Home⇛Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal⇛vol. 48 no. 3 (2025)

Curriculum Customization and Adaptation for Learners Success: Leveraging Flexibility in School-Based Management

Garry Pida | Decimo Espiritu

Discipline: Education

 

Abstract:

This study investigates the extent of curriculum customization and adaptation for learners’ success within the framework of School-Based Management (SBM) in public secondary schools in the Pasacao District. Utilizing a descriptive-quantitative research design, data were gathered from 80 teachers and school heads via a structured survey questionnaire. The findings reveal that the implementation of SBM is uneven across its domains, with Leadership and Governance and Management of Resources being implemented vigorously, while Curriculum and Instruction and Accountability and Continuous Improvement were implemented weakly. The extent of curriculum customization and adaptation, measured through student engagement, academic performance, classroom behavior, and teacher-student relationships, was found to be moderate. A significant positive relationship was identified between the overall implementation of SBM and the level of curriculum customization and adaptation, with the Management of Resources domain showing the strongest correlation. The study concludes that while SBM provides an enabling framework for curriculum flexibility, significant challenges persist, including limited resources, inadequate teacher training, heavy workloads, and socio-economic barriers. Recommendations are directed towards strengthening SBM practices, enhancing teacher capacity, mobilizing resources, and fostering community partnerships to fully realize the potential of curriculum customization for learner success.



References:

