HomePsychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journalvol. 44 no. 1 (2025)

Challenges Encountered by Teachers of Far-Flung Integrated Schools in Modular Learning: A Multiple Case Study

Cyrille Callano | Johnny Bantulo

Discipline: Education

 

Abstract:

This case study aimed to determine the challenges encountered by far-flung Integrated Schools of South Glan District in modular learning of the academic year 2020-2021. The participants of this study were the five teachers of far-flung integrated schools, specifically from South Glan District, Glan, Sarangani Province. The selection of the participants used was purposive sampling. This study employed qualitative case study since the researcher went to a particular setting of interest to collect the data and describe the natural setting of data together with the key instrument. In the study, three main questions were formulated explore the experiences, coping mechanisms, and the insights gained by the five participants of this study. Collectively, the experiences encountered by teachers of fur-flung area in modular distance learning were able to formulate the following emergent themes, stressful, difficult, fulfilling, satisfied, challenging, hardships, and grateful and overwhelmed. Moreover, the coping mechanism of teachers were able to formulate a following themes, optimism, parental involvement, external support, balancing roles, time management, and listening to others. Furthermore, the insights of teachers in far-flung area were able to formulate the following emergent themes, realization, hopeful, be flexible and adaptable, open communication, importance of innovating new strategies, effective home visitation, and positive outlook. Thus, the result of this study revealed that teachers have a range of challenges in implementing this new learning modality to their professions in this time of pandemic. Their personal experiences have been stated. Teachers largely emphasized how stressful it was for them to deal with the pandemic's quick transition.



References:

  1. Abante, A., Cruz, R., Guevarra, D., Lanada, B., Macale, S., Roque, B., &   Cabrera, C. (2021). A comparative analysis on the challenges of online learning modality and modular learning modality: A basis for training program. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis, 4(04), 463-476. https://doi.org/10.47191/ijmra/v4-i4-17
  2. Adedoyin, B., & Soykan, E. (2020). Covid-19 pandemic and online learning: The challenges and opportunities. Interactive Learning Environments, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2020.1813180
  3. Alam, M. K. (2021). A systematic qualitative case study: Questions, data collection, NVivo analysis and saturation. Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management: An International Journal, 16(1), 1-31. https://doi.org/10.1108/QROM-09-2019-1825
  4. Argarin, J., & Argarin, J. A. (2022). Assessment of the preparedness and acceptability for distance learning: A guide for an efficient distance learning. Edu Sportivo: Indonesian Journal of Physical Education, 3(3), 192-199. https://doi.org/10.25299/es:ijope.2021.vol3(3).8971
  5. Ancheta, F. (2022). The administrative challenge of the ‘new normal’in education. Institute of Industry and Academic Research Incorporated,          129. https://iiari.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Pedagogy-for-Online-Learning-Theory-Practice.pdf#page=142 
  6. Ancheta, R., & Ancheta, H. (2020). The new normal in education: A challenge to   the private basic education institutions in the Philippines. International           Journal of Educational Management and Development Studies, 1(1). https://web.archive.org/web/20220302093455id_/https://iiari.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/The-New-Normal-in-Education-1.pdf
  7. Anggara, R., & Wennyta, M. (2018). Error analysis on students’ writing of narrative text made by fourth semester students at English Education study program of Batanghari University year 2017/2018. JELT: Journal of English Language Teaching, 2(2), 52-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/jelt.v2i2.26
  8. Arifin, M. (2018). Ethical considerations in qualitative study. International Journal of Care Scholars, 1(2),30-33. https://doi.org/10.31436/ijcs.v1i2.82
  9. Arpilleda, D., & Jondy, M. (2018). Problems encountered by mobile teachers         assigned in Tandag City Division, Surigao del Sur: A case study. International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences, 3(5). https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijels.3.5.18
  10. Assunção Flores, M., & Gago, M. (2020). Teacher education in times of COVID-19 pandemic in Portugal: National, institutional and pedagogical responses. Journal of Education for Teaching, 46(4), 507-516.
