Challenges Encountered by Teachers of Far-Flung Integrated Schools in Modular Learning: A Multiple Case Study
Cyrille Callano | Johnny Bantulo
Discipline: Education
Abstract:
This case study aimed to determine the challenges encountered by far-flung Integrated Schools of South Glan District
in modular learning of the academic year 2020-2021. The participants of this study were the five teachers of far-flung
integrated schools, specifically from South Glan District, Glan, Sarangani Province. The selection of the participants
used was purposive sampling. This study employed qualitative case study since the researcher went to a particular
setting of interest to collect the data and describe the natural setting of data together with the key instrument. In the
study, three main questions were formulated explore the experiences, coping mechanisms, and the insights gained by
the five participants of this study. Collectively, the experiences encountered by teachers of fur-flung area in modular
distance learning were able to formulate the following emergent themes, stressful, difficult, fulfilling, satisfied,
challenging, hardships, and grateful and overwhelmed. Moreover, the coping mechanism of teachers were able to
formulate a following themes, optimism, parental involvement, external support, balancing roles, time management,
and listening to others. Furthermore, the insights of teachers in far-flung area were able to formulate the following
emergent themes, realization, hopeful, be flexible and adaptable, open communication, importance of innovating new
strategies, effective home visitation, and positive outlook. Thus, the result of this study revealed that teachers have a
range of challenges in implementing this new learning modality to their professions in this time of pandemic. Their
personal experiences have been stated. Teachers largely emphasized how stressful it was for them to deal with the
pandemic's quick transition.
References:
- Abante, A., Cruz, R., Guevarra, D., Lanada, B., Macale, S., Roque, B., & Cabrera, C. (2021). A comparative analysis on the challenges of online learning modality and modular learning modality: A basis for training program. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis, 4(04), 463-476. https://doi.org/10.47191/ijmra/v4-i4-17
- Adedoyin, B., & Soykan, E. (2020). Covid-19 pandemic and online learning: The challenges and opportunities. Interactive Learning Environments, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2020.1813180
- Alam, M. K. (2021). A systematic qualitative case study: Questions, data collection, NVivo analysis and saturation. Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management: An International Journal, 16(1), 1-31. https://doi.org/10.1108/QROM-09-2019-1825
- Argarin, J., & Argarin, J. A. (2022). Assessment of the preparedness and acceptability for distance learning: A guide for an efficient distance learning. Edu Sportivo: Indonesian Journal of Physical Education, 3(3), 192-199. https://doi.org/10.25299/es:ijope.2021.vol3(3).8971
- Ancheta, F. (2022). The administrative challenge of the ‘new normal’in education. Institute of Industry and Academic Research Incorporated, 129. https://iiari.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Pedagogy-for-Online-Learning-Theory-Practice.pdf#page=142
- Ancheta, R., & Ancheta, H. (2020). The new normal in education: A challenge to the private basic education institutions in the Philippines. International Journal of Educational Management and Development Studies, 1(1). https://web.archive.org/web/20220302093455id_/https://iiari.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/The-New-Normal-in-Education-1.pdf
- Anggara, R., & Wennyta, M. (2018). Error analysis on students’ writing of narrative text made by fourth semester students at English Education study program of Batanghari University year 2017/2018. JELT: Journal of English Language Teaching, 2(2), 52-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/jelt.v2i2.26
- Arifin, M. (2018). Ethical considerations in qualitative study. International Journal of Care Scholars, 1(2),30-33. https://doi.org/10.31436/ijcs.v1i2.82
- Arpilleda, D., & Jondy, M. (2018). Problems encountered by mobile teachers assigned in Tandag City Division, Surigao del Sur: A case study. International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences, 3(5). https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijels.3.5.18
- Assunção Flores, M., & Gago, M. (2020). Teacher education in times of COVID-19 pandemic in Portugal: National, institutional and pedagogical responses. Journal of Education for Teaching, 46(4), 507-516.