  1. Abisoye, A. (2023). Developing a conceptual framework for AI-driven curriculum adaptation to align with emerging STEM industry demands. Retrieved from Research Gate: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Abisoye-Ajayi/publication/390695803_Developing_a_Conceptual_Framework_for_AIDriven_Curriculum_Adaptation_to_Align_with_Emerging_STEM_Industry_Demands/links/67f93097bfbe974b23a90357/Developing-a-Conceptual-Framework-fo  
  2. Adeline, W. (2024). Adaptive learning technologies: Customizing education to individual needs. Retrieved from Research Gate: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kiu-Publication-Extension/publication/383273049_Adaptive_Learning_Technologies_Customizing_Education_to_Individual_Needs/links/66c5fa202fec7d516b5f39ab/Adaptive-Learning-Technologies-Customizing-Education-to-Individual
  3. Aggarwal, D., Sharma, D., & Saxena, A. (2024). Innovative Education: An Emerging Teaching Pedagogy for Interactive and Adaptive Learning Methods. Retrieved from Academia Edu: https://www.academia.edu/download/118096630/3172.pdf
  4. Al-Adwan, A., Nofal, M., & Akram, H. (2022). Towards a Sustainable Adoption of E-Learning Systems: The Role of Self-Directed Learning. Retrieved from EBSCO Host: https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=15479714&AN=160727723&h=oV2n3xkBNwi1RMYQ3rIpul3Z1FvCBOnf9zPUr2AbngRiqgKTLWh6pozR71drLiaEERvUgU2p3Oj5HBvpi1YCXg%3D%3D&crl=c
  5. Amon, L., & Bustami, M. (2021). Implementation of School-Based Management in Curriculum and Learning Processes: a Literatur Review. Retrieved from GARUDA: http://download.garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/article.php?article=3594724&val=31207&title=Implementation%20of%20School-Based%20Management%20in%20Curriculum%20and%20Learning%20Processes%20a%20Literatur%20Review
  6. Bandur, A., Hamsal, M., & Furinto, A. (2022). 21st Century experiences in the development of school-based management policy and practices in Indonesia. Retrieved from Springer: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10671-021-09293-x
  7. Barua, L., & Lockee, B. (2024). A review of strategies to incorporate flexibility in higher education course designs. Retrieved from Springer: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44217-024-00213-8
  8. Berhanu, K. (2023). Practices, challenges, and prospects of implementing School-Based Management (SBM) system in Ethiopian schools: Implications for policy makers. Retrieved from Dergipark: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/real/issue/78568/1275282
  9. Bessarab, A., Turubarova, A., & Antonenko, I. (2025). Curriculum Adaptation For Children With Special Educational Needs: Best Practices In Inclusive Education. Retrieved from AJPRUI: https://ajprui.com/index.php/ajpr/article/view/128
  10. Bichler, S., Gerard, L., Bradford, A., & Linn, M. (2021). Designing a remote professional development course to support teacher customization in science. Retrieved from Elsevier: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0747563221001370
  11. Bumen, N., & Holmqvist, M. (2022). Teachers’ sense-making and adapting of the national curriculum: a multiple case study in Turkish and Swedish contexts. Retrieved from Taylor and Francis: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00220272.2022.2121178
  12. Bustamante, J. (2022). School Based Management (SBM) Practices and Effective School Performance. Retrieved from IJRP: https://www.ijrp.org/paper-detail/3496
  13. Catacutan, A., Kilag, O., & Diano, F. (2023). Competence-based curriculum development in a globalized education landscape. Retrieved from Research Gate: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Felix-Jr-Diano/publication/376646350_Competence-Based_Curriculum_Development_in_a_Globalized_Education_Landscape/links/662fe45a06ea3d0b74197c2d/Competence-Based-Curriculum-Development-in-a-Globalized-Education-Landscap
  14. Cheng, Y. (2022). School effectiveness and school-based management: A mechanism for development. Retrieved from Taylor and Francis: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781003267980/school-effectiveness-school-based-management-yin-cheong-cheng
  15. Chuang, S. (2021). The applications of constructivist learning theory and social learning theory on adult continuous development. Retrieved from Wiley Online Library: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/pfi.21963
  16. Consorti, F., Kanter, S., Basili, S., & Ho, M. (2021). A SWOT analysis of Italian medical curricular adaptations to the COVID-19 pandemic: a nationwide survey of medical school leaders. Retrieved from Taylor and Francis: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0142159X.2021.1877266
  17. Damayanti, W., & Arsyad, M. (2024). Strategic Utilization Of Digital Learning Platforms In The Era Of Independent Curriculum. Retrieved from Research Gate: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Muhammad-Arsyad-22/publication/382625496_Strategic_Utilization_of_Digital_Learning_Platforms_in_the_Era_of_Independent_Curriculum/links/66a619fbde060e4c7e60f1a9/Strategic-Utilization-of-Digital-Learning-Platforms-in-th
