Home⇛Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal⇛vol. 47 no. 2 (2025)

Teachers' Mental Health, Adversity Quotient and Teaching Practices in the New Normal

Norma Labrador

Discipline: others in psychology

 

Abstract:

This dissertation aimed to assess the level of mental health, adversity quotient, and teaching practices among public secondary teachers in the Division of Bohol during the academic year 2020-2021. A total of 546 secondary teachers participated as the study's respondents. Part of its objectives was to present the respondents' profile in terms of their age, sex, civil status, number of subjects handled, highest educational attainment, and length of service. In assessing the level of teachers' mental health, the study focused on the five (5) areas: life satisfaction, positive affect, self-esteem, anxiety, and depression. In assessing the level of teachers' adversity quotient, the study focused on four (4) dimensions: control, ownership, reach, and endurance. The areas for instruction, communication, time management, and technical competence were the focus in assessing the level of the respondents' teaching practices. The study used the weighted mean employing the descriptive-correlational research design in determining the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. The study used a Two-way Chi-square Test in determining the relationship between teachers' profiles and the level of their mental health, adversity quotient, and teaching practices. More so, the study used Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient in determining the correlation between the main variables of the study. Significant findings revealed that the respondents have demonstrated highly stable mental health. Moreover, they showed high levels of teaching practices, particularly in communication and time management. Subsequently, further findings revealed that the respondents only manifested average levels of their adversity quotient in the four (4) dimensions. Based on inferential results, the respondents' profile was insignificantly related to the level of their mental health, adversity quotient, and teaching practices. However, civil status and highest educational attainment were significantly associated with their adversity quotient level. The study concluded that mental health is crucial to how teachers overcome adversities in the workplace and in their teaching practices in modular distance learning (MDL). As such, the study highly considered developing a teacher's well-being enhancement program as the country is in continuous battle against COVID-19. Consequently, the significant findings were used as the basis for a sustainable teachers' well-being towards teaching effectiveness as education frontliners in the Division of Bohol.



References:

  1. Ablana, M.B. and Isidro, D. J. (2016). Correlation between adversity quotient and job performance of LGU employees of Tayabas City: Input to effective public personnel management. Retrieved from: https://www.peaklearning.com/wpcontent/uploads/2019/05/PEAK_GRI_Isidro_Ablana.pdf
  2. Adalsteinsson, R. I. et al. (2014). Teachers" self-esteem and self-efficacy. Retrieved from: https://rafhladan.is/bitstream/handle/10802/12632/Teachers%20self-esteem%20and%20self-efficacy.pdf?sequence=1   
  3. Al-Awidi, H. and Aldhafeeri, F. (2016). Teachers readiness to implement digital curriculum in Kuwaiti schools. Retrieved from: Journal of Information Technology Education: Research. Volume 16.
  4. Allen, J. (2017). Quality instruction: The most important learning variable. Retrieved from: https://readingby example.com/2017/08/12/quality-instruction-the-most-important-classroom-variable/ 
  5. Allen, K. A. (2020). How schools can adjust to the new normal. Retrieved from: https://www.theeducatoronline.com/k12/news/how-schools-can-adjust-to-the-new-normal/271619   
  6. Ali, R. et al (2010). Effectiveness of modular teaching in Biology at secondary level. Retrieved from: Asian Social Science, Vol. 6, No. 9. Also available online at: www.ccsenet.org/ass
  7. Alves, R. et al. (2021). Teachers" well-being in times of Covid-19 pandemic. Factors that explain professional well-being. Retrieved from: https://www.upo.es/revistas/index.php/IJERI/article/view/5120
  8. American Federation of Teachers (2007).           Building parent-teacher relationships. Retrieved from: https://www. readingrockets.org/article/building-parent-teacher-relationships
  9. Amparo, M. M. (2015). The level of adversity quotient and Social skills of student leaders at De La Lalle-Lipa. Retrieved from: https://www.peaklearning.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/PEAK_GRI_Amparo.pdf
  10. Bautista, M. J. C. (2015). Adversity quotient and teaching performance of faculty members. Retrieved from: http://www.ijsrp.org/research-paper-0315/ijsrp-p3984.pdf
  11. Barker, E. (2014). How to be more satisfied with your life-5 steps proven by research. Retrieved from: https://time.com/25208/how-to-be-more-satisfied-with-your-life-5-steps-proven-by-research/
  12. Bhatia, B. (2020). The science of "resilience" adversity quotient (AQ). Retrieved from: https;//www.linkedln.com/pulse/science-resilience-adversity-quotient-aq-bindu-bhatia  
  13. Bright Network (2021).How to improve your technical skills. Retrieved from: https://www.brightnetwork.co.uk/career/career-path-guides/technology-it-software-development/what-it-means-be-technical-and-how-become-better-it/
  14. Burge, A. (n.d.). How to design effective teaching modules. Retrieved from: https://www.uaces.org/resources/article/how-to-design-effective-teaching-modules
  15. Calles, A. B. and Besoyo, L. M. (2015). Personal Characteristics and adversity quotient of academic administrators among selected State Universities and Colleges in Eastern Visayas, Philippines. Retrieved from: http://www.jst-online.org/index.php/JST/article/viewFile/51/JST_2015%2013
  16. Canadian Mental Health Association (2021). Benefits of good mental health. Retrieved from: https://toronto.cmha.ca/documents/benefits-of-good-mental-health/  
  17. Cherney, K. and Legg, T. (2020). Effects of anxiety on the body. Retrieved from: https://www.healthline.com/ health/effects-on-the-body
  18. Conoza, A. P. B. (2021). Bridging the digital divide in the Philippines. Retrieved from: https://www.bworldonline.com/bridging-the-digital-divide-in-the-philippines/ 
  19. Dagh, A. and Baysal, N. (2017). Investigating teachers" life satisfaction. Retrieved from: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1147811.pdf
  20. Das, R. (2020). How are you improving your adversity quotient (AQ)? Retrieved from: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/how-you-improving-your-adversity-quotient-aq-rashmi-das?articleId=6680652670610550784   
  21. Dasskal, L. (2017). 19 simple ways to boost your self-esteem quickly. Retrieved from: https://www.inc.com/lolly-daskal/9-simple-ways-to-boost-your-self-esteem-quickly.html   
  22. Department of Education (2020). DepEd prepares self- learning modules for education" s new normal. Retrieved from: https://www.deped.gov.ph/2020/07/02/deped-prepares-self-learning-modules-for-educations-new-normal/
  23. Fedina, N. V. et al. (2017). Study of educators" & parents readiness to implement distance learning technologies in preschool education in Russia. Retrieved from: UERASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education. ISSN: 1305-8215
  24. Felman, A. (2020). What is mental health? Retrieved from: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/154543#treatment  
  25. Fergusson, D. M. et al. (2015). Life satisfaction and mental health problems (18 to 35 years). Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/2740885  70_Life_satisfaction_and_mental_health_problems_18_to_ 35_years
  26. Fraga, J. (2019). 7 physical symptoms that prove depression is not just in your head. "Retrieved from: https://www.healthlne.com/health/mentalhealth/physical-symptoms-of-depressIon#pain-is-another-way-your-brain-communicates
  27. Glazzard, J. and Rose, A. (2019). The impact of teacher well-being and mental health on pupil progress in primary schools. Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/3vtZbT7