- Aviles, G., Maloloy-on, M., Olano, J., Arnibal, J., & Arnado, A. (2021). Teachers’ critical challenges and opportunities in modular distance delivery. International Journal for Innovation Education and Research, 9(9), 274- 287. https://doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol9.iss9.3338
- Bacomo, A. C. C., Daculap, L. P., Ocampo, M. G. O., Paguia, C. D., Pentang, J., & Bautista, R. M. (2022). Modular learning efficiency: Learner’s attitude and performance towards self-learning modules. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/521099233.pdf
- Balolong, M. (2022). Challenges of blended learning: A phenomenological inquiry. Available at SSRN 4103847. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4103847
- Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191. https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6402(78)90002-4
- Bayod, R., & Bayod, C. (2020). Laying the groundworks for education of children in the new normal: The case of DepEd Southern Mindanao. Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics, 30(8), 443-449. https://philpapers.org/asearch.pl?pub=4186
- Bernardo, J. (2020). Modular learning most preferred parents: DepEd. ABS-CBN News. doi: 10.12691/education-11-10-5.
- Bozkurt, A., & Sharma, C. (2020). Emergency remote teaching in a time of global crisis due to CoronaVirus pandemic. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 15(1), i-vi. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3778083
- Canonizado, C. (2021). Challenges that teachers are facing under the New Normal system in education. https://philpapers.org/rec/AGATIT-3
- Carbonilla, M. J., Kadusale, G., Lucero, R., & Pungyan, M. R. (2022). Parents’ coping mechanism in conquering challenges towards distribution and retrieval of modules. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research, 3(7), 1195-1202. http://dx.doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.03.07.04
- Cardano, M. (2020). Argomenti per la ricerca qualitativa. Disegno, analisi, scrittura. https://iris.unito.it/handle/2318/1769052
- Collado, Z. C., Rodriguez, V. R., & Dueñas III, Z. D. (2021). Children’s engagement in self-learning modules (SLMs) amid the pandemic: A predictive analysis on the role of internet access, household food security, and parental involvement to modular classes. Education 3-13, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004279.2021.1954969
- Coman, C., Țîru, G., Meseșan-Schmitz, L., Stanciu, C., & Bularca, C. (2020). Online teaching and learning in higher education during the coronavirus pandemic: Students’ perspective. Sustainability, 12(24), 10367. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122410367
- Creswell, W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (3rd ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Sage. https://surl.li/gmznal
- Creswell, J. W., & Báez, J. C. (2020). 30 essential skills for the qualitative researcher. Sage Publications. http://localhost:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/1675
- Crompton, H., Burke, D., Jordan, K., & Wilson, S. W. (2021). Learning with technology during emergencies: A systematic review of K‐12 education. British Journal of Educational Technology, 52(4), 1554-1575. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13114
- DepEd Order No. 012 s. 2020. DepEd Basic Education Learning Continuity Plan in the time of COVID-19.
- DepEd Order No. 018 s. 2020. DepEd prepares self-learning modules for education’s new normal.
- De Villa, A., & Manalo, B. (2020). Secondary teachers’ preparation, challenges, and coping mechanism in the pre-implementation of distance learning in the new normal. IOER International Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 2(3), 144-154. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3717608
- De Wet, C. (2010). Victims of educator-targeted bullying: A qualitative study. South African Journal of Education, 30(2). https://doi.org/10.15700/saje.v30n2a341
- Duff, P. (2018). Case study research in applied linguistics. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203827147
- Du Plessis, E. (2020). The lived experience of out-of-field STEM teachers: A quandary for strategising quality teaching in STEM?. Research in Science Education, 50(4), 1465-1499. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-018-9740-9
- Farooq, F., Rathore, A., & Mansoor, N. (2020). Challenges of online medical education in Pakistan during COVID-19 pandemic. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak, 30(6), 67-9. https://doi.org/10.29271/jcpsp.2020.Supp1.S67.