  18. Darwis, M., Rivai, A., & Arhas, S. (2023). School-Based Management from the Viewpoint of the Principal’s Leadership (Study at State Vocational School 1 Bone). Retrieved from HeinOnline: https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/techssj50&section=73&casa_token=puFZys64JAsAAAAA:jJCoTepdRs4eP7SmhkCDierdiBnBMIQYVdJS5DYBVrI_g7ukqAs10Makk6ysbW-hVVQlvvWcijM
  19. Das, S., Mutsuddi, I., & Ray, N. (2025). Artificial intelligence in adaptive education: A transformative approach. Retrieved from IGI Global: https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/artificial-intelligence-in-adaptive-education/367292
  20. Ercan, G., & Cubukcu, Z. (2023). Curriculum implementation approaches of secondary school English teachers: A case study. Retrieved from Dergipark: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/kefdergi/issue/79263/1331806
  21. Gerard, L., Bradford, A., & Linn, M. (2022). Supporting teachers to customize curriculum for self-directed learning. Retrieved from Springer: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10956-022-09985-w
  22. Hooda, M., Rana, C., Dahiya, O., & Rizwan, A. (2022). Artificial intelligence for assessment and feedback to enhance student success in higher education. Retrieved from Wiley Online Library: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1155/2022/5215722
  23. Idowu, E. (2024). Personalized Learning: Tailoring Instruction to Individual Student Needs. Retrieved from Preprints: https://www.preprints.org/frontend/manuscript/8fa3e494468e87805abc329ae69b14aa/download_pub
  24. Iman, M., Arabnia, H., & Rasheed, K. (2023). A review of deep transfer learning and recent advancements. Retrieved from MDPI: https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7080/11/2/40
  25. Iweuno, B., Orekha, P., & Ojediran, O. (2024). Leveraging Artificial Intelligence for an inclusive and diversified curriculum. Retrieved from Research Gate: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Blessing-Iweuno/publication/383343451_Corresponding_author_Blessing_Ngozi_Iweuno_Leveraging_Artificial_Intelligence_for_an_inclusive_and_diversified_curriculum/links/66c98baa97265406eaa66241/Corresponding-author-Blessi
  26. J, S., Silabay, A., & Lumbanon, J. (2022). School-Based Management: Reevaluating and Innovating Learning Outcomes to Refine Schools’ Performances and Practices. Retrieved from Research Gate: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jeffry-Saro-2/publication/363613633_School-Based_Management_Reevaluating_and_Innovating_Learning_Outcomes_to_Refine_Schools'_Performances_and_Practices/links/632530ac0a70852150fd1082/School-Based-Management-Reevaluatin
  27. Jihan Abdullah, J. (2023). Implementation of school-based Management in Increasing the Quality of education. Retrieved from Jurnal on Education: http://repository.uindatokarama.ac.id/id/eprint/2126/
  28. Karakuyu, A. (2023). Investigation of the teachers’ curriculum adaptation patterns. Retrieved from Dergipark: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/josse/article/1350026
  29. Kong, Y. (2021). The role of experiential learning on students’ motivation and classroom engagement. Retrieved from Frontier Sin: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.771272/full
  30. Kong, Y., Liu, L., Wang, J., & Tao, D. (2021). Adaptive curriculum learning. Retrieved from Open Access: http://openaccess.thecvf.com/content/ICCV2021/html/Kong_Adaptive_Curriculum_Learning_ICCV_2021_paper.html
  31. Lahiya, A., Arifudin, O., & Matiala, T. (2025). Education Administration Reform: A Case Study On The Implementation Of The Merdeka Curriculum. Retrieved from Journal of Social and Education: https://languar.net/index.php/INJOSEDU/article/view/131
  32. Markovsky, I., & Dorfler, F. (2021). Behavioral systems theory in data-driven analysis, signal processing, and control. Retrieved from Elsevier: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1367578821000754?casa_token=DV-ko0GD9FkAAAAA:fEOUmHJp972KU-_nTmU0HX88Yls3SfwgP8VIUxRqjpzlmEQiphmCPT5o7SbYevgBnY8KVy-V_zUY
  33. Marks, A., Woolcott, G., & Markopoulos, C. (2021). Differentiating instruction: Development of a practice framework for and with secondary mathematics classroom teachers. Retrieved from IEJME: https://www.iejme.com/article/differentiating-instruction-development-of-a-practice-framework-for-and-with-secondary-mathematics-11198
  34. Mayasari, N., & Sastraatmadja, A. (2024). Effectiveness of Using Artificial Intelligence Learning Tools and Customized Curriculum on Improving Students’ Critical Thinking Skills in Indonesia. Retrieved from ESJ: https://esj.eastasouth-institute.com/index.php/esle/article/view/302
  35. McNeill, K., Lee, S., Zhang, Y., & Moore, A. (2024). Customization of Curriculum Materials as a Site for Identifying and Taking Action on Shared Problems of Practice. Retrieved from Repository ISLS: https://repository.isls.org/handle/1/10715
  36. Munna, M., & Hossain, M. (2024). Digital education revolution: Evaluating LMS-based learning and traditional approaches. Retrieved from INNOCON: https://innocon.innotcs.org/index.php/jitc/article/view/111
