HomePsychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journalvol. 27 no. 1 (2024)

Kundalini Yoga on Self-Objectification among Selected Female Pageant Contenders in Mariveles, Bataan

Vianca Mhea Epino | Eana Maxine Cruz | Aira Mae Canoy | Abby Rieñelle Eleco | Justine Marie Aclado | Marjorie Aquino | Lhianne Ilaya | Winnard Garcia | Jayvie Villazor

Discipline: others in psychology

 

Abstract:

This study investigates the impact of Kundalini Yoga on female pageant contenders' self-objectification. Kundalini Yoga is a spiritual and physical practice that combines dynamic movement, breathing techniques, meditation, and chanting to awaken inactive energy believed to be at the base of the spine and channel it upward through the body's energy centers to attain spiritual enlightenment and self-awareness. 15 female pageant contenders aged 17 to 24 from Mariveles, Bataan, actively engaged in the study. Researchers assigned participants to four (4) Kundalini Yoga sessions or a control group, which received a one-time mindfulness webinar. At the post-test, the study observed that women who engaged in yoga sessions exhibited lower self-objectification (p = 0.018, z = -2.366), with a high effect size of 0.89. This study highlights that Kundalini yoga helps reduce self-objectification in female pageant participants, boosting their self-esteem. To improve future research, it is important to include a wider range of participants and age groups for more dependable results on self-objectification interventions. Furthermore, examining various yoga styles and teaching methods is vital for understanding their effects on women's body image. Additionally, considering venue factors such as atmosphere, facilities, and timing is crucial, as they greatly impact the success of interventions.



References:

  1. Abu-Bader, S. H. (2021). Using statistical methods in social science research: With a complete SPSS guide. Oxford University Press, USA.
  2. Alaei, R., Deska, J. C., Hugenberg, K., & Rule, N. O. (2022). People attribute humanness to men and women differently based on their facial appearance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 123(2), 400–422. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000364
  3. Alleva, J. M., Tylka, T. L., Van Oorsouw, K., Montanaro, E., Perey, I., Bolle, C., Boselie, J., Peters, M., & Webb, J. B. (2020). The effects of yoga on functionality appreciation and additional facets of positive body image. Body Image , 34 , 184–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.06.003
  4. Balciuniene, V., Jankauskiene, R. & Baceviciene, M. Effect of an education and mindfulness-based physical activity intervention for the promotion of positive body image in Lithuanian female students. E a t W e i g h t D i s o r d 27, 563–577 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-021-01195-4
  5. Brandão T, Martins I, Torres A, Remondes-Costa S. Effect of online Kundalini Yoga mental health of university students during Covid-19 pandemic: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Health      Psychology.    2024;29(6):567-580. https://doi.org/10.1177/13591053231220710
  6. Carey, E. G., Ridler, I., Ford, T. J., & Stringaris, A. (2023). Editorial Perspective: When is a ‘small effect’ actually large and impactful? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 64(11), 1643–1647. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13817
  7. Carpenter, C. S., & Churchill, B. F. (2023). “There She Is, Your Ideal.” The Journal of Human Resources, 0522-12347R1. https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.0522-12347r1
  8. Cascalheira, C. J., Nelson, J., & Kalkbrenner, M. T. (2022). Factorial Invariance of Scores on the Self-Objectification Beliefs and Behaviors Scale (SOBBS) Among Transgender and Nonbinary People. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and D e v e l o p m e n t , 5 6 ( 1 ) ,          4 8 – 6 3 . https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2022.2032758
  9. Chen, S., Van Tilburg, W. a. P., & Leman, P. J. (2021). Self◻ objectification in women predicts approval motivation in online self◻presentation. British Journal of Social Psychology, 61(1), 366–388. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12485
  10. CODE OF ETHICS FOR PHILIPPINE PSYCHOLOGISTS AND PSYCHOMETRICIANS PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION OF THE PHILIPPINES COMMITTEE ON ETHICS AND PROFESSIONAL STANDARDS (2022).
  11. Cooksey, R.W. (2020). Descriptive Statistics for Summarising Data. In: Illustrating Statistical Procedures: Finding Meaning in Quantitative Data . Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2537-7_5
  12. Cortez, M. A. T., & Alfonso, G. J. (2020). Fitspiration and Body Positivity: The Relationships of Body-Focused Instagram Trend and Movement, Self-Objectification, and Gender Stereotypical Beliefs. University of the Philippines Open University.
  13. Cox, A. E., & Tylka, T. L. (2020). A conceptual model describing mechanisms for how yoga practice may support positive embodiment. Eating Disorders , 28 (4), 376–399. https://doi.org/10.1080/10640266.2020.1740911
  14. Daniels, E. A., Zurbriggen, E. L., & Ward, L. M. (2020). Becoming an object: A review of self-objectification in girls. Body Image, 33, 278–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.02.016
  15. Dayrit, J. C., & Alibudbud, R. (2022). The unbearable struggle for beauty: Physical appearance perfectionism, mental health, and discrimination among heterosexual cisgender and sexually diverse youth in the Philippines. Journal of LGBT Youth, 20(1), 179–197.
  16. De Wilde, M., Casini, A., Wollast, R., & Demoulin, S. (2020). Sex is power belief and women’s mental health: The mediating roles of self◻objectification and sexual subjectivity. European Journal of S o c i a l P s y c h o l o g y , 5 0 (5), 1017–1031. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2643
  17. Department of Health. (2022). Anorexia Nervosa Eating Disorder. R e t r i e v e d        2 0 2 4 ,           f r o m https://doh.gov.ph/list-of-diseases/anorexia-nervosa-eating-disorder/
  18. Diers, L., Rydell, S. A., Watts, A., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2020). A yoga-based therapy program designed to improve body image among an outpatient eating disordered population: program description and results from a mixed-methods pilot study. Eating D i s o r d e r s ,         2 8 ( 4 ) ,          4 7 6 – 4 9 3 . https://doi.org/10.1080/10640266.2020.1740912
  19. Dignard, N. A. (2022). Embodied and Empowered: Evidence for Ashtanga Yoga as a Novel Intervention for Women with Disordered Eating (Doctoral dissertation, University of Windsor (Canada)).
  20. Dorien, S., & Kulshrestha, A. (2024). Holistic Model for Mental Health in Light of Kundalini Yoga: A Descriptive Study. R e s e a r c h g a t e . https://www.researchgate.net/publication/381551229_Holistic_Mod el_for_Mental_Health_in_Light_of_Kundalini_Yoga_A_Descriptiv e_Study
  21. Dwivedi, M. (2021). Level of self objectification in Teenage school girls: Causes, consequences and concerns. Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT), 12(9), 2189-2199.
  22. Fioravanti, G., Bocci Benucci, S., Ceragioli, G. et al. How the Exposure to Beauty Ideals on Social Networking Sites Influences Body Image: A Systematic Review of Experimental Studies. A d o l e s c e n t R e s R e v 7, 419–458 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-022-00179-4
  23. Fox, J., Vendemia, M. A., Smith, M. A., & Brehm, N. R. (2021). Effects of taking selfies on women’s self-objectification, mood, self- esteem, and social aggression toward female peers. Body Image, 36, 193–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.11.011