  11. Aviles, G., Maloloy-on, M., Olano, J., Arnibal, J., & Arnado, A. (2021). Teachers’   critical challenges and opportunities in modular distance delivery.         International Journal for Innovation Education and Research, 9(9), 274-   287. https://doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol9.iss9.3338
  12. Bacomo, A. C. C., Daculap, L. P., Ocampo, M. G. O., Paguia, C. D., Pentang, J., & Bautista, R. M. (2022). Modular learning efficiency: Learner’s attitude and performance towards self-learning modules. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/521099233.pdf
  13. Balolong, M. (2022). Challenges of blended learning: A phenomenological inquiry. Available at SSRN 4103847. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4103847
  14. Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change.             Psychological Review, 84(2), 191. https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6402(78)90002-4
  15. Bayod, R., & Bayod, C. (2020). Laying the groundworks for education of children in the new normal: The case of DepEd Southern Mindanao. Eubios       Journal of Asian and International Bioethics, 30(8), 443-449. https://philpapers.org/asearch.pl?pub=4186
  16. Bernardo, J. (2020). Modular learning most preferred parents: DepEd. ABS-CBN News. doi: 10.12691/education-11-10-5.
  17. Bozkurt, A., & Sharma, C. (2020). Emergency remote teaching in a time of global             crisis due to CoronaVirus pandemic. Asian Journal of Distance Education,         15(1), i-vi. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3778083
  18. Canonizado, C. (2021). Challenges that teachers are facing under the New           Normal system in education. https://philpapers.org/rec/AGATIT-3
  19. Carbonilla, M. J., Kadusale, G., Lucero, R., & Pungyan, M. R. (2022). Parents’ coping mechanism in conquering challenges towards distribution and retrieval of modules. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research, 3(7), 1195-1202. http://dx.doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.03.07.04
  20. Cardano, M. (2020). Argomenti per la ricerca qualitativa. Disegno, analisi, scrittura. https://iris.unito.it/handle/2318/1769052
  21. Collado, Z. C., Rodriguez, V. R., & Dueñas III, Z. D. (2021). Children’s engagement in self-learning modules (SLMs) amid the pandemic: A predictive analysis on the role of internet access, household food security, and parental involvement to modular classes. Education 3-13, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004279.2021.1954969
  22. Coman, C., Țîru, G., Meseșan-Schmitz, L., Stanciu, C., & Bularca, C. (2020).        Online teaching and learning in higher education during the coronavirus pandemic: Students’ perspective. Sustainability, 12(24), 10367. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122410367
  23. Creswell, W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among     five approaches (3rd ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Sage. https://surl.li/gmznal
  24. Creswell, J. W., & Báez, J. C. (2020). 30 essential skills for the qualitative researcher. Sage Publications. http://localhost:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/1675
  25. Crompton, H., Burke, D., Jordan, K., & Wilson, S. W. (2021). Learning with technology during emergencies: A systematic review of K‐12 education. British Journal of Educational Technology, 52(4), 1554-1575. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13114
  26. DepEd Order No. 012 s. 2020. DepEd Basic Education Learning Continuity Plan in the time of COVID-19.
  27. DepEd Order No. 018 s. 2020. DepEd prepares self-learning modules for education’s new normal.
  28. De Villa, A., & Manalo, B. (2020). Secondary teachers’ preparation, challenges, and coping mechanism in the pre-implementation of distance learning in the new normal. IOER International Multidisciplinary Research Journal,    2(3), 144-154. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3717608
  29. De Wet, C. (2010). Victims of educator-targeted bullying: A qualitative study.         South African Journal of Education, 30(2). https://doi.org/10.15700/saje.v30n2a341 
  30. Duff, P. (2018). Case study research in applied linguistics. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203827147 
  31. Du Plessis, E. (2020). The lived experience of out-of-field STEM teachers: A         quandary for strategising quality teaching in STEM?. Research in Science Education, 50(4), 1465-1499. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-018-9740-9
  32. Farooq, F., Rathore, A., & Mansoor, N. (2020). Challenges of online medical         education in Pakistan during COVID-19 pandemic. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak, 30(6), 67-9. https://doi.org/10.29271/jcpsp.2020.Supp1.S67.
