Language Learning Investment and Students’ Communicative Competence in English
John Llaban | Adrian Protacio
Discipline: Education
Abstract:
Investing in language learning is necessary, especially to improve communicative competence in English. This study was undertaken to determine the relationship between the language learning investment and communicative competence in English of Grade 9 students of Palo 19 National High School. The study explored various facets of language learning investment, including educational resources, technology and tools, academic and personal commitment, and supplementary activities. The study also examines the students' performance in strategic, grammatical, socio-linguistic, and discourse competencies. Using descriptive statistics, the study presented the levels of students' language learning investment and communicative competence. The findings showed that students display moderate to high investment across all areas, with personal commitment showing the highest level of engagement. Meanwhile, students demonstrate competent communicative abilities, with strategic competence being their strongest area. There was a significant positive relationship between language learning investment and communicative competence, suggesting that increased investment in language learning activities leads to higher levels of communicative proficiency. These results align with the Investment Theory in language learning, emphasizing the importance of sustained engagement and commitment in language acquisition. Based on the result of this study, an instructional primer has been developed to further enhance students' language learning experiences. This primer integrates diverse learning strategies, including hands-on activities, problem-solving exercises, and real-world applications, to promote greater engagement and enhance students' English proficiency.
References:
- Batnag, D. (2020). Access to quality learning tools in rural and barangay schools: Challenges and opportunities. Journal of Education in Rural Communities, 15(3), 45-59.
- Bella, S. (2021). The acquisition of sociolinguistic competence in a second language: The role of instruction and exposure. Journal of Pragmatics, 175, 45–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2021.02.001
- Bourdieu, P. (1991). Language and symbolic power. Harvard University Press.
- Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge University Press.
- Byram, M. (1997). Teaching and assessing intercultural communicative competence. Multilingual Matters.
- Canale, M., & Swain, M. (2019). Revisiting communicative competence: Expanding the framework for modern language learning. Applied Linguistics, 40(3), 543–561. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1290295.pdf
- Canale, M., & Swain, M. (1980). Theoretical bases of communicative approaches to second language teaching and testing. Applied linguistics 1.1: 1-47.
- Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.
- Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). Sage Publications. https://books.google.com.ph/books
- Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects of the theory of syntax. MIT Press.
- Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2018). Research methods in education (8th ed.). Routledge
- Darvin, R., & Norton, B. (2021). Investment and motivation in language learning: What is the difference? Language Teaching, 56(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444821000057
- Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2020). Self-determination theory: A macro theory of human motivation, development, and health. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne, 61(3), 227–237. https://doi.org/10.1037/cap0000196
- Dörnyei, Z. (2020). Motivation in second language acquisition: The socio-dynamic perspective. Cambridge University Press.
- Dörnyei, Z., & Scott, M. L. (1997). Communication strategies in a second language: Definitions and taxonomies. Language Learning, 47(1), 173-210. https://doi.org/10.1111/0023-8333.51997005
- Dörnyei, Z., & Ryan, S. (2015). The psychology of the language learner revisited. Routledge.
- Dörnyei, Z., & Al-Hoorie, A. H. (2022). The motivational foundation of language learning: Expanding the L2 self. Multilingual Matters. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/modl.12408
- Gall, M. D., Gall, J. P., & Borg, W. R. (2015). Applying educational research: A practical guide (7th ed.). Pearson. https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/113028226941337331
- García, O., & Li, W. (2021). Translanguaging: Language, bilingualism, and education. Palgrave Macmillan. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326227505
- Gardner, R. C. (2019). Motivation and second language acquisition: The socio-educational model revisited. Peter Lang. https://doi.org/10.3726/b15743
- Gao, X. (2010). Strategic language learning: The roles of agency and context. Multilingual Matters. https://tesl-ej.org/wordpress/issues/volume16/ej61/ej61r5/
- Gao, X., & Zhang, L. J. (2022). Language learning motivation in the digital era: Insights from an ecological perspective. System, 108, 102861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2022.102861
- Gong, Y., Zhang, Y., & Lai, C. (2023). Artificial intelligence and language learning: Affordances and challenges. Computer Assisted Language Learning,36(2),173-198. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379438489
- Halliday, M. A. K., & Hasan, R. (1976). Cohesion in English. Longman.
- Lai, C., & Morrison, B. (2016). Interactive visual feedback for second language reading development. Language Learning & Technology, 20(2), 66–85. https://doi.org/10125/44471
- Lee, J., & Lo, Y. Y. (2022). The impact of supplementary language learning activities on students’ communicative competence. Language Teaching Research, 26(5), 765-784. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364394379
- Mercer, S., & Ryan, S. (2021). Second language acquisition: Theories, approaches, and practices. Cambridge University Press. https://www.cambridge.org/9781108731136
- Norton, B. (1995). Social identity, investment, and language learning. TESOL Quarterly, 29(1), 9-31. https://doi.org/10.2307/3587803
- Oxford, R. (2017). Teaching and researching language learning strategies: Self-regulation in context. Routledge.
- Oxford, R. L. (1990). Language learning strategies: What every teacher should know. Heinle & Heinle.
- Peirce, B. N. (1995). Social identity, investment, and language learning. TESOL Quarterly, 29(1), 9–31. https://doi.org/10.2307/3587803
- Richards, J. C. (2021). Key issues in language teaching. Cambridge University Press.
- Smith, H., & Liu, J. (2023). The role of collaborative discourse analysis in enhancing communicative competence. Journal of Second Language Writing, 62, 100842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2023.100842
- Stockwell, G. (2022). Technology and language learning: From theory to practice. Routledge.
- Sun, S., & Yang, H. (2023). Digital literacy and second language acquisition: A systematic review. Language Learning & Technology, 27(1), 1-22. https://www.lltjournal.org/item/1150/
- Swain, M. (1995). Three functions of output in second language learning. In G. Cook & B. Seidlhofer (Eds.), Principle and practice in applied linguistics: Studies in honor of H. G. Widdowson (pp. 125-144). Oxford University Press.
- Taherdoost, H. (2016). Sampling methods in research methodology: How to choose a sampling technique. International Journal of Academic Research in Management, 5(2), 18-27. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319998246
- Tolentino, C. A., & Angeles, R. M. (2021). The impact of educational resources on self-directed language learning. Journal of Language and Education, 7(4), 58-72. https//www.proquest.com/openview/fce6cbc21ec243df8e00cc04dbead0e7/1
- Ursolino, R. (2023). Second Language Acquisition and Communicative Competence among Grade 7 Learners, Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 13(7): 644-650 https://scimatic.org/show_manuscript/2000
- Ushioda, E. (2009). A person-in-context relational view of emergent motivation, self, and identity in language learning. The Modern Language Journal, 93(2), 185-200. https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/system
- Ushioda, E. (2020). Language learning motivation: An ethical agenda for research. Language Teaching, 53(2), 180-193. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/language-teaching
- Wang, Y., & Zhang, W. (2022). The role of communicative language teaching in improving grammatical competence. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 32(3), 456-472. https://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jhss/papers/Vol.26-Issue9/Ser-4/G2609044149.pdf
- Zhao, Q., & Chen, L. (2021). Mobile-assisted language learning: The effects on discourse competence. Educational Technology & Society, 24(1), 123-136. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/345729778