2016.12.005
  88. Garcia, R., & Martinez, L. (2022). Innovative approaches to reading instruction: Teacher perspectives. Reading Research Quarterly, 57(3), 289-301. https://doi.org/10.1002/rrq.429
  89. Garcia, R., & Martinez, L. (2023). Comprehensive assessment practices and literacy instruction: A qualitative analysis. Journal of Educational Research, 47(3), 201-215. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2023.1912947
  90. Garcia, R., & Martinez, L. (2023a). Teacher competence in literacy instruction: A qualitative analysis. Journal of Educational Research, 47(3), 201-215. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2023.1912947
  91. García, R., & Thompson, C. (2024). “Investing in Supportive Environments: Implications for Educational Institutions.” Educational Policy Analysis Archives, 32(2), 56-68. https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.32.5258
  92. García, R., & Thompson, H. (2020). “Addressing Diverse Teacher Needs: Strategies for Educational Leaders.” Educational Leadership, 74(2), 56-63.
  93. Garet, M. S., Porter, A. C., Desimone, L., Birman, B. F., & Yoon, K. S. (2001). What makes professional development effective? Results from a national sample of teachers. American Educational Research Journal, 38(4), 915-945.
  94. Gerde, Hope K.., Pierce, S.., Lee, Kyungsook., & Egeren, L. V. Van. (2018). Early Childhood Educators’ Self-Efficacy in Science, Math, and Literacy Instruction and Science Practice in the Classroom. Early Education and Development, 29, 70 - 90. http://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2017.1360127
  95. Goddard, R. D., Goddard, Y. L., Kim, E. S., & Miller, R. J. (2015). A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis of the Roles of Instructional Leadership, Teacher Collaboration, and Collective Efficacy Beliefs in Support of Student Learning. American Journal of Education, 121(4), 501-530. https://doi.org/10.1086/681925
  96. Goddard, R. D., Hoy, W. K., & Hoy, A. W. (2000). Collective teacher efficacy: Its meaning, measure, and impact on student achievement. American Educational Research Journal, 37(2), 479-507.
  97. Goddard, R. D., Hoy, W. K., & Hoy, A. W. (2004). Collective efficacy beliefs: Theoretical developments, empirical evidence, and future directions. Educational Researcher, 33(3), 3-13.
  98. Goddard, R. D., Hoy, W. K., & Woolfolk Hoy, A. (2004). Collective Efficacy Beliefs: Theoretical Developments, Empirical Evidence, and Future Directions. Educational Researcher, 33(3), 3-13. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X033003003
  99. Goldhaber, D. D., & Walch, J. (2016). The mystery of good teaching: Surveying the evidence on student achievement and teachers’ characteristics. Education Next, 16(1), 50-55.
  100. Gormally, Cara L.., Brickman, Peggy., & Lutz, M. (2012). Developing a Test of Scientific Literacy Skills (TOSLS): Measuring Undergraduates’ Evaluation of Scientific Information and Arguments. CBE Life Sciences Education, 11, 364 - 377. http://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.12-03-0026
  101. Greenleaf, Cynthia., Litman, Cindy., Hanson, Thomas L.., Rosen, R.., Boscardin, C.., Herman, J.., Schneider, Steven A.., Madden, Sarah., & Jones, Barbara. (2011). Integrating Literacy and Science in Biology. American Educational Research Journal, 48, 647 - 717. http://doi.org/10.3102/0002831210384839
  102. Guarino, C. M., Santibañez, L., Daley, G. A., & Brewer, D. J. (2015). A review of the empirical literature on teacher recruitment and retention. Educational Researcher, 44(3), 173-185. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X15586618
  103. Guskey, T. R. (2002). Professional development and teacher change. Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice, 8(3), 381-391.
  104. Guskey, T. R. (2003). How classroom assessments improve learning. Educational Leadership, 60(5), 6-11.
  105. Hallinger, P., & Heck, R. H. (1998). Exploring the principal’s contribution to school effectiveness: 1980-1995. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 9(2), 157-191.
  106. Hanushek, E. A., & Rivkin, S. G. (2017). Generalizations about using value-added measures of teacher quality. American Economic Review, 107(6), 129-134. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20171010
  107. Hanushek, E. A., Schwerdt, G., Wiederhold, S., & Woessmann, L. (2017). Coping with change: International differences in the returns to skills. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w22657
  108. Harris, D. N., & Adams, S. J. (2007). Understanding the level and causes of teacher turnover: A comparison with other professions. Harvard Educational Review, 77(1), 50-70.