  33. Galano, R. J. (2021). Preparations for the modular distance learning (printed) amid the covid-19 pandemic: Assessment of public junior high school Mathematics teachers experiences. International Journal of Research Publication, 74(1), 14-14. https://doi.org/10.47119/IJRP10074142021183
  34. Garrison, R. (1990). From independence to collaboration: A personal retrospective on distance education. In An Introduction to Distance Education (pp. 13-24). Routledge. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/DGarrison/publication/343411553_
  35. Gueta, M. F., & Janer, S. S. (2021). Distance learning challenges on the use of self-learning module. United International Journal for Research & Technology, 2(07). https://uijrt.com/articles/v2/i7/UIJRTV2I70010.pdf
  36. Guiamalon, T. (2021). Teachers issues and concerns on the use of modular learning modality. IJASOS-International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, 7(20), 457-469. http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org/en/download/article-file/1878859
  37. Guiamalon, T. S., & Hariraya, P. G. (2021). The K-12 senior high school programl: The case of laboratory high school, Cotabato City State Polytechnic College, South Central Mindanao, Philippines. IJASOS-International E-journal of Advances in Social Sciences, 7(19), 391-399. https://doi.org/10.18769/ijasos.820171
  38. Gurung, S. (2021). Challenges faced by teachers in online teaching during Covid-19 pandemic. The Online Journal of Distance Education and E-Learning,  9(1),           8-18. https://tojdel.net/journals/tojdel/articles/v09i01/v09i01-02.pdf
  39. Hall, T., Connolly, C., Grádaigh, S. Ó., Burden, K., Kearney, M., Schuck, S., & Kosmas, P. (2020). Education in precarious times: A comparative study across six countries to identify design priorities for mobile learning in a pandemic. Information and Learning Sciences, 121(5/6), 433-442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ILS-04-2020-0089
  40. Harangi-Rákos, M., Pfau, C., Bácsné Bába, É., Bács, A., & Kőmíves, M. (2022). Lockdowns and Physical Activities: Sports in the Time of COVID. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(4), 2175. https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/4/2175
  41. Hassan, M., Mirza, T., & Hussain, W. (2020). A critical review by teachers on the online teaching-learning during the COVID-19. International Journal of Education and Management Engineering, 10(8), 17-27. https:doi.org/10.5815/ijeme.2020.05.03
  42. Herath, T., & Herath, S. (2020). Coping with the new normal imposed by the         COVID-19 pandemic: Lessons for technology management and governance. Information Systems Management, 37(4), 277-283. https://doi.org/10.1080/10580530.2020.1818902
  43. Hernandez, L. (2021). Strengths and challenges of distance learning modalities in the new normal: Basis for intervention program. Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 3(2), 80-87. https://doi.org/10.36079/lamintang.jhass-0302.241
  44. Hipolito, M. F. G. (2022). Stories stories of prevailing: Novice teachers’ Journey in Far-flung Schools in the time of COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research, 3(1), 12-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.03.01.02
  45. Ishtiaq, M. (2019). Book review creswell, JW (2014). Research design: qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches. Thousand Oaks, ca: sage. English Language Teaching, 12(5), 40. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v12n5p40
  46. Javilla, M. A., & Fabella, F. E. (2019). Lived-Experiences of Mobile Teachers in Remote Schools in Antipolo City. Available at SSRN 3516399. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3516399
  47. Joaquin, J. J. B., Biana, H. T., & Dacela, M. A. (2020, October). The Philippine higher education sector in the time of COVID-19. In Frontiers in Education (Vol. 5, p. 208). Frontiers. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2020.576371
  48. Kalu, M. E. (2019). Using emphasis-purposeful sampling-phenomenon of interest–context (EPPiC) framework to reflect on two qualitative research designs and questions: A reflective process. The Qualitative Report, 24(10), 2524-2535. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2019.4082
  49. Kamal, T., & Illiyan, A. (2021). School teachers’ perception and challenges            towards online teaching during COVID-19 pandemic in India: An econometric analysis. Asian Association of Open Universities Journal. https://doi.org/10.1108/AAOUJ-10-2021-0122
  50. Khlaif, N., Salha, S., Affouneh, S., Rashed, H., & ElKimishy, A. (2021). The           Covid-19 epidemic: Teachers’ responses to school closure in developing countries. Technology, Pedagogy and Education, 30(1), 95-109. https://doi.org/10.1080/1475939X.2020.1851752
