HomeJournal of Interdisciplinary Perspectivesvol. 3 no. 11 (2025)

Illuminating the Path: Parents’ Challenges and Coping Mechanisms in Teaching Their Visually Impaired Children

Marivic Bernabe-martinez | Donato O. Abaya

Discipline: Childhood and Youth Studies

 

Abstract:

One of the most challenging roles that parents play is to teach their visually impaired children. This undertaking requires considerable effort, expertise, and resources to facilitate learning. As such, this study aimed to explore the lived experiences of parents in teaching their visually impaired children at home, with a particular focus on understanding their challenges and coping mechanisms. Eight parents of visually impaired learners enrolled in blended learning programs participated in this study, conducted at a SPED Center. Data were gathered through structured interviews, allowing for a comprehensive analysis of their experiences. Findings revealed two overarching themes as the challenges faced by parents: (1) a lack of capability to teach, and (2) a disruptive teaching process. With these challenges, parents employed two major themes as coping mechanisms: (1) active participation in online classes and (2) seeking help from others. The study emphasizes the importance of structured parental training programs, behavioral intervention strategies, and enhanced collaboration between teachers and parents in strengthening homebased education for visually impaired children.



References:

  1. Abbas, A., Ademilua, T., & Olawuwo, A. A. (2024a). Impact of parental involvement on children’s academic performance of secondary school students in Katsina local government, Katsina State. Journal of Innovative Research, 2(3) https://doi.org/10.54536/jir.v2i3.3309
  2. Abbas, S., Sajjad, M., & Zaheer, N. (2024b). Association between financial crisis and depression among primary caregivers of visually impaired children. Journal of Social Sciences Development, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.53664/jssd/03-02-2024-25-313-322
  3. Amin, A., Sarnon, N., Akhir, N., Zakaria, S., & Badri, R. (2021). Main challenges of students with visual impairment at higher education institutions. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 10(1), 734-747.  https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARPED/V10-I1/9682
  4. Anthony, T. (2017). Partnering with parents and families to facilitate the learning of children with visual impairments. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 111(6), 611–615. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145482X1711100613
  5. Badri, R. N. F. R. Z., & Amin, A. S. (2018). Isu dan cabaran pelajar kurang upaya penglihatan di institusi pengajian tinggi (Issues and challenges of students with visual impairment at higher learning institution). Jurnal Psikologi Malaysia, 32(3). https://tinyurl.com/2ercsvts
  6. Bakar, N. A., & Zainal, M. S. (2020, March). The effects of using positive reinforcement techniques to reduce disruptive behavior of pupil with ADHD. In International Conference on Special Education in the Southeast Asia Region, 10th Series 2020 (pp. 107–114). Redwhite Press. https://tinyurl.com/57de4pjx
  7. Bogale, B. M. (2024). Parental involvement in the education of students with visual impairment: Evidence from Woldia, Ethiopia. British Journal of Special Education, 51(4), 458–467. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8578.12551
  8. Borup, J., Chambers, C., & Stimson, R. (2019). Online teacher and on-site facilitator perceptions of parental engagement at a supplemental virtual high school. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 20(2). https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v20i2.4237
  9. Bourke, S., & Burgman, I. (2010). Coping with bullying in Australian schools: How children with disabilities experience support from friends, parents, and teachers. Disability & Society, 25(3), 359–371. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687591003701264
  10. Brulé, É., Bailly, G., Brock, A. M., Valentin, F., Denis, G., & Jouffrais, C. (2016). Mapsense: Multi-sensory interactive maps for children living with visual impairments. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. NY, USA, 445-457. http://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858375 
  11. Catama, B. V., Domalanta, M. A. B., Balmeo, M. L., Ignacio, T. D., & Magat, S. M. C. (2024). Empowering and equipping parents with the basic intervention skills in handling their children with special learning needs. Texila International Journal of Academic Research, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.21522/tijar.2014.11.01.art007
