HomeJournal of Interdisciplinary Perspectivesvol. 3 no. 8 (2025)

Exploring COVID-19’s Impact on Community Health Workers and their Role in Emergency Response

Mary Grace G. Maglantay | Alan A. Maglantay

Discipline: health studies

 

Abstract:

Community health workers (CHWs) play a vital role in public health; however, their contributions during emergencies, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, are less explored in rural areas. This study investigated how the pandemic affected CHWs in Sultan Kudarat, Philippines, focusing on changes in workload, stress levels, safety concerns, and how they adapted to new health protocols. It also assessed their effectiveness during the crisis based on accessibility, communication, trust, skills, response time, care quality, health education, and community outcomes. A descriptive-correlational design was used, with data collected through a validated survey from CHWs in three municipalities. Descriptive statistics measured the level of impact and effectiveness, while Spearman’s Rho tested the relationships between them. Results showed that CHWs faced heavier workloads and emotional stress but were still seen by communities as accessible, competent, and trustworthy. Among all impact areas, only their ability to adapt to new protocols had a significant link to better communication, faster response time, and applied knowledge. Other challenges, such as stress and workload, did not affect their service quality. The study concludes that CHWs' adaptability was key to maintaining health services during the pandemic. Structured training and support systems are recommended to enhance their resilience and performance in preparing for future health crises.



References:

  1. Agarwal, S., Sripad, P., Johnson, C., Kirk, K., Bellows, B., Ana, J., Blaser, V., Kumar, M. B., Buchholz, K., Casseus, A., Chen, N., Dini, H. S. F., Deussom, R. H., Jacobstein, D., Kintu, R., Kureshy, N., Meoli, L., Otiso, L., Pakenham-Walsh, N., … Warren, C. E. (2019). A conceptual framework for measuring community health workforce performance within primary health care systems. Human Resources for Health, 17(1), 86. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-019-0422-0
  2. Agarwal, S., Kachwaha, S., Pant, A., Tran, L., Walia, M., Ghosh, S., ... & Avula, R. (2021). Impacts of COVID-19 on provision and utilization of health and nutrition services in Uttar Pradesh, India: Insights from phone surveys and administrative data. Current Developments in Nutrition, 5(Supplement 2), 672. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab045_054
  3. Ahmed, S. A. K. S., Ajisola, M., Azeem, K., Bakibinga, P., Chen, Y. F., Choudhury, N., ... & Yusuf, R. (2020). Impact of the societal response to COVID-19 on access to healthcare for non-COVID-19 health issues in slum communities. BMJ Global Health, 5(8), e003042. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003042
  4. Ballard, M., Bancroft, E., Nesbit, J., Johnson, A., & Foth, J. (2020). Prioritising the role of community health workers in the COVID-19 response. BMJ Global Health, 5(6), e002550. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002550 
  5. Bezbaruah, S., Wallace, P., Zakoji, M., Perera, W. P., & Kato, M. (2021). Roles of community health workers in advancing health security and resilient health systems: Emerging lessons from the COVID-19 response in the South-East Asia Region. WHO South-East Asia Journal of Public Health, 10(1), 41–48. https://doi.org/10.4103/2224-3151.309872
  6. Bhaumik, S., Moola, S., Tyagi, J., Nambiar, D., & Kakoti, M. (2020). Community health workers for pandemic response: A rapid evidence synthesis. BMJ Global Health, 5(6), e002769. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002769
  7. Behera, D., Praveen, D., & Behera, M. (2020). Protecting the Indian health workforce during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 9(9), 4541. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_925_20
  8. Braquehais, M. D., Vargas-Cáceres, S., Gómez-Durán, E., Nieva, G., Valero, S., Casas, M., & Bruguera, E. (2020). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of healthcare professionals. QJM: monthly journal of the Association of Physicians, hcaa207. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcaa207
  9. Dahn, B., Addis Tamire Woldermariam, Perry, H., Maeda, A., Glahn, D. V., Panjabi, R., Na’im Merchant, Vosburg, K., Palazuelos, D., Chunling Lu, Simon, J., Pfaffmann, J., Brown, D., Hearst, A., Heydt, P., & Qureshi, C. (2015). Strengthening primary health care through community health workers: Investment case and financing recommendations. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.4865.0086 
  10. Haldane, V., De Foo, C., Abdalla, S. M., Jung, A.-S., Tan, M., Wu, S., Chua, A., Verma, M., Shrestha, P., Singh, S., Perez, T., Tan, S. M., Bartos, M., Mabuchi, S., Bonk, M., McNab, C., Werner, G. K., Panjabi, R., Nordström, A., & Legido-Quigley, H. (2021). Health systems resilience in managing the COVID-19 pandemic: Lessons from 28 countries. Nature Medicine, 27(6), 964–980. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01381-y
  11. Khankeh, H., Farrokhi, M., Roudini, J., Pourvakhshoori, N., Ahmadi, S., Abbasabadi-Arab, M., ... & Domres, B. (2021). Challenges to manage pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Iran with a special situation: A qualitative multi-method study. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1214. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11973-5
  12. Kisely, S., Warren, N., McMahon, L., Dalais, C., Henry, I., & Siskind, D. (2020). Occurrence, prevention, and management of the psychological effects of emerging virus outbreaks on healthcare workers: rapid review and meta-analysis. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 369, m1642. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1642
  13. Lopez, V., Anderson, J., West, S., & Cleary, M. (2021). Does the COVID-19 pandemic further impact nursing shortages? Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 43(4), 293–295. https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840.2021.1977875
  14. Mackworth-Young, C., Chingono, R., Mavodza, C., McHugh, G., Tembo, M., Chikwari, C. D., ... & Ferrand, R. (2020). Community perspectives on the COVID-19 response, Zimbabwe. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 99(2), 85–91. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.20.260224
  15. Msegu, E., Konje, E., Tupa, T., Basinda, N., Gwimile, M. S., Ngallaba, T., & Marwa, F. (2024). The adaptability of rural healthcare workers' knowledge, skills, and attitudes during public health emergencies: Insights from the COVID-19 response in Itilima district, Simiyu, Tanzania. Frontiers in Disaster and Emergency Medicine. https://doi.org/10.3389/femer.2024.1435585
  16. Ndulue, O. I., Chukka, A., & Naslund, J. A. (2024). Burnout and mental distress among community health workers in low- and middle-income countries: A scoping review of studies during the COVID-19 pandemic. Global Health Journal. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.glohj.2024.11.007
  17. Nepomnyashchiy, L., Dahn, B., Saykpah, R., & Raghavan, M. (2020). COVID-19: Africa needs unprecedented attention to strengthen community health systems. The Lancet, 396, 150–152. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)31532-4/fulltext 
  18. Raven, J., Wurie, H., & Witter, S. (2018). Health workers' experiences of coping with the Ebola epidemic in Sierra Leone's health system: a qualitative study. BMC Health Services Research, 18(1), 251. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-018-3072-3
  19. Sacks, E., Morrow, M., Story, W. T., Shelley, K. D., Shanklin, D., Rahimtoola, M., Rosales, A., Ibe, O., & Sarriot, E. (2019). Beyond the building blocks: Integrating community roles into health systems frameworks to achieve health for all. BMJ Global Health, 3(Suppl 3), e001384. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001384
  20. Salve, S., Raven, J., Das, P., Srinivasan, S., Khaled, A., Hayee, M., Olisenekwu, G., & Gooding, K. (2023). Community health workers and COVID-19: Cross-country evidence on their roles, experiences, challenges, and adaptive strategies. PLOS global public health, 3(1), e0001447. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0001447
  21. Vanden Bossche, D., Willems, S., & Decat, P. (2022). Understanding trustful relationships between community health workers and vulnerable citizens during the COVID-19 pandemic: A realist evaluation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(5), 2496. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052496
  22. Watkins, J. A., Griffiths, F., & Goudge, J. (2021). Community health workers’ efforts to build health system trust in marginalised communities: A qualitative study from South Africa. BMJ Open, 11, e044065. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044065