  24. Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T. A. (1997). Objectification Theory: Toward Understanding Women’s Lived Experiences and Mental Health Risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21(2), 173–206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x
  25. Gattino, S., Czepczor-Bernat, K., Fedi, A., Brytek-Matera, A., Boza, M., Lemoine, J. E., Sahlan, R. N., Wilson, E., De Piccoli, N., & Rollero, C. (2023). Self-objectification and its biological, psychological and social predictors: A cross-cultural study in four European countries and Iran. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 19(1), 27–47. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.6075
  26. Geng Y (2020) Self-objectification and eating behavior problems in college students: multiple mediating effects of internalized body shame and externalized body shame. Chinese J Clin Psychol. 28:364–8.
  27. Gerald, B., & Patson, T. F. (2021). Parametric and Nonparametric Tests: A Brief Review. International Journal of Statistical Distributions and Applications , 7 (3), 78. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsd.20210703.12
  28. Guillen, N. B. Jr. (2023). Leveraging beauty pageants for brand exposure: An analysis of sponsorships and advertising opportunities in Philippine pageantry. Marketing Science & Inspirations, 18(4), 14–28. https://doi.org/10.46286/msi.2023.18.4.2
  29. Guo L, Huang M, Cai G (2021) The influence of fashion media exposure on female middle school students' eating disorders: the serial mediating roles of self-objectification and appearance anxiety. Chinese J Clini Psychol. 29:343–6.
  30. He, V. (2022). A Critical Literature Review on Anorexia Nervosa. SCAFFOLD: A SHOWCASE OF VANDERBILT FIRST-YEAR W R I T I N G ,       4 . https://vurj.vanderbilt.edu/index.php/UWS/article/view/5303
  31. Hu, Y., Pan, Y., Yue, L., & Gao, X., Self-objectification and eating disorders: the psychopathological and neural processes from psychological distortion to psychosomatic illness, Psychoradiology, Volume 4, 2024, kkae003, https://doi.org/10.1093/psyrad/kkae003
  32. Hu, Z., Wood, C., & Buckland, N. J. (2023). Measuring Self- Objectification in Cisgender Heterosexual Women and Men: A Psychometric Validation of Three Widely Used Self-Objectification Scales. Research Square (Research Square) . https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2674067/v1
  33. Indrayan, A., & Mishra, A. (2021). The importance of small samples in medical research. Journal of Postgraduate Medicine/Journal of Postgraduate Medicine , 67 (4), 219–223. https://doi.org/10.4103/jpgm.jpgm_230_21
  34. Jacob, S., Decker, D. M., Lugg, E. T., & Diamond, E. L. (2022). Ethics and law for school psychologists. John Wiley & Sons.
  35. Kahkonen, S., & Da Silva, R. (2023). Stretching the Peace: The Role of Kundalini Yoga in the Lives of Young People in Alexandra, South Africa. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 002216782311526. https://doi.org/10.1177/00221678231152636
  36. Kalimi, A. (2023). Self-Objectification, Self-Esteem and Life Satisfaction in Young Adult Females. International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, 4(7), 2644–2648. https://doi.org/10.55248/gengpi.4.723.37850
  37. Kazdin, A. E. (2021b). Research Design in Clinical Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108993647
  38. Kellie, D. J., Blake, K. R., & Brooks, R. C. (2021). Behind the makeup: The effects of cosmetics on women’s self◻objectification, and their objectification by others. European Journal of Social Psychology, 51(4–5), 703–721. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2767
  39. Khatri, D. (2021). Kundalini Chakras in Yoga Darshan. Social Science Research Network. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3942492
  40. King, J., & Iwamoto, D. (2022). Not All the Same: Examining Asian American Women’s Self-Objectification Processes Using a Latent Class and Cultural-Specific Approach. Psychology of Women Q u a r t e r l y ,      4 6 ( 2 ) ,          2 0 9 - 2 2 5 .  https://doi.org/10.1177/03616843221081525
  41. Lakens, D. (2022). Sample Size Justification. Collabra. Psychology, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.33267
  42. Lindner, D., & Tantleff-Dunn, S. (2017). The Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Self-Objectification Beliefs and Behaviors Scale. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 41(2), 254–272. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684317692109
  43. Martinez, S. R., Dueñas, A., & Ordoñes, X. (2022). Effects of Brief Daily Kundalini Yoga Meditation on Self-Esteem, Mood and Emotional Self-Efficacy: A Randomized Comparison Study. 40(2). https://doi.org/10.24972/ijts.2021.40.2.88
  44. Maxwell, R. W., & Katyal, S. (2022). Characteristics of Kundalini- Related Sensory, Motor, and Affective Experiences During Tantric Yoga Meditation. Frontiers in Psychology , 13 . https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.863091
  45. McMahon, K., Berger, M., Khalsa, K.K. et al. A Non-randomized Trial of Kundalini Yoga for Emotion Regulation within an After- school Program for Adolescents. J Child Fam Stud 30, 711–722 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-021-01911-9
  46. Mirucka, B., & Kisielewska, M. (2021). The Relationship Between State Self-Objectification and Body Image in Mid-Adolescence: A Mediative Role of Self-Esteem. Roczniki Psychologiczne, 24(1), 5–22. https://doi.org/10.18290/rpsych2112
  47. Mohajan, D., & Mohajan, H. K. (2023). Bulimia Nervosa: A Psychiatric Problem of Disorder. Innovation in Science and Technology, 2(3), 26–32. https://doi.org/10.56397/ist.2023.05.03
  48. Montoya, A. K. (2022). Selecting a Within- or Between-Subject design for mediation: validity, causality, and statistical power. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 58(3), 616–636. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2022.2077287