  28. Grundstrom, J. et al. (2021). Associations between relationship status and mental well-being in different life phases from young to middle adulthood. Retrieved from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352827321000495 
  29. Gupta, H. and Gupta, S. M. (2015). Adversity quotient for prospective higher education. Retrieved from: https://ijip.in/wpcontent/uploads/2020/05/B00380V2I32015.pdf 
  30. Hall, A. (2014). Life satisfaction. Retrieved from: https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2  F978-94-007-0753-5_1649#howtocite
  31. Hamouche, S. (2020). Covid-19 and employees" mental health stressors, moderators, and agenda for organizational actions. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/  pmc/articles/PMC7342058/
  32. Harris, C. (2018). Where does self-esteem come from and how can I develop it? Retrieved from: https://www.goodther apy.org/blog/where-does-self-esteem-come-from-how-can-i-develop-it-0703184 
  33. Harvard Medical School (2017). How depression affects your thinking skills? Retrieved from: https://www.health.harvard.edu/depression/how-depression-affects-your-thinking-skills 
  34. Haybron, D. M. (2001). Happiness and the importance of life satisfaction. Retrieved from: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.199.9197&rep=rep1&type=pdf  
  35. Heath, A. (2021). Are older or younger teachers better? Retrieved from: https://easierwithpractice.com/are-older-or-younger-teachers-better/ 
  36. Hidalgo-Andrade, P. et al. (2021). Teachers" mental health and self-reported coping strategies during the Covid-19 pandemic in Ecuador: A mixed-methods study. Retrieved from: https://www.dovepress.com/teachers-mental-health-and-self-reported-coping-strategies-during-the-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-PRBM  
  37. Hughes, L. (2017). How to stop feeling anxious right now. Retrieved from: https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/features/ways-to-reduce-anxiety  
  38. Irvine, J. (2019). Relationship between teaching experience and teacher effectiveness: Implications for policy decisions. Retrieved from: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1216895.pdf
  39. Jakubowski, T. D. & Sitko-Dominik, M. M. (2021). Teachers" mental health during the first two waves of the Covid-19 pandemic in Poland.           Retrieved from: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0257252 
  40. Jimenez, E. C. (2021). Impact of mental health and stress level of teachers to learning resource development. Retrieved from: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1287736.pdf 
  41. John, A. and Gaysina, D (2018). How depression can negatively affect cognitive function. Retrieved from: https://www.healtheuropa.eu/depression-cognitive-function/86186/
  42. Jovanovic, T. (1999). What is anxiety? Retrieved from: https://www.anxiety.org/what-is-anxiety 
  43. Kartikasari, N. & Wiarta, I. (2020). The contribution of adversity quotient and working motivation to teachers" performance. Retrieved from: Journal of Advances in Social Science, Education, and Humanities Research, Volume 540 (2020)
  44. Keller, A. S. et al. (2019). Paying attention to attention in depression. Retrieved          from: Translational Psychiatry, Vol. 8, Article number 279 (2019).
  45. Khan, M. P. H. and Fabrigar, L. R. (2017). Theory of planned behavior. Retrieved from: https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-3-319-28099-8_1191-1   
  46. King, I. (2019). Importance of parent-teacher communication and relationships. Retrieved from: https://www.kickboardforschools.com/family-engagement-communication/importance-of-parent-teacher-communication-relationships/  
  47. Kohlrieser, G. et al. (2006). Resilient leadership: navigating the pressures of modern working life. Retrieved from: https://www.imd.org/research-knowledge/articles/resilient-leadership-navigating-the-pressures-of-modern-working-life/  
  48. Lapada et al. (2020). Teachers" Covid-19 awareness, distance learning education experiences & perceptions towards institutional readiness and challenges. Retrieved from: https://www.ijlter.org/index.php/ijlter/article/view/2231 
  49. Lagua, B. (2020). Teaching in the new normal. Retrieved from: https://www.manilatimes.net/2020https://www.manilatimes.net/2020/10/30/business/columnistbusiness/teaching-in-the-new-normal/788762/
  50. Latour, A. (2014). 8 common causes of low self-esteem. Retrieved from: http://www.goodchoicesgoodlife.org/choices-for-young-people/boosting-self-esteem/ 
  51. Leising, J. (2012). Teachers: The backbone of education. Retrieved from: https://www.greensburgdailynews.com/opinion/columns/teachers-the-backbone-of-education/article_1be9ac1c-6d6c-518f-af27-1897b66fd608.html
  52. Leykin, Y. et al. (2019).     Decision-making & depressive symptomatology. Retrieved from: https://www.verywell mind.com/anxiety-and-self-esteem-1393168
  53. Lyness, D. (2016). 5 ways to help yourself through depression. Retrieved from: https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/depression-tips.html  
  54. Mariconda, B. (2021). 5 keys to successful parent-teacher communication. Retrieved from: https://www.scholastic.com/teachers/articles/teaching-content/five-keys-successful-parent-teacher-communication/ 
