Evaluation of Cytotoxicity and Antibacterial Activity of Pili (Canarium ovatum) Pericarp Aqueous Fraction Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC BAA-1708)

Uvrie Dell  Bawe,; Janna Pearl  Benliro,; Eric Justin  Blancaflor,; Jenny Marie  a,; Nicolin Kwin  Cardinal,; Karen  Carranza,; Kyla Ann Marie  Coling,; Irish  Cordero,; Kyla  Dayot,; Reiiel Gabrielle  Dela Gente,; Shan Francine  Depositario,; Deiana Louise  Fernandez,; Jules Albert  Juanito,; Mary Grace  Lamis,; Allan Marc  Lena,; Christine Kate  Luces,

Evaluation of Cytotoxicity and Antibacterial Activity of Pili (Canarium ovatum) Pericarp Aqueous Fraction Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC BAA-1708)

Discipline: Toxicology

Abstract:

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus poses a significant public health threat. Pili (Canarium ovatum) family Burseraceae, a plant native to the Philippines, particularly in Sorsogon City, Bicol Region, has long been used in traditional medicine. Recent studies indicate that the pericarp of Pili contains bioactive compounds with antibacterial and cytotoxic properties. This study aimed to assess the antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of the aqueous fraction of Pili pericarp. The antibacterial activity of the aqueous fraction was evaluated using microbroth susceptibility assay against methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) ATCC BAA-1708 at a concentration range of 5-7.5 mg/mL. At the highest concentration (7.5 mg/mL), inhibition was only 17.87%, indicating that the aqueous fraction of Pili has limited antibacterial activity at the tested concentrations. Additionally, the cytotoxicity of the aqueous fraction was evaluated using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay (BSLA), with results showing that a concentration of 3 mg/mL remained safe after 24 hours of exposure. These findings suggest that while the aqueous fraction is relatively safe, its antibacterial activity is limited at the concentrations tested.

References:

Abdullah, B. H. (2013). Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in AL-Yarmook teaching hospital-Baghdad. Al Mustansiriyah Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 13(1), 141-146. https://doi.org/10.32947/ajps.v13i1.191.
Balbuena, J. J. S., Gredonia, C. M., & Cajuday, L. A. (2019). Evaluation of Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of Canarium ovatum Engl.(Burseraceae) and Cocos nucifera L.(Arecaceae) Ethanolic Bark Extracts. Bicol University R & D Journal, 22(2). https://doi.org/10.47789/burdj.mbtcbbgs.20192202.3
Balouiri, M., Sadiki, M., & Ibnsouda, S. K. (2016). Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: A review. Journal of pharmaceutical analysis, 6(2), 71-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpha.2015.11.005
Bose, A., Sen, M., Das, J. K., & Das, N. (2014). Sonication mediated hydrothermal process–an efficient method for the rapid synthesis of DDR zeolite membranes. Rsc Advances, 4(36), 19043-19052. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ra47558a
Chen, S., Li, Z., Gu, Z., Ban, X., Hong, Y., Cheng, L., & Li, C. (2023). A new micro-agar dilution method to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of essential oils against microorganisms. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 211, 106791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet. 2023.106791
David, M. Z., & Daum, R. S. (2010). Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: epidemiology and clinical consequences of an emerging epidemic. Clinical microbiology reviews, 23(3), 616–687. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00081-09
Dumandan, N. G., Kagaoan, A. C. T., Acda, R. D., Tumambing, C. R., & Pham, L. J. (2022). Extraction, profiling, and characterization of phytosterols and triterpenoids from pili (Canarium ovatum Engl.) pulp oil exhibiting antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Biochemistry Research International, 2022(1), 6604984. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6604984
Festus, O. D., & Emmanuella, O. O. (2020). Testing the efficacy of Mueller Hinton agar over Nutrient agar for optimal antibiotic sensitivity testing response by selected clinical bacterial pathogens. GSC Advanced Research and Reviews, 5(2), 061-074. https://doi.org/10.30574/gscarr. 2020.5.2.0037
Franchin, M., da Cunha, M. G., Denny, C., Napimoga, M. H., Cunha, T. M., Bueno-Silva, B., ... & Luiz Rosalen, P. (2013). Bioactive fraction of geopropolis from Melipona scutellaris decreases neutrophils migration in the inflammatory process: involvement of nitric oxide pathway. Evidence‐Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013(1), 907041. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/907041
Gonzaga-Leong-on M. S. & Palmos R. G. (2022). Module on Cytotoxicity Screening of Plant Extract Using Brine Shrimp (Artemia salina) Assay – University of San Agustin – E Merch. (n.d.). https://e-merch.usa.edu.ph/product/module-on-cytotoxicity-screening-of-plant-extract-using-brine-shrimp-artemia-salina-assay/
Henderson, A., & Nimmo, G. R. (2018). Control of healthcare-and community-associated MRSA: recent progress and persisting challenges. British medical bulletin, 125(1), 25-41. https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldx046
Mahomoodally, M. F., & Dilmohamed, S. (2016). Antibacterial and antibiotic potentiating activity of Vangueria madagascariensis leaves and ripe fruit pericarp against human pathogenic clinical bacterial isolates. Journal of Traditional and complementary Medicine, 6(4), 399-403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2015.09.002
Meyer, B. N., Ferrigni, N. R., Putnam, J. E., Jacobsen, L. B., Nichols, D. E., & McLaughlin, J. L. (1982). Brine shrimp: A convenient general bioassay for active plant constituents. Planta Medica, 45(5), 31–34. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-971236
Mohammad, H., Reddy, P. N., Monteleone, D., Mayhoub, A. S., Cushman, M., & Seleem, M. N. (2015). Synthesis and antibacterial evaluation of a novel series of synthetic phenylthiazole compounds against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). European journal of medicinal chemistry, 94, 306-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.03.015
Orwa, C., Mutua, A., Kindt, R., Jamnadass, R., & Anthony, S. (2009). Agroforestree database: A tree reference and selection guide version 4.0. World Agroforestry Centre. Retrieved from http://www.worldagroforestry.org
Owokotomo, I. A., & Owokotomo, E. P. (2018). Anti-bacterial and brine shrimps lethality studies of the essential oils of Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth S. More) grown in south west Nigeria. African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 12(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajpac2017.0730
Pavlovic, R., Nenna, G., Calvi, L., Panseri, S., Borgonovo, G., Giupponi, L., ... & Giorgi, A. (2018). Quality traits of “cannabidiol oils”: cannabinoids content, terpene fingerprint and oxidation stability of European commercially available preparations. Molecules, 23(5), 1230. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23051230
Pham, L. J., & Dumandan, N. G. (2020). Bioactive Compounds of Pili (Canarium ovatum Engl.). Bioactive Compounds in Underutilized Fruits and Nuts, 383-394. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30182-8_22
Recuenco, M. C., De Luna, J. R. P., Magallano, N. G., & Salamanez, K. C. (2020). Phytochemical screening, total phenolics, and antioxidant and antibacterial activities of selected Philippine indigenous fruits. Philippine Journal of Science, 149(3), 697-710. https://doi.org/10.56899/149.3A. 02
Sahgal, G., Ramanathan, S., Sasidharan, S., Mordi, M. N., Ismail, S., & Mansor, S. M. (2010). Brine shrimp lethality and acute oral toxicity studies on Swietenia mahagoni (Linn.) Jacq. seed methanolic extract. Pharmacognosy research, 2(4), 215. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-8490.69107
Shamsuddin, N. A. M., & Basri, D. F. (2018). Anti-methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) activity of an acetone extract from the leaves of Canarium odontophyllum (Miq.). J. Phytopharmacol, 7(3), 225-229. https://doi.org/10.31254/phyto.2018.7301
Sutoro, M., Falya, Y., & Damayanti, R. H. (2022). Method and Critical Aspect of Semisolid Mixing. Sciences of Pharmacy, 1(1), 18-26. https://doi.org/10.58920/sciphar01010020
Syal, K., Mo, M., Yu, H., Iriya, R., Jing, W., Guodong, S., ... & Tao, N. (2017). Current and emerging techniques for antibiotic susceptibility tests. Theranostics, 7(7), 1795. https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.19217.
Wahab, I. R. A., & Hussain, M. F. (2018). Brine shrimp lethality test of various Cinnamomum iners (Lauraceae) barks extracts. Journal of Tropical Resources and Sustainable Science (JTRSS), 6(2), 109-113. https://doi.org/10.47253/jtrss.v6i2.573