- Galano, R. J. (2021). Preparations for the modular distance learning (printed) amid the covid-19 pandemic: Assessment of public junior high school Mathematics teachers experiences. International Journal of Research Publication, 74(1), 14-14. https://doi.org/10.47119/IJRP10074142021183
- Garrison, R. (1990). From independence to collaboration: A personal retrospective on distance education. In An Introduction to Distance Education (pp. 13-24). Routledge. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/DGarrison/publication/343411553_
- Gueta, M. F., & Janer, S. S. (2021). Distance learning challenges on the use of self-learning module. United International Journal for Research & Technology, 2(07). https://uijrt.com/articles/v2/i7/UIJRTV2I70010.pdf
- Guiamalon, T. (2021). Teachers issues and concerns on the use of modular learning modality. IJASOS-International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, 7(20), 457-469. http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org/en/download/article-file/1878859
- Guiamalon, T. S., & Hariraya, P. G. (2021). The K-12 senior high school programl: The case of laboratory high school, Cotabato City State Polytechnic College, South Central Mindanao, Philippines. IJASOS-International E-journal of Advances in Social Sciences, 7(19), 391-399. https://doi.org/10.18769/ijasos.820171
- Gurung, S. (2021). Challenges faced by teachers in online teaching during Covid-19 pandemic. The Online Journal of Distance Education and E-Learning, 9(1), 8-18. https://tojdel.net/journals/tojdel/articles/v09i01/v09i01-02.pdf
- Hall, T., Connolly, C., Grádaigh, S. Ó., Burden, K., Kearney, M., Schuck, S., & Kosmas, P. (2020). Education in precarious times: A comparative study across six countries to identify design priorities for mobile learning in a pandemic. Information and Learning Sciences, 121(5/6), 433-442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ILS-04-2020-0089
- Harangi-Rákos, M., Pfau, C., Bácsné Bába, É., Bács, A., & Kőmíves, M. (2022). Lockdowns and Physical Activities: Sports in the Time of COVID. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(4), 2175. https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/4/2175
- Hassan, M., Mirza, T., & Hussain, W. (2020). A critical review by teachers on the online teaching-learning during the COVID-19. International Journal of Education and Management Engineering, 10(8), 17-27. https:doi.org/10.5815/ijeme.2020.05.03
- Herath, T., & Herath, S. (2020). Coping with the new normal imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic: Lessons for technology management and governance. Information Systems Management, 37(4), 277-283. https://doi.org/10.1080/10580530.2020.1818902
- Hernandez, L. (2021). Strengths and challenges of distance learning modalities in the new normal: Basis for intervention program. Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 3(2), 80-87. https://doi.org/10.36079/lamintang.jhass-0302.241
- Hipolito, M. F. G. (2022). Stories stories of prevailing: Novice teachers’ Journey in Far-flung Schools in the time of COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research, 3(1), 12-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.03.01.02
- Ishtiaq, M. (2019). Book review creswell, JW (2014). Research design: qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches. Thousand Oaks, ca: sage. English Language Teaching, 12(5), 40. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v12n5p40
- Javilla, M. A., & Fabella, F. E. (2019). Lived-Experiences of Mobile Teachers in Remote Schools in Antipolo City. Available at SSRN 3516399. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3516399
- Joaquin, J. J. B., Biana, H. T., & Dacela, M. A. (2020, October). The Philippine higher education sector in the time of COVID-19. In Frontiers in Education (Vol. 5, p. 208). Frontiers. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2020.576371
- Kalu, M. E. (2019). Using emphasis-purposeful sampling-phenomenon of interest–context (EPPiC) framework to reflect on two qualitative research designs and questions: A reflective process. The Qualitative Report, 24(10), 2524-2535. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2019.4082
- Kamal, T., & Illiyan, A. (2021). School teachers’ perception and challenges towards online teaching during COVID-19 pandemic in India: An econometric analysis. Asian Association of Open Universities Journal. https://doi.org/10.1108/AAOUJ-10-2021-0122
- Khlaif, N., Salha, S., Affouneh, S., Rashed, H., & ElKimishy, A. (2021). The Covid-19 epidemic: Teachers’ responses to school closure in developing countries. Technology, Pedagogy and Education, 30(1), 95-109. https://doi.org/10.1080/1475939X.2020.1851752