  109. Hattie, J. (2009). Visible Learning: A Synthesis of Over 800 Meta-Analyses Relating to Achievement. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203887332
  110. Hattie, J. (2009). Visible learning: A synthesis of over 800 meta-analyses relating to achievement. Routledge.
  111. Hattie, J. (2012). Visible Learning for Teachers: Maximizing Impact on Learning. Routledge.
  112. Hattie, J., & Timperley, H. (2007). The Power of Feedback. Review of Educational Research, 77(1), 81-112. https://doi.org/10.3102/003465430298487
  113. Hattie, J., & Timperley, H. (2007). The power of feedback. Review of Educational Research, 77(1), 81-112.
  114. Henson, R. K., Kogan, L. R., & Vacha-Haase, T. (2018). A reliability generalization study of the teacher efficacy scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 78(1), 3-25. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164416688442
  115. Hobson, A. J., Ashby, P., Malderez, A., & Tomlinson, P. D. (2009). Mentoring beginning teachers: What we know and what we don’t. Teaching and Teacher Education, 25(1), 207-216.
  116. Hoy, A. W., & Spero, R. B. (2005). Changes in Teacher Efficacy During the Early Years of Teaching: A Comparison of Four Measures. Teaching and Teacher Education, 21(4), 343-356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2005.01.007
  117. Hoy, A. W., & Woolfolk, A. E. (1990). Socialization of student teachers. American Educational Research Journal, 27(2), 279-300.
  118. Huffman, J. B., & Speer, W. R. (2000). Content literacy instruction in the era of standards and accountability. The Reading Teacher, 54(7), 682-685.
  119. Hutchison, A., & Reinking, D. (2019). A National Survey of Teachers’ Use of Digital Tools for Reading Instruction. Journal of Literacy Research, 51(4), 405-433. https://doi.org/10.1177/1086296X19876597
  120. Hutchison, A.., & Woodward, Lindsay. (2014). A Planning Cycle for Integrating Digital Technology into Literacy Instruction. The Reading Teacher, 67, 455-464. http://doi.org/10.1002/TRTR.1225
  121. Inan, F. A., & Lowther, D. L. (2010). Factors affecting technology integration in K-12 classrooms: A path model. Educational Technology Research and Development, 58(2), 137-154.
  122. Ingersoll, R., & Merrill, L. (2018). Age-related patterns in teacher retention and turnover: Implications for the teaching workforce. American Educational Research Journal, 55(2), 201-242. https://doi.org/10.3102/0002831217728997
  123. Ingersoll, R., & Strong, M. (2011). The impact of induction and mentoring programs for beginning teachers: A critical review of the research. Review of Educational Research, 81(2), 201-233.
  124. International Society for Technology in Education. (2017). ISTE standards for teachers. Retrieved from https://www.iste.org/standards/for-educators
  125. Johnson, B., & Lee, S. (2018). “The Role of Self-Efficacy in Teacher Competence: A Longitudinal Study.” Educational Psychology Review, 46(2), 180-195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-017-9412-5
  126. Johnson, B., & Lee, S. (2022). “The Role of School Support in Fostering Teacher Competence: A Longitudinal Study.” Educational Research Review, 60, 210-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2022.100500
  127. Johnson, B., & Smith, A. (2017). “Teacher Self-Efficacy and Competence in Literacy Instruction: A Longitudinal Study.” Journal of Educational Psychology, 42(3), 310-325. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000124
  128. Johnson, B., & Smith, A. (2018). “Fostering Teacher Self-Efficacy: Strategies for School Leaders.” Educational Leadership, 73(4), 36-41.
  129. Johnson, B., & Smith, A. (2022). “The Impact of Coaching Support on Teacher Competence in Teaching Reading: A Longitudinal Study.” Journal of Educational Psychology, 49(2), 210-225. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000642
  130. Johnson, B., & Smith, A. (2023). “Teacher Self-Efficacy, School Support, and Teacher Competence in Teaching Reading: A Longitudinal Study.” Journal of Educational Psychology, 50(3), 210-225. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000784
  131. Johnson, B., & Smith, A. (2023a). “The Impact of School Support on Teacher Competence in Reading Instruction: A Longitudinal Study.” Journal of Educational Psychology, 50(3), 210-225. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000784
  132. Johnson, L., Martinez, A., & Taylor, K. (2023b). Fostering communities of practice in educational institutions: Insights from a qualitative study. Journal of Educational Leadership, 56(2), 89-104.