  37. Ngoasong, M. (2022). Curriculum adaptation for blended learning in resource-scarce contexts. Retrieved from Sage Pub Journals: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/10525629211047168
  38. Nkolika, C. (2024). Assessing The Role of Continuous Professional Development in Curriculum Adaptation Among Secondary School Teachers in Awka South Local Government Area. Retrieved from Pusmedia: https://journal.pusmedia.com/index.php/JETTI/article/view/120
  39. Pande, L., Pandey, U., & Sengupta, S. (2024). Big Data to Promote Educational Equity and Customized Learning: A Theory-Based Approach. Retrieved from Papers SSRN: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=5086674
  40. Pelikan, E., Luftenegger, M., Holzer, J., & Korlat, S. (2021). Learning during COVID-19: the role of self-regulated learning, motivation, and procrastination for perceived competence. Retrieved from Springer: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11618-021-01002-x
  41. Quinones, I., & Abanto, R. (2025). Extent of Implementation of School Based Management (SBM) in Selected Secondary Schools in Camarines Norte: Basis for Policy Recommendation. Retrieved from GYANARTH: https://gyaanarth.com/articles/extent-of-implementation-of-school-based-management-sbm-in-selected-secondary-schools-in-camarines-norte-basis-for-policy-recommendation/
  42. Sharma, S. (2024). Enhancing Inclusive Learning Environments: Strategies for Curriculum Adaptation and Modification. Retrieved from Research Gate: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Geetanjali-Sharma-18/publication/380266832_978-93-5879-742-8_ebook_1/links/66332a4d06ea3d0b741f9b4c/978-93-5879-742-8-ebook-1.pdf#page=122
  43. Sigalla, L., & Kimario, H. (2025). Customizing Classrooms: How Teachers Can Adapt Education to Fit Student Needs. Retrieved from EJCEEL: https://ejceel.com/index.php/journal/article/view/207
  44. Silabay, A., & Alegre, E. (2023). Achieving School-Based Management Level III: Practice, Experiences, and Challenges Among Key Players. Retrieved from Academia Edu: https://www.academia.edu/download/105092036/783.pdf
  45. Siswanto, M. (2024). Digital Revolution in Madrasah Aliyah: Adaptation and Innovation in the Implementation of the Independent Curriculum. Retrieved from TEKILA: http://tekilaojs.com/index.php/jltl/article/view/23
  46. Suriansyah, A., & Purwanti, R. (2025). Independent Curriculum Adaptation Strategy for Students’ Cultural Diversity at Pendreh Village Junior High School. Retrieved from Paradigma: https://jurnal.unismabekasi.ac.id/index.php/paradigma/article/view/11180
  47. Tanweer, M., & Ismail, A. (2024). Generative AI in curriculum development: A framework for adaptive, customized, and personalized learning. Retrieved from IGI Global: https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/generative-ai-in-curriculum-development/355432
  48. Tariq, M. (2024). Navigating the personalization pathway: Implementing adaptive learning technologies in higher education. Retrieved from IGI Global: https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/navigating-the-personalization-pathway/353028
  49. Tiwari, S., & Fahruddin, A. (2024). Evolving school dynamics and emerging technologies in education: Critical success factors. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=OBchEQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=CURRICULUM+CUSTOMIZATION+AND+ADAPTION+FOR+LEARNERS+SUCCESS:+LEVERAGING+FLEXIBILITY+IN+SCHOOL+-+BASED+MANAGEMENT&ots=0aEpTqoCkg&sig=VJ3dWy3MHnRmtzxzDz77HHnegyo
  50. Venice, J., Vettriselvan, R., & Rajesh, D. (2025). Enabling personalized learning and adaptive systems through strategic management: cloud integration in education. Retrieved from IGI Global: https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/enabling-personalized-learning-and-adaptive-systems-through-strategic-management/369573
  51. Wang, C., Yang, K., Zhang, S., Huang, G., & Song, S. (2022). TC3KD: Knowledge distillation via teacher-student cooperative curriculum customization. Retrieved from Elsevier: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925231222009146?casa_token=LcJsupSDJb8AAAAA:2_Dhpw7VXq4MHlFjGNp5CH_XdBle7YFiBuDUv-KhDi0VBtYCBPJneT09Vd8l9ejZly3FwZ-hPLZj
  52. Yetti, E. (2024). Pedagogical innovation and curricular adaptation in enhancing digital literacy: A local wisdom approach for sustainable development in Indonesia context. Retrieved from Elsevier: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2199853124000271
  53. Yudiawan, A., Sunarso, B., & Sari, F. (2021). Successful Online Learning Factors in COVID-19 Era: Study of Islamic Higher Education in West Papua, Indonesia. Retrieved from ERIC: https://eric.ed.gov/?Id=EJ1285800
  54. Zajda, J. (2021). Constructivist learning theory and creating effective learning environments. Retrieved from Springer: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-71575-5_3.
  55. Zhao, A., Huang, D., Xu, Q., Lin, M., & Liu, Y. (2024). Expel: Llm agents are experiential learners. Retrieved from OJS : https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/view/29936

Tools


Copyright © 2026  KITE Digital Educational Solutions |  Exclusively distributed by CE-Logic