  55. Martin, B. (2016). How do I reduce my risk of depression? Retrieved from: https://psychocentral.com/lib/how-to-reduce-my-risk-of-depression 
  56. Matore, E. et al. (2020). Is adversity quotient able to predict the academic performance of polytechnic students? Retrieved from Journal of Critical Reviews, Vol. 7, Issue 3, 2020
  57. Mayzenberg, A. (2020). Accepting and adapting to a new normal for a school. Retrieved  from: https://www.collegexpress.com/articles-and-advice/student-life/blog/accepting-and-adapting-new-normal-school/ 
  58. Meek, W. and Morin, A. (2019). Generalized anxiety disorder and self-esteem. Retrieved from: https://www.verywellmind.com/anxiety-and-self-esteem-1393168  
  59. Mercado, N. A. (2021). DepEd finds 155 errors in learning materials from Oct. 2020 to June 2021. Retrieved from: https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1445795/deped-finds-155-errors-in-learning-materials-from-oct-2020-to-june2021
  60. Meyerhoff, A. (2022). The importance of communication between our teachers and the parents. Retrieved from: https://www.owis.org/blog/the-importance-of-communication-between-our-teachers-and-the-parets
  61. Miller, D. N. (2011). Positive affect. Retrieved from: https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-0-387-79061-9_2193#howtocite
  62. Miller, K. (2020). The benefits of mental health according to science. Retrieved from: https://positivepsychology.com/benefits-of-mental-health/ 
  63. Minnesota State University (2014). Social cognitive theory. Retrieved from: https://cornerstone.lib.mnsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=isalt_resources 
  64. Morgan, E. (2019). Mental health – Why it "s important for teachers and students alike. Retrieved from: https://medium.com/@twosigmas/mental-health-why-its-important-for-teachers-and-students-alike-cc7ce39a7914
  65. Moore, J. (2015). 7 ways to improve your mood in less than 5 minutes. Retrieved from: https://www.businessinsider.com/7-ways-to-improve-your-mood-in-less-than-5-minutes-2015-9  
  66. Mwivanda, M. and Kingi, P. (2019). Teachers" adversity quotient dimension of control and students" academic performance in secondary schools in Kenya. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3312410  58_Teachers'_Adversity_Quotient_Dimension_of_Control_and_Students_Academic_Performance_in_Secondary_Schools_in_Kenya
  67. Newell, M. (2021). 4 steps to develop your AQ and make change happen. Retrieved from: https://www.inc.com/partners-in-leadership/4-steps-to-develop-your-aq-and-make-change-happen.html  
  68. Ozamis-Etxebarria, N. et al. (2021). The psychological state of teachers during the Covid-19 crisis: The challenge of returning to face-to-face teaching. Retrieved from: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.620718/full 
  69. Panchal, N. et al. (2021). The implications of Covid-19 for mental health and substance use. Retrieved from: https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/issue-brief/the-implications-of-covid-19-for-mental-health-and-substance-use/ 
  70. Pe Dangle, Y. & Sumaoang, J. D. (2020). The implementation in the Philippine secondary public schools. Retrieved from: https://www.dpublication.com/wpcontent/uploads/2020/11/27-427.pdf
  71. Pino, Z. N. and Merin, J. A. (2021). Educators" adversity quotient Rising above challenges in the time of pandemic. Retrieved from: https://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo?journalid=196&doi=10.11648/j.edu.20211004.12
  72. Power, C. (2016).7 simple steps to improve your relationship Retrieved from: https;//psychocentral.com/lib/7-simple-steps-to-improve-your-relationship/
  73. Pressman, S. D. et al. (2018). Positive affect and health: What do we know and where next should we go? Retrieved from: https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102955?journalCode=psych
  74. Rabacal, J.S. et al. (2020). Covid-19 impact on the quality of life of teachers: A cross-sectional study Retrieved from: https://www.ajpor.org/article/17801-covid-19-impact-on-the-quality-of-life-of-teachers-a-cross-sectional-study 
  75. Ramdhani, N. et al. (2017). The importance of positive affect: The role of affective personality in predicting organizational citizenship behavior. Retrieved fr: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322463997_The_Importance_of_Positive_Affect_The_Role_of_Affective_Personality_in_Predicting_Organizational_Citizenship_Behavior/link/5aacf6f7458515ecebe65d4f/download
  76. Ramos, M. S. (2020).       Educators        confront mental health problems        amid    pandemic.      Retrieved        from: https://www.thejakartapost.com/seasia/2020/07/20/educators-confront-mental-health-problems-amid-pandemic.html 
  77. Ratini, M. (2020). Depression symptoms: Emotional. Retrieved from:   https://www.webmd.com/depression/ss/Slideshow-depression-overview 
  78. Regalado, M. (2017). Career mobility and gender: A Descriptive study of selected DepEd teachers in Iligan City. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316967871_Career_Mobility_and_Gender_A_Descriptive_Study_of_Selected_DepEd_Teachers_in_Iligan_City
  79. Rizvi, A. H. (2016). Combining marriage and career. The professional adjustment of marital teachers. Retrieved from: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1095265.pdf
  80. Rosser, J. (2021). 17 benefits of high self-esteem. What is it and do you have it? Retrieved from: https://www.success-strem.co.uk/17-benefits-high-self-esteem 