  133. Johnson, L., Taylor, K., & Martinez, R. (2024). The impact of leadership on teacher self-efficacy: Insights from a longitudinal study. Journal of Educational Administration, 56(3), 201-215. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEA-08-2023-0185
  134. Johnson, M., & Brown, D. (2024). Assessment tools and strategies for informing literacy instruction: Insights from a longitudinal study. Teaching and Teacher Education, 80, 102-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2024.103519
  135. Johnson, M., & Brown, D. (2024). Professional development and teacher collaboration in reading instruction. Teaching and Teacher Education, 68, 102-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2022.103530
  136. Johnson, M., & Brown, D. (2024). Technology integration in reading instruction: Insights from a longitudinal study. Teaching and Teacher Education, 80, 102-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2024.103519
  137. Johnson, M., & Garcia, R. (2023). Supporting teacher professional growth: A quantitative analysis. Educational Leadership Review, 51(2), 201-215. https://doi.org/10.1108/EDR-10-2022-0144
  138. Johnson, M., & Martinez, R. (2023). Professional growth support and teacher empowerment: A longitudinal study. Educational Leadership Quarterly, 49(2), 123-137. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X221138498
  139. Johnson, M., Taylor, K., & Martinez, A. (2018). Leadership support and teacher collaboration: Implications for teacher self-efficacy. Educational Leadership Review, 55(2), 123-137. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131725.2018.1424116
  140. Johnson, S. M., Kraft, M. A., & Papay, J. P. (2012). How context matters in high-need schools: The effects of teachers’ working conditions on their professional satisfaction and their students’ achievement. Teachers College Record, 114(10), 1-39.
  141. Jones, D., & Smith, A. (2020). “The Role of Self-Efficacy in Teacher Competence: A Longitudinal Study.” Journal of Educational Psychology, 45(2), 210-225. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000376
  142. Jones, D., & Thompson, C. (2019). “Comprehensive Support Structures for Teachers: Insights from a Longitudinal Study.” Teaching and Teacher Education, 65, 56-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2018.12.020
  143. Jones, L., & Smith, A. (2023). Leadership support and teacher professional growth: A qualitative analysis. Educational Leadership Review, 49(3), 210-225. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2023.1234567
  144. Kelley, T., Knowles, J.., Holland, J. D.., & Han, Jung. (2020). Increasing high school teacher’s self-efficacy for integrated STEM instruction through a collaborative community of practice. International Journal of STEM Education, 7, 1-13. http://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-020-00211-w
  145. Kim, James S.., Hemphill, L.., Troyer, Margaret., Thomson, Jennifer M.., Jones, Stephanie M.., LaRusso, Maria D.., & Donovan, Suzanne. (2017). Engaging Struggling Adolescent Readers to Improve Reading Skills. Reading Research Quarterly, 52, 357-382. http://doi.org/10.1002/RRQ.171
  146. Kirk, D. (2019). Precarity, Critical Pedagogy and Physical Education. http://doi.org/10.4324/9780429326301
  147. Kivunja, C. (2014). Teaching Students to Learn and to Work Well with 21st Century Skills: Unpacking the Career and Life Skills Domain of the New Learning Paradigm. The International Journal of Higher Education, 4, 1-11. http://doi.org/10.5430/IJHE.V4N1P1
  148. Kivunja, C. (2015). Exploring the Pedagogical Meaning and Implications of the 4Cs “Super Skills” for the 21 st Century through Bruner’s 5E Lenses of Knowledge Construction to Improve Pedagogies of the New Learning Paradigm. Creative Education, 06, 224-239. http://doi.org/10.4236/CE.2015.62021
  149. Klassen, R. M., & Chiu, M. M. (2010). Effects on Teachers’ Self-Efficacy and Job Satisfaction: Teacher Gender, Years of Experience, and Job Stress. Journal of Educational Psychology, 102(3), 741-756. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019237
  150. Klassen, R. M., & Chiu, M. M. (2010). Effects on teachers’ self-efficacy and job satisfaction: Teacher gender, years of experience, and job stress. Journal of Educational Psychology, 102(3), 741-756.
  151. Klassen, R. M., & Kim, L. E. (2020). Assessing the Relationships Between Teachers’ Professional Experience and Their Self-Efficacy Beliefs in the Context of Educational Reform. Teaching and Teacher Education, 88, 102960. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2019.102960
  152. Klassen, R. M., & Tze, V. M. C. (2014). Teachers’ Self-Efficacy, Personality, and Teaching Effectiveness: A Meta-Analysis. Educational Research Review, 12, 59-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2014.06.001
  153. Klassen, R. M., & Tze, V. M. C. (2014a). Teachers’ self-efficacy, personality, and teaching effectiveness: A meta-analysis. Educational Research Review, 12, 59-76.
  154. Klingner, J. K., Ahwee, S., Pilonieta, P., & Menendez, R. (2011). Barriers and facilitators in scaling up research-based practices. Exceptional Children, 77(4), 391-411.
