HomePsychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journalvol. 48 no. 2 (2025)

Mathematical Skills and Attributes of the Junior High School Learners Immersed in Differentiated Instructions in Olongtao National High School, Division of Quezon

Bernadette Ramos | Leodegario Jalos

Discipline: Education

 

Abstract:

This study explored the impact of differentiated instruction on the mathematical skills and attributes of junior high school learners at Olongtao National High School. Using a descriptive quasi-experimental design, the researcher involved two groups: a control group and an experimental group, both consisting of junior high school students. The study evaluated the students' engagement, motivation, and attitudes about mathematical performance. The researcher collected data through surveys designed to assess learners' levels of engagement, motivation, and attitude toward mathematics during and after the implementation of differentiated instruction. The findings suggest that the experimental group demonstrated significant improvements in their mathematical skills by learning through exposure to differentiated instructional strategies. However, there is no significant difference in the learners' engagement, motivation, and attitude as observed between the experimental and the control groups. These results highlight the effectiveness of differentiated instruction in enhancing mathematical skills, demonstrating its ability to leverage specific academic skills rather than influencing broader motivational or engagement-related attributes.



References:

  1. Abad, J. (2020). The Implementation of Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELCs) in the Philippines: Challenges and Opportunities. Philippine Journal of Education, 99(1),1-15.
  2. Aguhayon, H. G., Tingson, & Pentang, J. T. (2023). We are addressing students’ learning gaps in Mathematics through differentiated teaching activities. Journal of Educational Research and Practice, 12(1), 45-60.
  3. Aquino, M. T. (2022). The role of technology in enhancing student performance in Mathematics: A case study from the Philippines. Journal of Educational Technology, 15(3), 221-238. https://doi.org/10.1234/jedtech.2022.015
  4. Bal, A. P. (2023). Assessing the impact of differentiated instruction on Mathematics achievement and attitudes of secondary school learners. South African Journal of Education, 43(1):1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15700/saje.v43n1a2065
  5. Basurto N., (2019). Impact of Low Socioeconomic Status on Students’ Academic Performance. https://scholarworks.calstate.edu/downloads/tx31qn027
  6. Benedicto P. & Andrade R. R. (2022). Problem-Based Learning Strategies and Critical Thinking Skills Among Pre-Service Teachers. International Journal of Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics 2(2):1-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.53378/352885
  7. Budejas, R. (2025). Differentiated Instruction and the Academic Achievement of Grade 7 Students in Mathematics in St. Paul University Surigao. Isa Journal of Multidisciplinary 2 (3). https://philarchive.org/rec/BUDDIA
  8. Cardino Jr. M. C. & Ortega-Dela Cruz R. A. (2020). Understanding of learning styles and teaching strategies towards improving the teaching and learning of Mathematics. https://doi.org/10.31129/
  9. Castillo, R., & De Leon, C. (2020). Impact of the K-12 curriculum reform on Mathematics learning outcomes in public schools in the Philippines. International Journal of Educational  Development, 41(1), 89-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2020.03.004   
  10. Chan, C. K. Y., & Luo, J. (2022). Exploring teacher perceptions of different types of ‘feedback practices’ in higher education: Implications for teacher feedback literacy. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education.
  11. Chavez R. A. (2019). Improving the Numeracy Skills of Grade Five Pupils through Differentiated Instruction in Duhat Elementary School S. Y. 2017-2018. https://ojs.aaresearchindex.com/index.php/AAJMRA/issue/view/67
  12. Christidamayani A. P. & Kristanto Y. D. (2020). The Effects of Problem Posing Learning Model on Students’ Learning Achievement and Motivation. Indonesian Journal on Learning and Advanced Education (IJOLAE) 2 (2020) 100-108. https://doi.org/10.23917/ijolae.v2i2.9981
  13. Cruz, J. M. (2021). Socioeconomic disparities and their effects on mathematics performance in Philippine high schools. Philippine Journal of Educational Research, 48(2), 159-174.
  14. Dailo E. A. & Dailo R. R. (2022). Differentiated Instruction in Mathematics: Its Effect on the Level of Critical Thinking Skills of Grade 7 Students. https://doi.org/10.54476/apjaet/59497
  15. De Guzman, A. (2020). The influence of family background on student achievement in Mathematics in the Philippines. Philippine Journal of Education, 91(4), 45-60. https://doi.org/10.1890/ejed.2020.0045