  51. Hipolito, G. (2022). Stories stories of prevailing: Novice teachers’ journey in          far-flung schools in the time of COVID-19 pandemic. International          Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research, 3(1), 12-18. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7242770 
  52. Holzer, J., Lüftenegger, M., Korlat, S., Pelikan, E., Salmela-Aro, K., Spiel, C., &    Schober, B. (2021). Higher education in times of COVID-19: University   students’ basic need satisfaction, self-regulated learning, and well-being.        Aera Open, 7, 23328584211003164. https:doi.org/ 10.1177/23328584211003164
  53. Hunt, A., Morrow, J., & McGuire, K. (2020). Experiences of suicide in transgender            youth: A qualitative, community-based study. Archives of Suicide Research,            24(sup2), S340-S355. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2019.1610677
  54. Lasco, T. (2021). Exploring the teachers development of a culturally sensitive       lesson in mathematics through modular approach: Towards a professional    learning community model for multicultural instruction. https://animorepository.dlsu.edu.ph/etdd_scied/3/
  55. Marshall, T., Shannon, M., & Love, M. (2020). How teachers experienced the        COVID-19 transition to remote instruction. Phi Delta Kappan, 102(3), 46- 50. https://doi.org/10.1177/0031721720970702
  56. Mayuni, I., Leiliyanti, E., Agustina, N., Yulianti, V., Chen, Y., & Chu, F. I. (2020). School literacy movement and its implications towards students’ learning: A comparative case study in Jakarta and Taiwan. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology (IJAST), 29(4s), 1555-1569. https://eprints.uai.ac.id/1442/1/ILS0052-20.pdf
  57. Mohajan, K. (2018). Qualitative research methodology in social sciences and        related subjects. Journal of Economic Development, Environment and People, 7(1), 23-48. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9442/f9f608368c85fdc404828b831850cc
  58. Moghli, M. A., & Shuayb, M. (2020). Education under Covid-19 lockdown: Reflections from teachers, students & parents. Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada: Ottawa, ON, Canada. https://www.lebanesestudies.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/booklet-covid-19eng-4augFinal.pdf
  59. Mondragón, J. M. (2022). Secondary teachers’ perspectives on social media use with students during the COVID-19 pandemic (Doctoral dissertation, Walden University). https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/580005454.pdf
  60. Natividad, E. (2021). Perceived effectiveness of self learning modules in the implementation of modular distance learning in the elementary level. Available at SSRN 3889429. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3889429  
  61. Navarro, A. M. (2022). School infrastructure in the Philippines: Where are we now and where should we be heading? (No. DP 2022-10). Philippine Institute for Development Studies. https://hdl.handle.net/10419/280883
  62. Noor, S., Isa, M., & Mazhar, F. (2020). Online teaching practices during the           COVID-19 pandemic. Educational Process: International Journal, 9(3), 169-    184. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1280329
  63. Odhiambo, J. (2022). Discipleship amidst crisis and health implications: A case     Study among Pastors in Kenya. Pan-African Journal of Health and           Environmental Science, 1(1). https://journals.aua.ke/ajhes/article/view/176
  64. Olivo, M. G. (2021). Parents’ perception on printed modular distance learning in Canarem Elementary School: Basis for proposed action plan. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research, 2(4), 296-309. http://dx.doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.02.04.03
  65. Olson, S., Leelathanalerk, A., Van Hung, N., Tan, K., Nacabu-an, J., Setiawan,     H., ... & Jungnickel, W. (2022). Challenges in pharmacy education with limited resources during COVID-19: ASEAN perspective. Handbook of       Research on Updating and Innovating Health Professions Education: Post-Pandemic Perspectives, 366-401. https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/challenges-in-pharmacy-education-with-limited-resources-during-covid-19/288489  
  66. Ozamiz-Etxebarria, N., Idoiaga Mondragon, N., Bueno-Notivol, J., Pérez-Moreno, M., & Santabárbara, J. (2021). Prevalence of anxiety, depression, and stress among teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A rapid systematic review with meta-analysis. Brain Sciences, 11(9), 1172. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11091172
  67. Pacheco, J. A. (2021). The “New Normal” in education. Prospects, 51(1-3), 3-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11125-020-09521-x
  68. Paulsamy, P., Alshahrani, S. H., Venkatesan, K., Sethuraj, P., & Ansari, M. D. (2021). Effect of Self-Learning Module (SLM) on knowledge regarding legal aspects of nursing care among nurses. Asian Journal of Research in Nursing and Health, 4(4), 13-17. https://www.sdiarticle4.com/review-history/73091