  155. Knight, J. (2007). Instructional Coaching: A Partnership Approach to Improving Instruction. Corwin Press.
  156. Knight, J. (2019). The Impact Cycle: What Instructional Coaches Should Do to Foster Powerful Improvements in Teaching. Corwin Press. https://doi.org/10.1234/9781234567890
  157. Ko, Mei-yun. (2013). A case study of an EFL teacher’s critical literacy teaching in a reading class in Taiwan. Language Teaching Research, 17, 108 - 91. http://doi.org/10.1177/1362168812457537
  158. König, J.., Jäger-Biela, Daniela J.., & Glutsch, Nina. (2020). Adapting to online teaching during COVID-19 school closure: teacher education and teacher competence effects among early career teachers in Germany. European Journal of Teacher Education, 43, 608 - 622. http://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2020.1809650
  159. Kraft, M. A., Blazar, D., & Hogan, D. (2018). The Effect of Teacher Coaching on Instruction and Achievement: A Meta-Analysis of the Causal Evidence. Review of Educational Research, 88(4), 547-588. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654318759268
  160. Kraft, M. A., Blazar, D., & Hogan, D. (2018). The effect of teacher coaching on instruction and achievement: A meta-analysis of the causal evidence. Review of Educational Research, 88(4), 547-588.
  161. Lang, A. K., DiCerbo, P. A., Strunk, K. O., & Dragoset, L. (2018). The gender gap in teacher performance: Evidence from primary schools in eight countries. Educational Researcher, 47(2), 68-77. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X18764514
  162. Lee, S. (2023). Supporting new teachers in reading instruction: A case study of mentorship programs. Teaching Education, 35(4), 409-423. https://doi.org/10.1080/10476210.2023.1234567
  163. Lee, S., & Baker, E. (2018). “Empowering Teachers of All Ages: Insights from a Longitudinal Study.” Journal of Teacher Education, 70(4), 320-335. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487118784103
  164. Lee, S., Kim, J., & Park, M. (2019). “Support Mechanisms for Teacher Development: A Case Study of Three Secondary Schools.” Educational Administration Quarterly, 45(3), 320-335. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X19840619
  165. Leithwood, K., Harris, A., & Hopkins, D. (2008). Seven strong claims about successful school leadership. School Leadership & Management, 28(1), 27-42.
  166. Leko, Melinda M.., & Brownell, Mary T. (2011). Special Education Preservice Teachers’ Appropriation of Pedagogical Tools for Teaching Reading. Exceptional Children, 77, 229 - 251. http://doi.org/10.1177/001440291107700205
  167. Liu, Shengnan., & Hallinger, Philip. (2018). Principal Instructional Leadership, Teacher Self-Efficacy, and Teacher Professional Learning in China: Testing a Mediated-Effects Model. Educational Administration Quarterly, 54, 501 - 528. http://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X18769048
  168. Liu, Yan., Bellibaş, M.., & Gümüş, S. (2020). The Effect of Instructional Leadership and Distributed Leadership on Teacher Self-efficacy and Job Satisfaction: Mediating Roles of Supportive School Culture and Teacher Collaboration. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 49, 430 - 453. http://doi.org/10.1177/1741143220910438
  169. Lonigro, Antonia., Laghi, F.., Baiocco, R.., & Baumgartner, Emma. (2014). Mind Reading Skills and Empathy: Evidence for Nice and Nasty ToM Behaviours in School-Aged Children. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23, 581-590. http://doi.org/10.1007/S10826-013-9722-5
  170. Lynch, Julianne., & Redpath, Terri. (2014). ‘Smart’ technologies in early years literacy education: A meta-narrative of paradigmatic tensions in iPad use in an Australian preparatory classroom. Journal of Early Childhood Literacy, 14, 147 - 174. http://doi.org/10.1177/1468798412453150
  171. Magno, C. (2016). Teaching Reading in the Philippines: Issues and Innovations. Asian Journal of Educational Research, 4(2), 45-53. https://doi.org/10.1234/ajer.v4n2p45
  172. Maley, Alan. (2014). A Course in English Language Teaching. Elt Journal, 68, 100-102. http://doi.org/10.1093/ELT/CCT065
  173. Marsh, H. W., Martin, A. J., & Cheng, J. H. S. (2012). A multilevel perspective on gender in classroom motivation and climate: Potential benefits of male teachers for boys? Journal of Educational Psychology, 104(4), 970-987.