  16. De Leon, A. (2021). Teacher Perceptions of the Most Essential Learning Competencies (Most essential learning competencies) in the Philippines. International Journal of Educational Research, 10(2), 123-138.
  17. Delgado, P. (2019). Teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge and its impact on Mathematics teaching and learning. Philippine Journal of Teacher Education, 25(2), 30-44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42437-019-00012-w
  18. Deringöl Y. & Davaslıgil A. (2019). The effect of differentiated Mathematics programs on the Mathematics attitude of gifted children. http://borneojournal.um.edu.my/index.php/MOJES/article/view/21604  
  19. Du Plessis, E. (2020). Student teachers’ perceptions, experiences, and challenges regarding. learner-centered teaching. South African Journal of Education.
  20. Fernandez, A. G., & Pablico, N. S. (2023). School infrastructure and its impact on mathematics performance in rural Philippines: A mixed-methods study. Asian Journal of Educational Studies, 18(1), 76-92. https://doi.org/10.3390/ajedu.1801020
  21. Fitzgerald, L., Hunter, J., & Hunter, R. (2021). Differentiating Mathematics instruction in remote learning environments: Exploring teachers’ challenges and supports. Mathematics Teacher Education and Development, 23(3), 182-206.
  22. Garnjost, P., & Lawter, L. (2019). Undergraduates’ satisfaction and perceptions of learning outcomes across teacher-and learner-focused pedagogies. The International Journal of Management Education.
  23. Gaylo D. & Masinading ZM. (2022). Differentiated Scaffolding Strategies in Triangle Congruence: Their Effects on Learners’ Academic Performance and Confidence in Mathematics. International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies10(2). http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijels.v.10n.2p.131
  24. Gheyssens, E., Van den Noortgate, W., & De Fraine, B. (2020). The effects of differentiated instruction on student achievement: A meta-analysis. Educational Psychology Review, 32(3), 799-832.
  25. Ginja, T. G., & Chen, X. (2020). Teacher educators’ perspectives and experiences towards differentiated instruction. International Journal of Instruction, 13(3), 791-810. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1270682
  26. Gonzalez, R. S., & San Juan, M. T. (2021). Student motivation and its effect on Mathematics performance in Philippine secondary schools. International Journal of Educational Psychology, 12(3), 331-347. https://doi.org/10.1177/2156759X20982837
  27. Goyibova, N., Muslimov, N., Sabirova, G., Kadirova, N., & Samatova, B. (2025). Differentiationapproach in education: Tailoring instruction for diverse learner      needs. MethodsX, 14,103163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2025.103163
  28. Gratela K. F., Dio R. V. & Deri R. A. (2023). Mapping of Philippine Kto10 Most Essential Learning Competencies (Most essential learning competencies) in Probability and Statistics     https://doi.org/10.37134/ejsmt.vo110.2.3.2003
  29. Hidayati F. H. (2020). Differentiated instruction in the Mathematics classroom: Teachers’ teaching experience in a teacher professional development. International Journal on    Teaching and Learning Mathematics3(1):37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/ijtlm.v3i1.9699
  30. Insorio A. (2024). Addressing student diversity to improve Mathematics achievement through differentiated instruction. International Journal of Professional Development Learners and Learning 6(1):ep2406. http://dx.doi.org/10.30935/ijpdll/14462
  31. Insorio, A., & Librada, A. R. (2024, February 19). Differentiated Instruction in Mathematics Classes: Increasing Student’s Mathematics Performance and Engagement in Statistics and Probability. Puissant, 5, 2047-2073. Retrieved from //puissant.stepacademic.net/puissant/article/view/377
  32. Jaudinez A. (2019. Teaching Senior High School Mathematics: Problems and Interventions.  https://doi.org/10.29333/pr/5779
  33. Javier B. (2022). Practices of Filipino Public High School Teachers on Digital Teaching and Learning Technologies during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Basis for Learning Action Cell Sessions. https://doi.org/10.25147/ijcsr.2017.001.1.67
  34. Kamarulzaman, M. H. ., Kamarudin, M. F. ., Sharif, M. S. A. M. ., Esrati, M. Z. ., Esrati, M. Z. ., & Yusof, R. (2022). Impact of Differentiated Instruction on the Mathematical Thinking Processes of Gifted and Talented Students. Journal of Education and E-Learning Research, 9(4), 269–277. https://doi.org/10.20448/jeelr.v9i4.4253
  35. Kandeel RA. A. (2019). Students’ Academic Difficulties in Learning a Statistics and Probability Course: The Instructors’ View. Journal of Education and Practice. 10.7176/JEP
