Exploring the Lived Experiences of Having Random Body Tattoos Among Cebuanos
John Dominie Sumaylo | William Catacutan | Johanna Noellle Banzuelo
Discipline: others in psychology
Abstract:
This study examines the contemporary practice of random body tattoos among Cebuanos, focusing on the societal
factors, perceptions, and motivations that shape this practice. It addresses a gap in the literature that primarily focuses
on traditional tattoo practices by examining the lived experiences of individuals who spontaneously acquired tattoos
in Cebu City, a location noted for its dynamic urban development and rich cultural environment. Through qualitative
interviews and participant observation, the research reveals how personal identity, social acceptance, and cultural
expression play pivotal roles in the decision to get random tattoos. Additionally, it highlights the evolving symbolism
of tattoos in Cebuano society, illustrating how these body art forms serve as both personal markers and collective
narratives within the community. The study employs semi-structured interviews, validated by professionals, within a
phenomenological qualitative framework. Thematic analysis was employed to systematically identify recurring
patterns and themes in the participants' narratives. The triangulation method was used to integrate multiple data
sources and perspectives, thereby enhancing the credibility of the findings. The researchers employed purposive
sampling techniques to select participants who met specific criteria, thereby ensuring a diverse range of viewpoints.
Results indicate that random tattoos frequently exhibit spontaneity and external influences, such as media and trends,
deviating from historically significant designs rooted in deep symbolism. This study highlights the global impact on
tattoo culture, offering a nuanced understanding of how contemporary Cebuanos navigate their evolving identities
through body art in a rapidly changing social landscape.
References:
- 14th Congress - Senate Bill No. 1873 - Senate of the Philippines. (2025). Senate.gov.ph. https://web.senate.gov.ph/lis/bill_res.aspx?congress=14&q=SBN-1873
- Adams, J. (2009). Marked difference: Tattooing and its association with deviance in the United States. Deviant Behavior, 30(3), 266–292. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639620802168817
- Aggabao, M., Parungao, L., Louie, R., Tuddao, M., Jean, M., & Mendezabal, N. (2017). Getting inked by a mambabhak: The traditional trademark of Kalinga. Bannag: A Journal of Local Knowledge, 4(1). http://urdc.usl.edu.ph/papers/bannag/bannag_vol4_no1_s2017_p3.pdf
- Alhazmi, A. A., & Kaufmann, A. (2022). Phenomenological qualitative methods applied to the analysis of cross-cultural experience in novel educational social contexts. Frontiers in Psychology, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.785134
- Alter-Muri, S. (2019). The body as canvas: Motivations, meanings, and therapeutic implications of tattoos. Art Therapy, 37(3), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/07421656.2019.1679545
- Beck, U., & Beck-Gernsheim, E. (2002). Individualisation: Institutionalised individualism and its social and political consequences. Sage Publications Ltd.
- Bell, K. (2023). Tattoos and trauma: Are tattoos healing for trauma? https://doi.org/10.15760/honors.1355
- Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2006-06991-002
- Broussard, K. A., & Harton, H. C. (2018). Tattoo or taboo? Tattoo stigma and negative attitudes toward tattooed individuals. The Journal of Social Psychology, 158(5), 521–540. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2017.1373622
- Cabalquinto, A., Dizon, C., Ramírez, C., & Santiago, M. (2022). Batok: The exploration of indigenous Filipino tattooing as a collective occupation. Occupational Therapy | Graduate Capstone Projects. https://doi.org/10.33015/dominican.edu/2022.OT.02
- Cachola, E. (2022). Our movements, archives, and memories. Alon: Journal for Filipinx American and Diasporic Studies, 2(3), 235–272. https://doi.org/10.2307/48722247
- Chen, M., & Ramos, V. (2015). Presented at the DLSU Research Congress. 3. https://www.dlsu.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/pdf/conferences/research-congress-proceedings/2015/TPHS/022TPH_Ramos_CV.pdf
- Christensen, A. P., Cardillo, E. R., & Chatterjee, A. (2023). Can art promote understanding? A review of the psychology and neuroscience of aesthetic cognitivism. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts. https://doi.org/10.1037/aca0000541
- Clemmensen, S. B., Mengel-From, J., Kaprio, J., Harris, J. R., Frederiksen, H., & von Bornemann Hjelmborg, J. (2025). Tattooing is mainly cultural: A representative twin study of tattooing determinants. Behavior Genetics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10519-025-10215-3
- Cole, M. (2019, January 30). Asia Pacific perspectives journal - V16No1 Fall/Winter 2018-19 - Skutlin. University of San Francisco. https://jayna.usfca.edu/asia-pacific-perspectives/center-asia-pacific/perspectives/v16n1/skutlin.html
- Cseznek, C., & Stemate, D. (2019). Tattoos as a form of expressing identity and perceptions of the health risks of getting tattooed. Series VII - Social Sciences and Law, 61(12), 59–70. https://doi.org/10.31926/but.ssl.2019.12.61.1.6
- Davey, G., & Zhao, X. (2019). Tattoos, modernisation, and the nation-state: Dai Lue bodies as parchments for symbolic narratives of the self and Chinese society. The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology, 20(2), 165–183. https://doi.org/10.1080/14442213.2019.1573848
- Dey, A., Das, K., & Mukhopadhyay, S. (2016). Tattoo and stigma: Lived experiences and societal perceptions. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331959385_Tattoo_and_Stigma_Lived_Experiences_and_Societal_Perceptions
- Dhumal, D., & Patole, S. (2024). Psychological impact of tattoos: Review article. https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1705712.pdf