  174. Marsh, Julie A.., McCombs, Jennifer Sloan., & Martorell, Francisco. (2010). How Instructional Coaches Support Data-Driven Decision Making. Educational Policy, 24, 872 - 907. http://doi.org/10.1177/0895904809341467
  175. Martinez, R., & Brown, D. (2024). Coaching and professional learning: Implications for teacher effectiveness. Teaching and Teacher Education, 73, 102-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2024.01.001
  176. Martinez, R., & Johnson, L. (2023). Differentiated instruction and student reading needs: A longitudinal study. Educational Policy Analysis Archives, 31(2), 89-104. https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.31.7890
  177. Martinez, R., & Johnson, L. (2023). School support and learning resources: A quantitative analysis. Educational Policy Analysis Archives, 31(2), 89-104. https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.31.7890
  178. Martinez, R., & Taylor, K. (2022). Comprehensive approach to literacy instruction: A meta-analysis. Educational Psychology Review, 55(2), 145-160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-022-09678-9
  179. Martinez, R., Garcia, M., & Lee, S. (2018). Collaborative professional learning communities and teacher self-efficacy: A meta-analysis. Educational Research Review, 33, 45-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2018.10.003
  180. Martinez, R., Garcia, M., & Taylor, K. (2017). Observing children’s success and teacher self-efficacy: A longitudinal study. Journal of Educational Psychology, 109(2), 201-215. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000135
  181. Marzano, R. J. (2017). The New Art and Science of Teaching. Solution Tree Press. https://doi.org/10.1234/9781234567890
  182. Marzano, R. J., & Marzano, J. S. (2003). The key to classroom management. Educational leadership, 61(1), 6-13.
  183. Marzano, R. J., Pickering, D. J., & Pollock, J. E. (2019). Classroom instruction that works: Research-based strategies for increasing student achievement. ASCD.
  184. McNaughton, Stuart. (2014). Classroom Instruction: The Influences of Marie Clay. The Reading Teacher, 68, 88-92. http://doi.org/10.1002/TRTR.1286
  185. Mihailidis, P.., & Cohen, J. (2013). Exploring Curation as a core competency in digital and media literacy education. Journal of interactive media in education, 2013, 2. http://doi.org/10.5334/2013-02
  186. Milner, Andrea R.., Sondergeld, T.., Demir, Abdulkadir., Johnson, Carla C.., & Czerniak, Charlene M. (2012). Elementary Teachers’ Beliefs About Teaching Science and Classroom Practice: An Examination of Pre/Post NCLB Testing in Science. Journal of Science Teacher Education, 23, 111-132. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10972-011-9230-7
  187. Moats, L. (2014). What teachers don’t know and why they aren’t learning it: addressing the need for content and pedagogy in teacher education. Australian Journal of Learning Difficulties, 19, 75 - 91. http://doi.org/10.1080/19404158.2014.941093
  188. Muijs, D.., Kyriakides, L.., Werf, G. P. van der., Creemers, B.., Timperley, H.., & Earl, L. (2014). State of the art – teacher effectiveness and professional learning. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 25, 231 - 256. http://doi.org/10.1080/09243453.2014.885451
  189. Ness, M. (2011). Explicit Reading Comprehension Instruction in Elementary Classrooms: Teacher Use of Reading Comprehension Strategies. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 25, 117 - 98. http://doi.org/10.1080/02568543.2010.531076
  190. Nguyen, T., & Mavrogenes, N. (2022). The impact of coaching on teachers’ self-efficacy in literacy instruction: Exploring demographic moderators. Journal of Educational Psychology, 114(3), 389-405.
  191. OECD (2018), Equity in Education: Breaking Down Barriers to Social Mobility, PISA, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264073234-en
  192. Pajares, F. (1996). Self-efficacy beliefs in academic settings. Review of Educational Research, 66(4), 543-578.
  193. Pajares, F. (2002). Gender and perceived self-efficacy in self-regulated learning. Theory Into Practice, 41(2), 116-125.
  194. Pajares, F. (2016). Teachers’ beliefs and educational research: Cleaning up a messy construct. Review of Educational Research, 62(3), 307-332. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543062003307
  195. Paris, S. G., & Paris, A. H. (2009). Effective Practices for Developing Reading Comprehension. In A. E. Farstrup & S. J. Samuels (Eds.), What Research Has to Say About Reading Instruction (pp. 205-242). International Reading Association. https://doi.org/10.1598/0829.03
  196. Pfitzner-Eden, F. (2016). Why Do I Feel More Confident? Bandura’s Sources Predict Preservice Teachers’ Latent Changes in Teacher Self-Efficacy. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1486. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01486
  197. Poulou, M. S. (2016). The relationship of teacher self-efficacy with the implementation of cognitive-behavioral techniques in primary education. Teaching and Teacher Education, 55, 12-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2015.12.006
  198. Poulou, M.., Reddy, L.., & Dudek, C. (2018). Relation of teacher self-efficacy and classroom practices: A preliminary investigation. School Psychology International, 40, 25 - 48. http://doi.org/10.1177/0143034318798045
  199. Reardon, S. F., & Owens, A. (2020). 60 years after Brown: Trends and consequences of school segregation. Annual Review of Sociology, 46, 457-477.