  12. Chanana, A. B., Shukla, N. M., & Rao, P. (2022). Enabling education of children with visual impairment in schools through assistive technology. Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results, 13(6), 1676–1682. https://doi.org/10.47750/pnr.2022.13.s06.220
  13. Chen, S., Chen, S. D., Li, X., & Ren, J. (2020). Mental health of parents of special needs children in China during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(24), 9519. http://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249519
  14. Chowdary, P. B., Uloopi, K., Vinay, C., Rao, V. V., & Rayala, C. (2016). Impact of verbal, braille text, and tactile oral hygiene awareness instructions on oral health status of visually impaired children. Journal of the Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, 34(1), 43–47. http://doi.org/10.4103/0970-4388.175510
  15. Columna, L., Dillon, S., Dolphin, M., Streete, D., Hodge, S., Myers, B., Norris, M., McCabe, L., Barreira, T., & Heffernan, K. (2019). Physical activity participation among families of children with visual impairments and blindness. Disability and Rehabilitation, 41(3), 357–365. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2017.1390698
  16. Dewi, A., & Aprilia, I. D. (2024). The development of an orientation and mobility program for parents of children with visual impairment. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Special Education in the South East Asia Region, 1(1), 110–117.  https://doi.org/10.57142/picsar.v1i1.34
  17. Eccles, R., Conroy, P., & van der Linde, J. (2024). Visual Impairment. 58–76. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003267065-6
  18. Estojero, M. V. G., Reyes, N. R. T. D., Capuno, R. G., Manguilimotan, R. P., Cabigon, A. F. P., Etcuban, J. O., & Padillo, G. G. (2022). Involvement, experiences, and challenges of parents having children with special needs: Implications to practice.  European Journal of Special Education Research, 8(2). http://dx.doi.org/10.46827/ejse.v8i2.4366
  19. Evans, L. D., Kouros, C. D., Frankel, S. A., McCauley, E., Diamond, G., Schloredt, K., & Garber, J. (2014). Longitudinal relations between stress and depressive symptoms in youth: Coping as a mediator. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43, 355–368. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-014-9906-5
  20. Freeman, E., Wilson, Graham, A., Brewster, S., Baud-Bovy, G., Magnusson, C., & Caltenco, H. A. (2017). Audible beacons and wearables in schools: Helping young visually impaired children play and move independently. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, New York, USA, 4146-4157 http://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025518
  21. Ghafoor, B., & Sattar, S. (2022). Parenting stress in mothers of visually impairment children with autism spectrum disorder. Pakistan Journal of Social Research, 4(1), 251–254. https://doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v4i1.648
  22. Gonzalez-DeHass, A., Willems, P., Powers, J., & Musgrove, A. (2022). Parental involvement in supporting students’ digital learning. Educational Psychologist, 57(4), 281–294. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.2022.2129647
  23. Grenier, M., Lieberman, L. J., & Beach, P. (2023). Training needs of educators for students with visual impairments and additional disabilities: A qualitative inquiry. British Journal of Visual Impairment. https://doi.org/10.1177/02646196231212740
  24. Hoskin, E., Coyne, M., White, M., Dobri, S., Davies, T., & Pinder, S. (2022). Effectiveness of technology for braille literacy education for children: A systematic review. Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology, 19(1), 120–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/17483107.2022.2070676
  25. Huurneman, B. (2018). Heightened parental stress in mothers of children with visual impairment. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 60(3), 221-221. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.13655
  26. Joybell, C., Krishnan, R., & Suresh Kumar, V. (2015). Comparison of two brushing methods- Fone's vs modified bass method in visually impaired children using the audio tactile performance (ATP) technique. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 9(3), 19–22. http://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2015/11307.5651