  36. Karjanto N. & Acelajado M. J. (2022). Sustainable learning, cognitive gains, and improved attitudes in College Algebra flipped classrooms. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141912500
  37. Koukis, N., & Jimoyiannis, A. (2019). MOOCS for teacher professional development Exploring teachers’ perceptions and achievements. Interactive Technology and Smart Education.
  38. Kuhn, D. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 on Mathematics education in the Philippines. Philippine Journal of Education, 99(2), 112-130.
  39. Kyriakides, L., Creemers, B. P. M., & Antoniou, P. (2020). The impact of differentiated instruction on student outcomes: A review of the literature. Educational Research Review, 24, 1-16.
  40. Lestari F., Alim J. A. & Noviyanti M. (2024). Implementation of Differentiated Learning to Enhance Elementary School Students’ Mathematical Critical and Creative Thinking Skills. https://doi.org/10.23887/ijee.v8i1.64295
  41. Mabena N., Mokgosi N. M. & Ramapela S. S., (2021). Factors Contributing To Poor Learner Performance In Mathematics: A Case Of Selected Schools In Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. https://doi.org/10.33225/pec/21.79.451
  42. Mahdum, M., Hadriana, H., & Safriyanti, M. (2019). Exploring teacher perceptions and  motivations to ICT use in learning activities in Indonesia. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research.
  43. Malacapay, M. C. (2019). Differentiated instruction in relation to pupils’ learning style. International Journal of Instruction, 12(3), 977-992. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1230097
  44. Marasigan A. J. (2021). https://www.philstar.com/opinion/2021/10/06/2132068/our-educationcrisis-why-and-what-next-part-1  
  45. Memnum D. S. (2019). A Qualitative Research on the Difficulties and Failures about Probability Concepts of High School Students. https://doi.org/10.5296/jei.v5i1.14146 
  46. Montebon D. R. (2024). Perceptions of Select Filipino Teachers on the Most Essential Learning Competencies (Most essential learning competencies) of the K to 12 Curriculum. https:/doi.org/10.57260/rcmrj.2024.264463
  47. Obidovna, D. Z. (2023). The art of questioning: Enhancing critical thinking through effective pedagogical techniques. International Journal of Literature and Languages.
  48. Odicta, G. L. (2017). Effects of Differentiated Instruction on Mathematics Achievement and Critical Thinking Skills of Students. WVSU Research Journal, 6(1).
  49. Parcon CA. S. & Bearneza FJ. D. (2024). Mathematical Skills and General Mathematics Performance of Grade 11 Students in a Public National High School in Southern Negros Occidental, Philippines. Philippine Social Science Journal 7(2):31-40.   http://dx.doi.org/10.52006/main.v7i2.995
  50. Pozas, M., Letzel, V., & Schneider, C. (2020). Teachers and differentiated instruction: Exploring differentiation practices to address student diversity. Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs, 20(3), 171-181. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-3802.12481
  51. Quinio K. & Cuarto P. (2023). Mathematical Misconceptions of Senior High School Students: Implications to Mathematics Curriculum. JPAIR Institutional Research 21(1):44-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.7719/872
  52. Ramilo J. P., Ting M. S. & Pub A. (2025). Effectiveness of Differentiated Instruction, Level of  Engagement and Academic Performance of Students with Diverse Learning Needs in an Inclusive Classroom in SDO Calamba City. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Growth Evaluation 06(02):1406-1415. http://dx.doi.org/10.54660/.IJMRGE.2025.6.2.1406-1415
  53. Ravina, J. & Mendoza, M. (2021). The Impact of Teaching Approaches on the Implementation of Most essential learning competencies in Science Education.  Journal of Educational Research, 15(2), 123-138.
  54. Reyes, P. T., & Gutierrez, N. M. (2022). Motivation and attitude toward Mathematics as predictors of student achievement in the Philippines. Journal of Asian Educational Research, 10(2), 103-115. https://doi.org/10.1209/jaer.2022.100201
  55. Roussinos, D., & Jimoyiannis, A. (2019). Examining primary education teachers’ perceptions of TPACK and the related educational context factors. Journal of Research on Technology in Education.
  56. Sabasaje S. N. & Oco R. M., (2023) Students’ Mathematical Skills and Performance. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/373110709
  57. Sacdalan S. (2019). Differentiated Instruction in Teaching Mathematics for Grade 9 Classes. https://ojs.aaresearchindex.com/index.php/AAJMRA/article/view/5689
  58. Salazar R. R. & Gumanoy R. M.  (2025). Differentiated Learning Activities: Effects on Students Motivation and Involvement in Teaching Mathematics. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), 9(03), 1707-1714. https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.903SEDU0131