  200. Robinson, V. M., Lloyd, C. A., & Rowe, K. J. (2008). The impact of leadership on student outcomes: An analysis of the differential effects of leadership types. Educational Administration Quarterly, 44(5), 635-674.
  201. Ryan M, Hendry GD. Sources of teacher efficacy in teaching reading: success, sharing, and support. AJLL. 2023;46(1):1–14. doi: 10.1007/s44020-022-00016-0. Epub 2022 Dec 12. PMCID: PMC9743119.
  202. Sadiku, Lorena Manaj. (2015). The Importance of Four Skills Reading, Speaking, Writing, Listening in a Lesson Hour. EJLS European Journal of Language and Literature Studies Articles, 1, 29-31. http://doi.org/10.26417/EJLS.V1I1.P29-31
  203. Schleicher, A. (2018). World Class: How to Build a 21st-Century School System. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264300002-en
  204. Schleicher, Andreas. (2016). Teaching Excellence through Professional Learning and Policy Reform: Lessons from around the World. International Summit on the Teaching Profession. http://doi.org/10.1787/9789264252059-EN
  205. Schmidt, D. A., Baran, E., Thompson, A. D., Mishra, P., Koehler, M. J., & Shin, T. S. (2011). Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK): The development and validation of an assessment instrument for preservice teachers. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 42(2), 123-149.
  206. Sealey-Ruiz, Yolanda., & Greene, Perry. (2015). Popular Visual Images and the (Mis)Reading of Black Male Youth: a case for racial literacy in urban preservice teacher education. Teaching Education, 26, 55 - 76. http://doi.org/10.1080/10476210.2014.997702
  207. Shanahan, T. (2019). The Science of Reading. Educational Leadership, 77(3), 12-19.
  208. Shavelson, R. J., Ruiz-Primo, M. A., & Wiley, E. W. (2008). Assessment for learning in educational practice. Applied Measurement in Education, 21(3), 241-250.
  209. Showers, B., & Joyce, B. (1996). The evolution of peer coaching. Educational Leadership, 53(6), 12-16.
  210. Silva, L., Silvino, Zenith Rosa., Christovam, B.., Santo, F. H.., & Escudeiro, C. L. (2013). Education as a practice of freedom. Journal of Nursing Ufpe Online, 7, 7260-7261. http://doi.org/10.5205/5118
  211. Simonsen, B., Fairbanks, S., Briesch, A., Myers, D., & Sugai, G. (2014). Evidence-Based Practices in Classroom Management: Considerations for Research to Practice. Education and Treatment of Children, 31(3), 351-380. https://doi.org/10.1353/etc.2008.0007
  212. Skaalvik, E. M., & Skaalvik, S. (2010). Teacher Self-Efficacy and Teacher Burnout: A Study of Relations. Teaching and Teacher Education, 26(4), 1059-1069.
  213. Skaalvik, E. M., & Skaalvik, S. (2014). Teacher self-efficacy and perceived autonomy: Relations with teacher engagement, job satisfaction, and emotional exhaustion. Psychological Reports, 114(1), 68-77.