- Hipolito, G. (2022). Stories stories of prevailing: Novice teachers’ journey in far-flung schools in the time of COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research, 3(1), 12-18. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7242770
- Holzer, J., Lüftenegger, M., Korlat, S., Pelikan, E., Salmela-Aro, K., Spiel, C., & Schober, B. (2021). Higher education in times of COVID-19: University students’ basic need satisfaction, self-regulated learning, and well-being. Aera Open, 7, 23328584211003164. https:doi.org/ 10.1177/23328584211003164
- Hunt, A., Morrow, J., & McGuire, K. (2020). Experiences of suicide in transgender youth: A qualitative, community-based study. Archives of Suicide Research, 24(sup2), S340-S355. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2019.1610677
- Lasco, T. (2021). Exploring the teachers development of a culturally sensitive lesson in mathematics through modular approach: Towards a professional learning community model for multicultural instruction. https://animorepository.dlsu.edu.ph/etdd_scied/3/
- Marshall, T., Shannon, M., & Love, M. (2020). How teachers experienced the COVID-19 transition to remote instruction. Phi Delta Kappan, 102(3), 46- 50. https://doi.org/10.1177/0031721720970702
- Mayuni, I., Leiliyanti, E., Agustina, N., Yulianti, V., Chen, Y., & Chu, F. I. (2020). School literacy movement and its implications towards students’ learning: A comparative case study in Jakarta and Taiwan. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology (IJAST), 29(4s), 1555-1569. https://eprints.uai.ac.id/1442/1/ILS0052-20.pdf
- Mohajan, K. (2018). Qualitative research methodology in social sciences and related subjects. Journal of Economic Development, Environment and People, 7(1), 23-48. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9442/f9f608368c85fdc404828b831850cc
- Moghli, M. A., & Shuayb, M. (2020). Education under Covid-19 lockdown: Reflections from teachers, students & parents. Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada: Ottawa, ON, Canada. https://www.lebanesestudies.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/booklet-covid-19eng-4augFinal.pdf
- Mondragón, J. M. (2022). Secondary teachers’ perspectives on social media use with students during the COVID-19 pandemic (Doctoral dissertation, Walden University). https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/580005454.pdf
- Natividad, E. (2021). Perceived effectiveness of self learning modules in the implementation of modular distance learning in the elementary level. Available at SSRN 3889429. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3889429
- Navarro, A. M. (2022). School infrastructure in the Philippines: Where are we now and where should we be heading? (No. DP 2022-10). Philippine Institute for Development Studies. https://hdl.handle.net/10419/280883
- Noor, S., Isa, M., & Mazhar, F. (2020). Online teaching practices during the COVID-19 pandemic. Educational Process: International Journal, 9(3), 169- 184. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1280329
- Odhiambo, J. (2022). Discipleship amidst crisis and health implications: A case Study among Pastors in Kenya. Pan-African Journal of Health and Environmental Science, 1(1). https://journals.aua.ke/ajhes/article/view/176
- Olivo, M. G. (2021). Parents’ perception on printed modular distance learning in Canarem Elementary School: Basis for proposed action plan. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research, 2(4), 296-309. http://dx.doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.02.04.03
- Olson, S., Leelathanalerk, A., Van Hung, N., Tan, K., Nacabu-an, J., Setiawan, H., ... & Jungnickel, W. (2022). Challenges in pharmacy education with limited resources during COVID-19: ASEAN perspective. Handbook of Research on Updating and Innovating Health Professions Education: Post-Pandemic Perspectives, 366-401. https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/challenges-in-pharmacy-education-with-limited-resources-during-covid-19/288489
- Ozamiz-Etxebarria, N., Idoiaga Mondragon, N., Bueno-Notivol, J., Pérez-Moreno, M., & Santabárbara, J. (2021). Prevalence of anxiety, depression, and stress among teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A rapid systematic review with meta-analysis. Brain Sciences, 11(9), 1172. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11091172
- Pacheco, J. A. (2021). The “New Normal” in education. Prospects, 51(1-3), 3-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11125-020-09521-x
- Paulsamy, P., Alshahrani, S. H., Venkatesan, K., Sethuraj, P., & Ansari, M. D. (2021). Effect of Self-Learning Module (SLM) on knowledge regarding legal aspects of nursing care among nurses. Asian Journal of Research in Nursing and Health, 4(4), 13-17. https://www.sdiarticle4.com/review-history/73091