  27. Kumata, H., Doi, K., Suginaka, T., Nakazawa, M., Hatakeyama, T., & Nakagawa, T. (2013). A study of parent’s obstacles nurturing congenital deafblind infants and toddlers. Transaction of Japan Society of Kansei Engineering, 12(4), 537–543. https://doi.org/10.5057/JJSKE.12.537
  28. Levterova-Gadjalova, D., & Fyodorova-Radicheva, M. (2024). The specifics of parental stress in parents of children with disabilities enrolled in inclusive education. In EDULEARN24 Proceedings (pp. 10682-10688). IATED. https://doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2024.2658
  29. Lieberman, L. J., & McHugh, E. (2001). Health-related fitness of children who are visually impaired. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 95(5), 272–287. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145482X0109500503
  30. Lu, M. H., Wang, G. H., Lei, H., Shi, M., Zhu, R., & Jiang, F. (2018). Social support as mediator and moderator of the relationship between parenting stress and life satisfaction among the Chinese parents of children with ASD. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48, 1181–1188. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3448-y
  31. Mandal, S., Dasgupta, A., & Bandyopadhyay, L. (2020). Introspection of visually impaired children: A qualitative study in a blind school of Kolkata, West Bengal. Journal of Comprehensive Health, 8(1):22–26. https://tinyurl.com/3tac7f3s
  32. Manitsa, I., & Doikou, M. (2020). Social support for students with visual impairments in educational institutions: An integrative literature review. The British Journal of Visual Impairment,40, 29-47. https://doi.org/10.1177/0264619620941885
  33. McDowell, N., St Clair Tracy, H., Blaikie, A., Ravenscroft, J., & Dutton, G. N. (2024). Hiding in plain sight: Children with visual perceptual difficulties in schools. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience18. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2024.1496730
  34. Metatla, O., Bardot, S., Cullen, C., Serrano, M., & Jouffrais, C. (2020). Robots for inclusive play: Co-designing an educational game with visually impaired and sighted children. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, New York, NY, USA, 1–13. http://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376270
  35. Misirli, O., & Ergulec, F. (2021). Emergency remote teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic: Parents' experiences and perspectives. Education and Information Technologies, 26, 6699-6718. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10520-4
  36. Ntinda, K., & Hlanze, B. (2015). Lived experiences of parents of children with disabilities in Swaziland. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 3(4), 206-215. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1067249.pdf
  37. Nurhanisa, N., Arafah, S. B., Pawitra, B. A., Kamila, I. R., & Sudana, U. (2024). Kartu braille bertanya as a learning medium for visually impaired children. DIMASATRA: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat, 4(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.17509/dm.v4i1.72603
  38. Ogundele, M. O. (2018). Behavioural and emotional disorders in childhood: A brief overview for pediatricians. World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics, 7(1), 9–26. https://doi.org/10.5409/wjcp.v7.i1.9
  39. Olivar, M., & Naparan, G. (2023). Parental involvement and academic performance of students in online class learning modality. International Journal of Social Sciences & Educational Studies, 10(2), 16–31. https://tinyurl.com/4p7wb8pd
  40. Oliver, H. V., Seccurro, D., Dorich, J. M., Rice, M. L., Schwartz, T., & Harpster, K. (2023). Even though a lot of kids have it, not a lot of people have knowledge of it: A qualitative study exploring the perspectives of parents of children with cerebral/cortical visual impairment. Research in Developmental Disabilities135, 104443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2023.104443
  41. Pires, A., Rocha, F., Neto, A., Simão, H., Nicolau, H., & Guerreiro, T. (2020). Exploring accessible programming with educators and visually impaired children. In Proceedings of the Interaction Design and Children Conference. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 148–160.  http://doi.org/10.1145/3392063.3394437
  42. Prashanth, S., Bhatnagar, S., Das, U. M., & Gopu, H. (2011). Oral health knowledge, practice, oral hygiene status, and dental caries prevalence among visually impaired children in Bangalore. Journal of the Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, 29(2), 102–105. http://doi.org/10.4103/0970-4388.84680