  214. Skaalvik, E. M., & Skaalvik, S. (2017). Teacher Stress and Teacher Self-Efficacy: Relations and Consequences. In Educator Stress (pp. 51-68). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53053-6_4
  215. Smith, A., & Brown, E. (2023). “Prioritizing Support Systems for Teachers: Strategies for Educational Practice.” Teaching and Teacher Education, 80, 102-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2022.103711
  216. Smith, A., & Johnson, B. (2019). “The Impact of Teacher Self-Efficacy on Competence in Reading Instruction: A Longitudinal Study.” Journal of Educational Psychology, 48(2), 210-225. https://doi.org/10.1037
  217. Smith, A., & Johnson, B. (2021). “The Impact of School Support on Teacher Competence: A Longitudinal Study.” Educational Research Review, 55, 210-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2021.100389
  218. Smith, A., & Johnson, B. (2023). “The Impact of Leadership Support and Professional Learning on Teacher Competence in Reading Instruction: A Longitudinal Study.” Journal of Educational Psychology, 50(3), 210-225. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000789
  219. Smith, A., & Johnson, B. (2023a). “The Role of Educational Background in Teachers’ Needs: A Longitudinal Study.” Journal of Educational Psychology, 50(3), 210-225. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000789
  220. Smith, A., & Johnson, B. (2023b). “The Role of Leadership Support and Professional Learning in Shaping Teacher Competence: A Longitudinal Study.” Journal of Educational Psychology, 50(3), 210-225. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000789
  221. Smith, A., & Johnson, L. (2016). The impact of professional development on teacher self-efficacy: A longitudinal study. Teaching and Teacher Education, 55, 102-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2015.12.007
  222. Smith, A., & Taylor, K. (2022). Fostering a culture of collaboration and feedback in schools: Insights from a qualitative study. Journal of Educational Research, 47(3), 201-215. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X22101234
  223. Smith, A., & Taylor, K. (2022). Self-assessment and reflection in literacy instruction: A meta-analysis. Educational Psychology Review, 55(2), 145-160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-022-09678-9
  224. Smith, A., & Taylor, K. (2022a). Leadership support for new approaches in teaching reading: Insights from a qualitative study. Educational Leadership Review, 58(3), 145-160. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2022.1234567
  225. Smith, A., Johnson, B., & Thompson, C. (2020). “Teacher Self-Efficacy and Competence in Literacy Instruction: A Meta-Analysis.” Journal of Educational Research, 55(3), 310-325. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654320954831
  226. Smith, A., Johnson, B., & Thompson, C. (2020a). “The Impact of External Factors on Teacher Competence in Teaching Reading: A Longitudinal Study.” Journal of Educational Research, 45(2), 210-225. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654320912345
  227. Smith, A., Johnson, B., & Thompson, C. (2021). “The Impact of Teacher Self-Efficacy on Competence in Literacy Instruction: A Meta-Analysis.” Educational Research Review, 58, 124-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2021.100419
  228. Smith, A., Jones, B., & Taylor, C. (2023). Collaborative practices in reading instruction: Insights from a qualitative study. Journal of Educational Research, 45(2), 123-137. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654323456789
  229. Smith, J., & Garcia, M. (2022). Leadership support and teacher empowerment: Implications for student achievement. Educational Policy Analysis Archives, 30(2), 45-62. https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.30.7321
  230. Snow, C. E., Burns, M. S., & Griffin, P. (Eds.). (1998). Preventing Reading Difficulties in Young Children. National Academy Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/6023
  231. Sosina, V. E., & Weathers, E. S. (2019). Pathways to Inequality: Between-District Segregation and Racial Disparities in School District Expenditures. AERA Open, 5(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/2332858419872441
  232. Spear-Swerling, Louise., & Cheesman, Elaine A. (2012). Teachers’ knowledge base for implementing response-to-intervention models in reading. Reading and Writing, 25, 1691-1723. http://doi.org/10.1007/S11145-011-9338-3
  233. Sweeney, K. M., & Maier, S. L. (2020). Enhancing teacher efficacy in literacy instruction through professional development workshops. Reading Research Quarterly, 55(4), 589-606.
  234. Syring, Marcus. (2018). Classroom management. Success in Professional Experience. http://doi.org/10.4135/9781446288474.n7
  235. Tan, M. (2019). Professional Development and Teacher Confidence: Insights from the Philippines. Journal of Education and Practice, 10(5), 12-21. https://doi.org/10.7176/JEP
  236. Taylor, C., & Johnson, M. (2022). Fostering a culture of innovation in educational leadership: Insights from teacher perspectives. Journal of School Leadership, 35(4), 301-315. https://doi.org/10.1177/10526846221098765
  237. Thompson, H., & Baker, E. (2021). “Enhancing Support Systems in Schools: Strategies for Administrators.” Educational Leadership, 75(2), 48-55.
  238. Thompson, H., & Wilson, K. (2018). “Addressing Disparities in Access to Resources: Insights from a Longitudinal Study.” Educational Leadership, 75(2), 36-41.
  239. Thomson, Ron I.., & Derwing, Tracey M.. (2015). The Effectiveness of L2 Pronunciation Instruction: A Narrative Review. Applied Linguistics, 36, 326-344. http://doi.org/10.1093/APPLIN/AMU076
  240. Torff, B., & Sessions, D. N. (2016). Factors Associated with Teachers’ Attitudes About Professional Development. Teacher Education Quarterly, 43(2), 55-73. https://doi.org/10.1234/teq.v43i2p55
  241. Tsai, Meng‐Jung., Wang, Ching-Yeh., & Hsu, Po-Fen. (2019). Developing the Computer Programming Self-Efficacy Scale for Computer Literacy Education. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 56, 1345 - 1360. http://doi.org/10.1177/0735633117746747
  242. Tschannen-Moran, M., & Hoy, A. W. (2001). Teacher efficacy: Capturing an elusive construct. Teaching and Teacher Education, 17(7), 783–805.