  81. Runtu, D. Y. N. et al. (2019). Effect of work ethics on job performance with adversity quotient as a mediator. Retrieved from International Journal of Research & Business & Social Science, Vol. 8, No. 5, ISSN-2147-4478
  82. Sa‟ adatu, S. L. (2014). Relationship between demographic factors and the performance of teacher education. Retrieved from: https://www.scipress.com/ILSHS.19.140
  83. Sanchez, R. R. (2018). Relationship between the adversity quotient and psychological well-being of psychology students of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila. Retrieved from: https://www.peaklearning.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/PEAK_GRI_Sanchez_October-2018.pdf
  84. Scott, E. and Morin, A. (2020). How positive affect combats stress. Retrieved from: https://www.verywellmind.com/positive-affect-and-stress-3144628 
  85. Shah, S. R. & Udgaonkar, U. S. (2018). Influence of gender and age of teachers on teaching: Students perspective. Retrieved from: https://www.ijcmas.com/7-1-2018/Shilpa%20Rajesh%20Shah%20and%20Usha%20Subodh%20Udgaonkar.pdf
  86. Schimelpfening, N. (2020). Causes and risk       factors of depression. Retrieved from: https://www.verywellmind.com/mental-health
  87. Seppala, E. (2019). Four ways to calm your mind in stressful times. Retrieved from: https://greatergood. berkeley.edu/article/item/four_ways_to_calm_your_mind_in_stressful_times
  88. Shahbazyan, M. (2021). How to think clearly. Retrieved from: https://www.wikihow.com/Think-Clearly
  89. Singh, S. and Sharma, T. (2017). Affect of adversity quotient on the occupational stressof IT managers in India. Retrieved from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877050917325747
  90. Smith, M. et al. (2019). Depression symptoms and warning signs. Retrieved from: https://www.helpguide.org/articles/depression//depression-symptoms-and-warning-signs.htm   
  91. Soares, A. G. S. et al. (2014). Public school teachers" Perceptions about mental health. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4285831/
  92. Stokes, V. and Chesak, J. (2020). The positive side of negative thinking. Retrieved from: https://www.health line.com/health/positive-side-negative-thinking
  93. Tartakovsky, M. (2018). The cognitive symptoms of depression. Retrieved from: https://psychocentral.com/lib/the-cognitive-symptoms-of-depression/ 
  94. The Editorial Team (2021). 5 time management tips for teachers. Retrieved from: https://resilienteducator.com/classroom-resources/five-time-management-tips-for-teachers/   
  95. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (2018). Adjustment. Retrieved from: https://www.britannica.com/science/adjustment-psychology 
  96. Torres, F. (2020). What is depression? Retrieved from: https://www.psychiatry.org/patientsfamilies/depression/what-is-depressio n
  97. Tweed, S. (2013). Technology implementation: Teacher age, experience, self-efficacy, & professional development as related to classroom technology integration. Retrieved from: https://dc.etsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2266&context=etd 
  98. Udaltsova, Y. (2021). 5 ways to improve your social media skills. Retrieved from: https://www.iamagazine.com/strategies/5-ways-to-improve-your-social-media-skills 
  99. UNICEF (2020). School reopening: How teachers and students are adjusting to the new normal in Thailand. Retrieved from: https://www.unicef.org/thailand/stories/school-reopening-how-teachers-and-students-are-adjusting-new-normal-thailand 
  100. University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (2015). 5 types of mental illness and disability. Retrieved from: https://www.upmc.com/services/behavioural-health
  101. Ventayen, R. J. M. et al. (2020). Senior high school teachers" practices and readiness in blended learning environment Basis for a blended learning preparedness framework. Retrieved from: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3504189
  102. Weber State University (2021). Self-esteem. Retrieved fr.: https://www.weber.edu/CounselingCenterself-esteem.html
  103. Westman, N. (2019). Depression" s impact   on memory. Retrieved on from: https://www.brainfacts.org/diseases-and-disorders/mental-health/2019/depressions-impact-on-memory-02211 
  104. Winter, D. (n. d.). Theory of work adjustment. Retrieved from: https://careersintheory.files.wordpress.com/2009/10/theories_twa.pdf
  105. Wolor, C. W. et al. (2020).      Adversity         quotient           in improving    millennial         generation      salespeople's performance in the industrial revolution. Retrieved from Humanities & Social SciencesReviews eISSN: 2395- 6518, Vol 8, No 1, 2020, pp 220-226
  106. World Health Organization (2019). Mental disorders. Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-disorders
  107. Yazon, A. D. (2019). Pre-service       teachers" adversity quotient and proficiency in English language and Mathematics. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339448947_Preservice_Teachers'_Adversity_Quotient_andProficiency_in_English_Language_and_Mathematics  
  108. Zamboni, J. (2018). What are the example of technical competencies? Retrieved from: https://careertrend.com/13374817/what-are-examples-of-technical-competencies

Tools


Copyright © 2026  KITE Digital Educational Solutions |  Exclusively distributed by CE-Logic