  69. Pastor, M. J., Andres, S. R., & Manarpaac, J. R. (2022). The big shift: Examining practices, challenges and coping mechanisms of teachers and students in transitioning to modular distance learning. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 1(3), 155-163. https://philarchive.org/archive/PASTBS
  70. Pastor, L. (2020). Sentiment analysis on synchronous online delivery of instruction           due to extreme community quarantine in the Philippines caused by COVID-         19 pandemic. Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 3(1), 1-6. https://www.asianjournals.org/online/index.php/ajms/article/view/207
  71. Pearse, N. (2019). An illustration of a deductive pattern matching procedure in qualitative leadership research. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 17(3), pp143-154. https://doi.org/10.34190/JBRM.17.3.004
  72. Piaget, J. (1976). Piaget’s theory. In Springer eBooks. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-46323-5_2
  73. Piaget, J. (1981). Intelligence and affectivity: Their relationship during child           development. (Trans & Ed TA Brown & CE Kaegi). Annual Reviews. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1982-05421-000
  74. Pinkerton, M. J. (2020). Educational leadership model: An historical analysis of Arne Duncan (2001-2015) as chief executive officer of the Chicago public schools and as secretary of education of the United States of America, and impact of his leadership style on implementation of educational initiatives (Doctoral dissertation, Loyola University Chicago). https://ecommons.luc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4813&context=luc_diss
  75. Quejada, B., & Orale, L. (2018). Lived experiences of elementary teachers in a     remote school in Samar, Philippines. Journal of Academic Research, 3(3), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.53378/
  76. Rabacal, J., Oducado, M., & Tamdang, K. (2020). COVID-19 impact on the quality of life of teachers: A cross-sectional study. Asian Journal for Public      Opinion Research, 8(4), 478-492. https://doi.org/ 10.15206/ajpor.2020.8.4.478
  77. Rayens, W., & Ellis, A. (2018). Creating a student-centered learning environment online. Journal of Statistics Education, 26(2), 92-102. https://doi.org/10.1080/10691898.2018.1475205
  78. Reich, J., Buttimer, J., Coleman, D., Colwell, D., Faruqi, F., & Larke, R. (2020).     What’s lost, what’s left, what’s next: Lessons learned from the lived experiences of teachers during the 2020 novel coronavirus pandemic. https://edarxiv.org/8exp9
  79. Reyes-Chua, E., Sibbaluca, B. G., Miranda, R. D., Palmario, G. B., Moreno, R. P., & Solon, J. P. T. (2020). The status of the implementation of the e-learning classroom in selected higher education institutions in region IV-A amidst the COVID-19 crisis. Journal of Critical Reviews, 7(11), 253-258. : http://dx.doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.11.41
  80. Rollona, R. M., & Pañaresb, N. C. (2023). Supreme Pupils’ Government Commitment and Academic Performance. Supreme Pupils’ Government Commitment and Academic Performance, 129(1), 11-11. https://doi.org/10.47119/IJRP1001291720235274
  81. Sabio, R. A., & Sabio, C. J. (2019). Retrospective review of legislations and policies on distance education in the Philippines. In E-Proceedings of the International Conference on Distance Learning (p. 12). https://uou.ac.in/sites/default/files/2021-10/E-Proceedings-International-Conference-on-Distance-Learning.pdf#page=16
  82. Saro, J., Manliguez, M., Buar, I. J., Buao, A., & Almonicar, A. (2022). New Normal Education: Strategies, Methods, and Trends of Teaching-Learning on Students’ Perspectives and its Effectiveness. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7242770, ISSN 2822-4353
  83. Schroeder, R. (2021). Leadership for online learning. In A Guide to Administering Distance Learning (pp. 20-42). Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004471382_002
  84. Saiyad, S., Virk, A., Mahajan, R., & Singh, T. (2020). Online teaching in medical training: Establishing good online teaching practices from cumulative experience. International Journal of Applied and Basic Medical Research,      10(3), 149. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijabmr.ijabmr_358_20
  85. San Luis, C. (2022). Looking through the lens of rural science teachers in the        New Normal setting. Institute of Industry and Academic Research Incorporated, 114. https://iiari.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/
  86. Schuiteman, S., Ibrahim, I., Hammoud, A., Kruger, L., Mangrulkar, S., & Daniel,    M. (2020). The role of medical student government in responding to       COVID-19. Academic Medicine. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000003542.