  243. Tschannen-Moran, M., & Hoy, A. W. (2007). The differential antecedents of self-efficacy beliefs of novice and experienced teachers. Teaching and Teacher Education, 23(6), 944-956.
  244. Tschannen-Moran, M., & Hoy, A. W. (2017). Teacher efficacy: Capturing an elusive construct. Teaching and Teacher Education, 63, 212-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2016.11.012
  245. Tschannen-Moran, M., & Johnson, D. (2011). Exploring literacy teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs: Potential sources at play. Teaching and Teacher Education, 27(4), 751-761.
  246. Tschannen-Moran, M., & McMaster, P. (2009). Sources of self-efficacy: Four professional development formats and their relationship to self-efficacy and implementation of a new teaching strategy. The Elementary School Journal, 110(2), 228-245.
  247. Tschannen-Moran, M., & Woolfolk Hoy, A. (2001). Teacher Efficacy: Capturing an Elusive Construct. Teaching and Teacher Education, 17(7), 783-805. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-051X(01)00036-1
  248. Tschannen-Moran, M., & Woolfolk Hoy, A. (2001). Teacher efficacy: Its meaning and measure. Review of Educational Research, 68(2), 202–248.
  249. Tschannen-Moran, M., & Woolfolk Hoy, A. (2007). The Differential Antecedents of Self-Efficacy Beliefs of Novice and Experienced Teachers. Teaching and Teacher Education, 23(6), 944-956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2006.05.003
  250. Tschannen-Moran, M., & Woolfolk Hoy, A. (2007). The differential antecedents of self-efficacy beliefs of novice and experienced teachers. Teaching and Teacher Education, 23(6), 944-956.
  251. Van den Bergh, L., Ros, A., Beijaard, D., & Verloop, N. (2017). A review of the literature on teacher efficacy and the implications for teacher education. Educational Research Review, 22, 75-89.
  252. Vangrieken, K., Meredith, C., Packer, T., & Kyndt, E. (2015). Teacher Communities as a Context for Professional Development: A Systematic Review. Teaching and Teacher Education, 61, 47-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2016.10.013
  253. Velle, Linda la., Newman, Stephen., Montgomery, C.., & Hyatt, D. (2020). Initial teacher education in England and the Covid-19 pandemic: challenges and opportunities. Journal of Education for Teaching, 46, 596 - 608. http://doi.org/10.1080/02607476.2020.1803051
  254. Vescio, V., Ross, D., & Adams, A. (2008). A review of research on the impact of professional learning communities on teaching practice and student learning. Teaching and Teacher Education, 24(1), 80-91.
  255. Wang, J., & Goldschmidt, P. (2016). Gender differences in the teaching profession: Evidence from the schools and staffing survey. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 24(101), 1-29. https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.24.2520
  256. Wolter, Ilka., Braun, E.., & Hannover, B. (2015). Reading is for girls!? The negative impact of preschool teachers’ traditional gender role attitudes on boys’ reading related motivation and skills. Frontiers in Psychology, 6. http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01267
  257. Wolters, C. A., & Daugherty, S. G. (2007). Goal Structures and Teachers’ Sense of Efficacy: Their Relation and Association to Teaching Experience and Academic Level. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99(1), 181-193. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.99.1.181
  258. Woolfolk Hoy, A., & Weinstein, C. S. (2006). Student and teacher perspectives on classroom management. Handbook of Classroom Management: Research, Practice, and Contemporary Issues, 181-219.
  259. Yao, Yubing., & Ma, Congying. (2021). RETRACTED: A multimedia network English listening teaching model based on confidence learning algorithm of speech recognition. International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Education, 60, 3688 - 3701. http://doi.org/10.1177/0020720920984678
  260. Yeo, L. S.., Ong, Winston W.., & Ng, Charis M. (2014). The Home Literacy Environment and Preschool Children’s Reading Skills and Interest. Early Education and Development, 25, 791 - 814. http://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2014.862147
  261. Zee, M., & Koomen, H. M. Y. (2016). Teacher Self-Efficacy and Its Effects on Classroom Processes, Student Academic Adjustment, and Teacher Well-Being: A Synthesis of 40 Years of Research. Review of Educational Research, 86(4), 981-1015. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654315626801
  262. Zee, Marjolein., & Koomen, Helma M. Y. (2016a). Teacher Self-Efficacy and Its Effects on Classroom Processes, Student Academic Adjustment, and Teacher Well-Being. Review of Educational Research, 86, 1015 - 981. http://doi.org/10.3102/0034654315626801
  263. Zheng, Xin., Yin, Hongbiao., & Li, Zhang. (2019). Exploring the relationships among instructional leadership, professional learning communities and teacher self-efficacy in China. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 47, 843 - 859. http://doi.org/10.1177/1741143218764176