  49. Murray, K., Davey, J., Dennis, M., Harris, D., Hayman, E., & Rieger, E. (2024). The effect of appearance and functionality concerns, and weight status, on negative body image mental health literacy in women. Body Image , 49 , 101703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101703
  50. Neumark◻Sztainer, D., Wall, M. M., Levine, A., Barr◻Anderson, D. J., Eisenberg, M. E., & Larson, N. (2020). Yoga practice among ethnically/racially diverse emerging adults: Associations with body image, mindful and disordered eating, and muscle◻enhancing behaviors. ◻the ◻International Journal of Eating Disorders/International Journal of Eating Disorders, 54(3), 376–387. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.234
  51. Neves, A. P. B., Padama, A. M. D., Malgapu, M. G. S., Benecia Loyd V. Golosino, B. L. V., & Arcinas, M. M. (2023). Embracing My Body: Unveiling the Diversity in Body Appreciation among Clustered Groups of Filipina Emerging Adults. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research. 4(7), 2662 – 2676. https://doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.04.07.41
  52. Piran, N., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2020). Yoga and the experience of embodiment: a discussion of possible links. Eating Disorders, 28(4), 330–348. https://doi.org/10.1080/10640266.2019.1701350
  53. Poon, K. T., Lai, H. S., & Chan, R. S. W. (2023). The Effect of Sexual Objectification on Dishonesty. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 52(4), 1617–1629. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-023-02560-3
  54. Powers, A. D. (2021). The Effects of Self-Compassion on Body Image in Pageant Contestants. Scholars Crossing. https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/doctoral/3105
  55. Prnjak, K., Hay, P., Mond, J., Bussey, K., Trompeter, N., Lonergan, A., & Mitchison, D. (2021). The distinct role of body image aspects in predicting eating disorder onset in adolescents after one year. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 130 (3), 236–247. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000537
  56. Putra, A., Sudiana, I. K., & Giri, M. K. W. (2020). Interaction Between Body Image and Exercise Activity . https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200115.071
  57. Rodgers, R. F., Laveway, K., Campos, P., & De Carvalho, P. H. B. (2023). Body image as a global mental health concern. Global Mental Health, 10. https://doi.org/10.1017/gmh.2023.2
  58. Rohmatin, F., & Habsari, S. K. (2020). PUTERI MUSLIMAH INDONESIA: NEW FORMS OF OBJECTIFICATION OF WOMEN BODIES IN BEAUTY PAGEANT. Kafa’ah◻: Jurnal Ilmiah Kajian Gender/Kafaah◻: Journal of Gender Studies, 10(2), 119. https://doi.org/10.15548/jk.v10i2.271
  59. Salazar, V. W. B., & Moneva, J. C. (2020). Assessment of Pageantries: Learning or Enjoying? IRA International Journal of Education and Multidisciplinary Studies, 16 (2), 84. https://doi.org/10.21013/jems.v16.n2.p1
  60. Sandhu, T., & Sandhu, S. (2021). Body Consciousness and Self- Objectification in Gen Z Adolescent Girls. Current Research in Psychology, 9(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3844/crpsp.2021.1.13
  61. Saunders, J. F.,(2024). Testing body-related components of objectification theory: A meta-analysis of the relations between body shame, self-objectification, and body dissatisfaction. Body Image, 50, 101738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101738
  62. Srivastava, S. (2020). Global Production of a Feminine Ideal behind the Scenes of Beauty Pageants. Glocalism , 1 . https://doi.org/10.12893/gjcpi.2020.1.10
  63. Stevens, A., & Griffiths, S. (2020). Body Positivity (#BoPo) in everyday life: An ecological momentary assessment study showing potential benefits to individuals’ body image and emotional w e l l b e i n g . B o d y I m a g e , 3 5 , 1 8 1 – 1 9 1 .
  64. Sy, M. P., Martinez, P. G. V., & Twinley, R. (2021). The dark side of occupation within the context of modern-day beauty pageants. Work, 69(2), 367–377. https://doi.org/10.3233/wor-205055
  65. Tannous, W. K., Hay, P., Girosi, F., Heriseanu, A. I., Ahmed, M. U., & Touyz, S. (2021). The economic cost of bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder: a population-based study. Psychological M e d i c i n e ,      5 2 ( 1 6 ) ,      3 9 2 4 – 3 9 3 8 .
  66. Valdez, A. (2023, May 16). EFFECTS OF A YOGA CLASS AND RESISTANCE TRAINING CLASS ON EXPERIENCES OF SELF- OBJECTIFICATION AND MINDFULNESS IN COLLEGE STUDENTS. Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7942863
  67. Wang, Y., & Li, Y. (2020b). Objectification and Self-Objectification of Women in Current Society. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Humanities and Social Science Research (ICHSSR2020). https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200428.126
  68. Wang, Y., Xie, X., Fardouly, J., Vartanian, L. R., & Lei, L. (2021). The longitudinal and reciprocal relationships between selfie-related behaviors and self-objectification and appearance concerns among adolescents. New Media & Society, 23(1), 56-77. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819894346
  69. Ward, L.M., Daniels, E.A., Zurbriggen, E.L. et al. The sources and consequences of sexual objectification. Nat Rev Psychol 2, 496–513 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s44159-023-00192-x
  70. Winn L and Cornelius R (2020) Self-Objectification and Cognitive Performance: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Front. Psychol. 11:20. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00020
  71. Winner-Bachus, Alexandra, “OVERCOMING SELF- OBJECTIFICATION THROUGH A MIND BODY AWARENESS PROGRAM" (2022). Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations. 1527. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/1527
  72. World Health Organization (WHO). (2021, November 17). Mental health of adolescents. Retrieved 2024, from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-mental-health