- Pastor, M. J., Andres, S. R., & Manarpaac, J. R. (2022). The big shift: Examining practices, challenges and coping mechanisms of teachers and students in transitioning to modular distance learning. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 1(3), 155-163. https://philarchive.org/archive/PASTBS
- Pastor, L. (2020). Sentiment analysis on synchronous online delivery of instruction due to extreme community quarantine in the Philippines caused by COVID- 19 pandemic. Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 3(1), 1-6. https://www.asianjournals.org/online/index.php/ajms/article/view/207
- Pearse, N. (2019). An illustration of a deductive pattern matching procedure in qualitative leadership research. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 17(3), pp143-154. https://doi.org/10.34190/JBRM.17.3.004
- Piaget, J. (1976). Piaget’s theory. In Springer eBooks. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-46323-5_2
- Piaget, J. (1981). Intelligence and affectivity: Their relationship during child development. (Trans & Ed TA Brown & CE Kaegi). Annual Reviews. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1982-05421-000
- Pinkerton, M. J. (2020). Educational leadership model: An historical analysis of Arne Duncan (2001-2015) as chief executive officer of the Chicago public schools and as secretary of education of the United States of America, and impact of his leadership style on implementation of educational initiatives (Doctoral dissertation, Loyola University Chicago). https://ecommons.luc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4813&context=luc_diss
- Quejada, B., & Orale, L. (2018). Lived experiences of elementary teachers in a remote school in Samar, Philippines. Journal of Academic Research, 3(3), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.53378/
- Rabacal, J., Oducado, M., & Tamdang, K. (2020). COVID-19 impact on the quality of life of teachers: A cross-sectional study. Asian Journal for Public Opinion Research, 8(4), 478-492. https://doi.org/ 10.15206/ajpor.2020.8.4.478
- Rayens, W., & Ellis, A. (2018). Creating a student-centered learning environment online. Journal of Statistics Education, 26(2), 92-102. https://doi.org/10.1080/10691898.2018.1475205
- Reich, J., Buttimer, J., Coleman, D., Colwell, D., Faruqi, F., & Larke, R. (2020). What’s lost, what’s left, what’s next: Lessons learned from the lived experiences of teachers during the 2020 novel coronavirus pandemic. https://edarxiv.org/8exp9
- Reyes-Chua, E., Sibbaluca, B. G., Miranda, R. D., Palmario, G. B., Moreno, R. P., & Solon, J. P. T. (2020). The status of the implementation of the e-learning classroom in selected higher education institutions in region IV-A amidst the COVID-19 crisis. Journal of Critical Reviews, 7(11), 253-258. : http://dx.doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.11.41
- Rollona, R. M., & Pañaresb, N. C. (2023). Supreme Pupils’ Government Commitment and Academic Performance. Supreme Pupils’ Government Commitment and Academic Performance, 129(1), 11-11. https://doi.org/10.47119/IJRP1001291720235274
- Sabio, R. A., & Sabio, C. J. (2019). Retrospective review of legislations and policies on distance education in the Philippines. In E-Proceedings of the International Conference on Distance Learning (p. 12). https://uou.ac.in/sites/default/files/2021-10/E-Proceedings-International-Conference-on-Distance-Learning.pdf#page=16
- Saro, J., Manliguez, M., Buar, I. J., Buao, A., & Almonicar, A. (2022). New Normal Education: Strategies, Methods, and Trends of Teaching-Learning on Students’ Perspectives and its Effectiveness. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7242770, ISSN 2822-4353
- Schroeder, R. (2021). Leadership for online learning. In A Guide to Administering Distance Learning (pp. 20-42). Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004471382_002
- Saiyad, S., Virk, A., Mahajan, R., & Singh, T. (2020). Online teaching in medical training: Establishing good online teaching practices from cumulative experience. International Journal of Applied and Basic Medical Research, 10(3), 149. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijabmr.ijabmr_358_20
- San Luis, C. (2022). Looking through the lens of rural science teachers in the New Normal setting. Institute of Industry and Academic Research Incorporated, 114. https://iiari.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/
- Schuiteman, S., Ibrahim, I., Hammoud, A., Kruger, L., Mangrulkar, S., & Daniel, M. (2020). The role of medical student government in responding to COVID-19. Academic Medicine. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000003542.