  43. Rafi, A., Ansar, A., & Sami, M. (2020). The implication of positive reinforcement strategy in dealing with disruptive behaviour in the classroom: A scoping review. Journal of Rawalpindi Medical College, 24(2), 173–179. https://doi.org/10.37939/jrmc.v24i2.1190
  44. Roberts, M., Kaiser, A., Wolfe, C., Bryant, J. D., & Spidalieri, A. M. (2014). Effects of the teach-model-coach-review instructional approach on caregiver use of language support strategies and children's expressive language skills. Journal of Speech, Language, And Hearing Research, 57(5), 1851-69. http://doi.org/10.1044/2014_JSLHR-L-13-0113
  45. Rohmatillah, N., Musmulyadin, M., Maharaja, C., Sabri, S., & Ulwi, K. (2024). The impact of parental involvement in online learning on student academic success. Journal of Computer Science Advancements, 1(6), 327–343. https://doi.org/10.70177/jsca.v1i6.926
  46. Ryan, B. L., Brown, J. B., Tremblay, P. F., & Stewart, M. (2019). Measuring patients’ perceptions of health care encounters: Examining the factor structure of the revised patient perception of patient-centeredness (PPPC-R) questionnaire. Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews, 6(3), 192–202. https://doi.org/10.17294/2330-0698.1696
  47. Sahu, A., Bhargava, R., Sagar, R., & Mehta, M. (2018). Perception of families of children with specific learning disorder: An exploratory study. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 40(5), 406–413. https://doi.org/10.4103/IJPSYM.IJPSYM_148_18
  48. Santos, S. M. A. V., da Silva, C. M., de Oliveira Neves, L. E., dos Santos, R., & Honório, V. A. (2024). Estratégias de ensino para alfabetizar estudantes com deficiência visual. RCMOS-Revista Científica Multidisciplinar O Saber, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.51473/rcmos.v1i1.2024.485
  49. Selepe, M. M., & Molelemane, M. E. (2022). The challenges of students with disabilities' access and participation in higher education in South Africa. African Journal of Development Studies, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.31920/2634-3649/2022/v12n1a6
  50. Senjam, S., Foster, A., Bascaran, C., Vashist, P., & Gupta, V. (2019). Assistive technology for students with visual disability in schools for the blind in Delhi. Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology, 15(6), 663–669. https://doi.org/10.1080/17483107.2019.1604829
  51. Sivabalan, Y., Pek, L. S., Nadarajan, N. -T. M., Khusni, H., Mee Mee, R. W., & Ismail, M. R. (2024). Parental involvement on children’s educational achievement: A scoping review. International Journal on Studies in Education6(4), 555–574. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijonse.242
  52. Smith, S., Burdette, P., Cheatham, G., & Harvey, S. (2016). Parental role and support for online learning of students with disabilities: A paradigm shift. Journal of Special Education Leadership, 29(2), 101–112. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ej1118423
  53. Soenens, B., Deci, E. L., Vansteenkiste, M. (2017). How parents contribute to children’s psychological health: The critical role of psychological need support. In: Wehmeyer, M., Shogren, K., Little, T., Lopez, S. (eds) Development of self-determination through the life-course. Springer, Dordrecht. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1042-6_13
  54. Taber, K. S. (2020). Mediated learning leading development—The social development theory of Lev Vygotsky. Science education in theory and practice: An introductory guide to learning theory, 277-291. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43620-9_19
  55. Taderera, C., & Hall, H. (2017). Challenges faced by parents of children with learning disabilities in Opuwo, Namibia. African Journal of Disability, 6(1), 1–10. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC-a967009fa
  56. Tahiri, H. (2023). The challenges experienced by visually impaired students in Moroccan Universities. The Journal of Quality in Education, 13(22), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijels.84.36
  57. Van Tilburg, M. A., Levy, R. L., Walker, L. S., Von Korff, M., Feld, L. D., Garner, M., & Whitehead, W. E. (2015). Psychosocial mechanisms for the transmission of somatic symptoms from parents to children. World Journal of Gastroenterology: WJG, 21(18), 5532. http://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v21.i18.5532
  58. Vernhet, C., Dellapiazza, F., Blanc, N., Cousson-Gélie, F., Miot, S., Roeyers, H., & Baghdadli, A. (2019). Coping strategies of parents of children with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 747–758. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-018-1183-3