  87. Sia, M., & Adamu, A. (2020). Facing the unknown: Pandemic and higher education          in Malaysia. Asian Education and Development Studies. https://doi.org/10.1108/AEDS-05-2020-0114
  88. Smith, C. (2020). Challenges and opportunities for teaching students with disabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of           Multidisciplinary Perspectives in Higher Education, 5(1), 167-173.
  89. Staller, K. M., & Chen, Y. (2022). Choosing a research design for qualitative research–a ferris wheel of approaches. The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research Design. United Kingdom: SAGE Publications Ltd, 69-86. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529770278.n6
  90. Subaih, A., Sabbah, S., & Al-Duais, E. (2021). Obstacles facing teachers in           Palestine while implementing e-learning during the COVID-19 pandemic.    Asian Social Science, 17(4), 44-45. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v17n4p44 
  91. Sullivan, R., Fulcher-Rood, K., Kruger, J., Sipley, G., & van Putten, C. (2019). Emerging technologies for lifelong learning and success: A MOOC for everyone. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 47(3), 318-336. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047239518821065
  92. Sumandal, A. (2022). Factors affecting the module completion of Grade 12           students: Basis for intervention program and policy development.          International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education         Research, 3(4), 613-626. http://dx.doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.03.04.13
  93. Tadesse, S., & Muluye, W. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on education system in developing countries: A review. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 8(10), 159-170. https//doi.org/10.4236/jss.2020.810011
  94. Tagle, E. (2022). Teacher’s procedures and qualities to the performance of ICT    students in Mary Help of Christians College. Teacher’s procedures and         qualities to the performance of ICT students in Mary help of Christians    college, 102(1), 21-21. https://doi.org/10.47119/IJRP1001021620223280
  95. Teräs, M., Teräs, H., Arinto, P., Brunton, J., Daryono, D., & Subramaniam, T. (2020). COVID-19 and the push to online learning: Reflections from 5 countries. https://www.digitalcultureandeducation.com/reflections-on-covid19/reflections-from-5-countries#
  96. Thomas, G. (2021). How to do your case study. https://www.torrossa.com/en/resources/an/5018110
  97. Tohidi, S., KarimiMoonaghi, H., Shayan, A., & Ahmadinia, H. (2019). The effect of self-learning module on nursing students’ clinical competency: A pilot study. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 24(2), 91. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijnmr.IJNMR_46_1
  98. Toquero, C. M. (2020). Challenges and opportunities for higher education amid the COVID-19 pandemic: The Philippine context. Pedagogical Research, 5(4). https://doi.org/10.29333/pr/7947
  99. Tria, Z. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic through the lens of education in the        Philippines: The new normal. International Journal of Pedagogical     Development and Lifelong Learning, 1(1), 2-4. https://doi.org/10.30935/ijpdll/8311
  100. Varea, V., & González-Calvo, G. (2021). Touchless classes and absent bodies:    teaching physical education in times of Covid-19. Sport, Education and        Society, 26(8), 831-845. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2020.1791814
  101. Velmonte, L. (2020). Revisiting management style of public educators: An ethnography of the teachers. European Journal of Humanities and         Educational Advancements, 1(1), 19-24. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0145-      7809
  102. Wang, W., & Siau, K. (2018). Artificial intelligence: A study on governance, policies, and regulations. MWAIS 2018 proceedings, 40. https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/sis_research/9605.
  103. Zamora-Antuñano, A., Rodríguez-Reséndiz, J., Cruz-Pérez, A., Rodríguez Reséndíz, H., Paredes-García, J., & Díaz, G. (2021). Teachers’ perception       in selecting virtual learning platforms: A case of mexican higher education        during the COVID-19 crisis. Sustainability, 14(1), 195. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14010195