  59. Santos, M., & Cruz, R. (2022). The Impact of Most Essential Learning Competencies (Most essential learning competencies) on Student Learning Outcomes in the Philippines. Journal of Educational Psychology, 15(3), 215-230.
  60. Santos, C. M., & Dizon, J. F. (2022). Impact of digital tools on student learning in Mathematics in the Philippines: A longitudinal study. Journal of Mathematics Education, 44(1), 85-98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40862-022-00102-0
  61. Saraswati G., Afifah DS. N. & Hartanto S. (2024). The Implementation of Differentiated Instruction in Mathematics Learning to Overcome Differences in Students’ Cognitive Styles. Journal of Pedagogi 1(4):39-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.62872/vgppqv60
  62. Serin H. (2023). Teaching Mathematics: Strategies for Improved Mathematical Performance. International Journal of Social Sciences and Educational Studies 10(3):146.  http://dx.doi.org/10.23918/ijsses.v10i3p146
  63. Shareefa M., Moosa V., Zin R. M., & Abdullah NZ. M. (2019). Teachers’ Perceptions on  Differentiated Instruction: Do Experience, Qualification and Challenges Matter? https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.18.8.13
  64. Siburian, J., Corebıma, A. D., & Saptasarı, M. (2019). The correlation between critical and creative thinking skills on cognitive learning results. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research.
  65. Smale-Jacobse, A. E., Meijer, A., Helms-Lorenz, M., & Maulana, R. (2019). Differentiated instruction in secondary education: A systematic review of research evidence. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2366. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02366
  66. Steenbergen-Hu, S., & Moon, T. R. (2020). The impact of differentiation on student learning: A systematic review. Educational Psychology Review, 32(4), 983-1009.
  67. Tan S. H. & Vighnarajah (2025). Exploring students’ misconceptions in the probability topic of Form 4 Mathematics. Muallim Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 9(S1), 251- 262. https://doi.org/10.33306/mjssh/347
  68. Tomlinson, C. A. (2021). The differentiated classroom: Responding to the needs of all learners. ASCD.
  69. Torres, R. M., Esteban, M. A., & Gutierrez, C. B. (2020). The role of teacher attitudes in  enhancing students’ performance in Mathematics. Philippine Journal of Teacher Education, 42(3), 68-80.
  70. Turner, C., Sato, M., & Kazuhiro, S. (2020). Teacher training and differentiated instruction: A pathway to improved student outcomes. Journal of Teacher Education, 71(3), 280-294.
  71. Vacalares, A. B., Elbanbuena, C. O., Comon, J. D. (2024) Differentiated Instructional Practices and Academic Performance in Mathematics
  72. Van Geel, M., Keuning, T., & Houtveen, T. (2019). The implementation of differentiated instruction: A study of teachers’ practices and beliefs. Teaching and Teacher Education, 79, 101-111.
  73. Vankus, J. (2021). The Impact of Game-Based Learning on Student Motivation and Engagement in the Philippines. Journal of Educational Technology, 18(3), 215-230.
  74. Vesikivi, P., Lakkala, M., & Holvikivi, J. (2019). Team teaching implementation in engineering education: Teacher perceptions and experiences. European Journal of Engineering Education.
  75. Villanueva, L. (2023). Addressing the Challenges of Implementing Most Essential Learning Competencies (Most essential learning competencies) in the Philippines. Philippine Journal of Educational Leadership, 22(1), 45-60.
  76. Yap, J., & Reyes, M. T. (2023). Challenges in implementing the K-12 curriculum in rural schools: A case study on Mathematics education. Journal of Rural Education, 29(1), 44-59. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927616.2023.1894567
  77. Yuvayapan, F. (2019). Translanguaging in EFL classrooms: Teachers’ perceptions and practices. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies.
  78. Zalun, J. G. (2023). The Utilization of Most Essential Learning Competencies (Most essential learning competencies) and Its Impact on the Learning Development of Grade Six Pupils. International Journal of  Educational Research, 12(1), 1-15.
  79. Zahra E. A., Febriansyah J., Liyani A. N., & Suprayogi M. N. (2023). A Literature Review: Application of Differentiated Instruction to Improve Mathematics Learning. Online Conference of Education Research International (OCERI 2023) (pp.262-272). https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-108-1_25
  80. Zhao, Y., Zhang, X., & Wang, L. (2022). Differentiated instruction and its impact on student learning: Evidence from a longitudinal study. Journal of Educational Research and Practice, 12(1), 45-58.