- Sia, M., & Adamu, A. (2020). Facing the unknown: Pandemic and higher education in Malaysia. Asian Education and Development Studies. https://doi.org/10.1108/AEDS-05-2020-0114
- Smith, C. (2020). Challenges and opportunities for teaching students with disabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Perspectives in Higher Education, 5(1), 167-173.
- Staller, K. M., & Chen, Y. (2022). Choosing a research design for qualitative research–a ferris wheel of approaches. The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research Design. United Kingdom: SAGE Publications Ltd, 69-86. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529770278.n6
- Subaih, A., Sabbah, S., & Al-Duais, E. (2021). Obstacles facing teachers in Palestine while implementing e-learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. Asian Social Science, 17(4), 44-45. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v17n4p44
- Sullivan, R., Fulcher-Rood, K., Kruger, J., Sipley, G., & van Putten, C. (2019). Emerging technologies for lifelong learning and success: A MOOC for everyone. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 47(3), 318-336. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047239518821065
- Sumandal, A. (2022). Factors affecting the module completion of Grade 12 students: Basis for intervention program and policy development. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research, 3(4), 613-626. http://dx.doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.03.04.13
- Tadesse, S., & Muluye, W. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on education system in developing countries: A review. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 8(10), 159-170. https//doi.org/10.4236/jss.2020.810011
- Tagle, E. (2022). Teacher’s procedures and qualities to the performance of ICT students in Mary Help of Christians College. Teacher’s procedures and qualities to the performance of ICT students in Mary help of Christians college, 102(1), 21-21. https://doi.org/10.47119/IJRP1001021620223280
- Teräs, M., Teräs, H., Arinto, P., Brunton, J., Daryono, D., & Subramaniam, T. (2020). COVID-19 and the push to online learning: Reflections from 5 countries. https://www.digitalcultureandeducation.com/reflections-on-covid19/reflections-from-5-countries#
- Thomas, G. (2021). How to do your case study. https://www.torrossa.com/en/resources/an/5018110
- Tohidi, S., KarimiMoonaghi, H., Shayan, A., & Ahmadinia, H. (2019). The effect of self-learning module on nursing students’ clinical competency: A pilot study. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 24(2), 91. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijnmr.IJNMR_46_1
- Toquero, C. M. (2020). Challenges and opportunities for higher education amid the COVID-19 pandemic: The Philippine context. Pedagogical Research, 5(4). https://doi.org/10.29333/pr/7947
- Tria, Z. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic through the lens of education in the Philippines: The new normal. International Journal of Pedagogical Development and Lifelong Learning, 1(1), 2-4. https://doi.org/10.30935/ijpdll/8311
- Varea, V., & González-Calvo, G. (2021). Touchless classes and absent bodies: teaching physical education in times of Covid-19. Sport, Education and Society, 26(8), 831-845. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2020.1791814
- Velmonte, L. (2020). Revisiting management style of public educators: An ethnography of the teachers. European Journal of Humanities and Educational Advancements, 1(1), 19-24. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0145- 7809
- Wang, W., & Siau, K. (2018). Artificial intelligence: A study on governance, policies, and regulations. MWAIS 2018 proceedings, 40. https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/sis_research/9605.
- Zamora-Antuñano, A., Rodríguez-Reséndiz, J., Cruz-Pérez, A., Rodríguez Reséndíz, H., Paredes-García, J., & Díaz, G. (2021). Teachers’ perception in selecting virtual learning platforms: A case of mexican higher education during the COVID-19 crisis. Sustainability, 14(1), 195. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14010195