- Duncan, D. E. (2023). Perceptions of tattoos and piercings in higher education. Rowan Digital Works. https://rdw.rowan.edu/etd/3126
- Duropan, E., Bastida, K. M., Gorion, N. A. G., Neri, Z. N., & Abiñon, I. C. (2024, November 1). The working experiences of tattooed professionals in the white-collar industry. https://doi.org/10.17613/fdveg-wcf70
- Ernst, M., Borkenhagen, A., Fegert, J. M., Brähler, E., & Plener, P. L. (2022). The association of childhood abuse and neglect with tattoos and piercings in the population: Evidence from a representative community survey. BMC Psychology, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-022-00811-x
- Feeney, M. (2016). In their skin: A discourse on the modern tattoo experience for adults aged thirty and over. Smith ScholarWorks. https://scholarworks.smith.edu/theses/1989
- George, T. (2022). Types of interviews in research | guide & examples. Scribbr. https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/interviews-research/
- Ghosh, P. (2020). Tattoo: A cultural heritage, 16(1). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342121840_Tattoo_A_Cultural_Heritage
- Gredona, J., & Tibayan, C. (2019). Tinta: A tattoo profession documentary. Journal of Arts and Sciences, 3(2). https://lpulaguna.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/5.-Tinta-A-Tattoo-Profession-Documentary.pdf
- Guest, G., Bunce, A., & Johnson, L. (2006). How many interviews are enough? An experiment with data saturation and variability. Field Methods, 18(1), 59–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X05279903
- Gumus, B. (n.d.). Examining tattooing as a form of identity expression and interaction process: Atatürk tattooing case. https://du.lv/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Gumus-2019.pdf
- Guo, Y. (2022). Are we under the influence of what this study sees: The power of body tattoos in a job interview. BCP Social Sciences & Humanities, 16, 306–316. https://doi.org/10.54691/bcpssh.v16i.477
- Hawken, K. (2022). Tattooing antiquity, symbolism, and practice in early cultures. https://cedar.wwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004&context=anthropology_scholarsweek
- Hennessy, D. (2011). Ankhs and anchors: Tattoo as an expression of identity - Exploring motivation and meaning. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3335.6809
- Hirak, J., & Medhi, A. (2023). Ink on skin: A cultural exploration of the history and significance of tattoos, 11(2), 2320–2882. https://ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT2302456.pdf
- Ho, L., & Limpaecher, A. (2022). What is phenomenological research design? Delve. https://delvetool.com/blog/phenomenology
- IJIP Journal. (2020, August 12). Relationship between self-esteem and ink body art. Academia.edu. https://www.academia.edu/43844167/Relationship_between_Self_Esteem_and_Ink_Body_Art
- Ikin, A., & Salvador-Amores, V. (2002). Batek: Traditional tattoos and identities in contemporary Kalinga, North Luzon Philippines, 3(1), 105–142. https://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/humanitiesdiliman/article/download/32/716
- Islam, G. (2014). Social identity theory. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281208338_Social_Identity_Theory
- Karácsony, P., Valkó, V., Reichel, B., & Gaál, K. K. (2024). Perception of visible tattoos in employment and career development: Evidence from Hungarian labour market. Journal of Ecohumanism, 3(7). https://doi.org/10.62754/joe.v3i7.4586
- Kenett, Y. N., Humphries, S., & Chatterjee, A. (2023). A thirst for knowledge: Grounding curiosity, creativity, and aesthetics in memory and reward neural systems. Creativity Research Journal, 35(3), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2023.2165748
- KintanarAlburo, E. (2013). Art as cultural system: The case of Bisayan aesthetics. Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society, 41(3/4), 123–142. https://doi.org/10.2307/4385472
- Kluger, N. (2019). Epidemiology of tattoos in industrialized countries. Tattooed Skin and Health, 48, 6–20. https://doi.org/10.1159/000369175
- Koch, J. R., Roberts, A. E., Armstrong, M. L., & Owen, D. C. (2015). Tattoos, gender, and well-being among American college students. The Social Science Journal, 52(4), 536–541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2015.08.001
- Kosut, M. (2006). An ironic fad: The commodification and consumption of tattoos. The Journal of Popular Culture, 39(6), 1035–1048. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5931.2006.00333.x
- Krutak, L. (2015). The cultural heritage of tattooing: A brief history. Tattooed Skin and Health, 48(48), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1159/000369174
- Kumar, R. (2019). Research methodology: A step-by-step guide for beginners (Vol. 4). Sage Publications Limited.
- Lartey, S. (2024, September 12). Exploring the cultural significance of tattoos in modern society: Role in modernization and future directions. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/383980498_Exploring_the_Cultural_Significance_of_Tattoos_in_Modern_Society_Role_in_Modernization_and_Future_Directions
- Leader, K. J. (2015). Stories on the skin: Tattoo culture at a South Florida university. Arts and Humanities in Higher Education, 14(4), 426–446. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474022215575162
- Leedy, P. D., & Ormrod, J. E. (2015). Practical research: Planning and design. Pearson Education.
- Leff, V.-V., & Otovescu, A. (2024). Tattoos as markers of identity: A cultural evolution. Revista Universitară de Sociologie, X(2), 515–522. https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=1283817
- Liancee, M., Santos, C., & Villafranca, M. (2019). The art in pain on becoming a tattooed person: A grounded theory. https://www.dlsu.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/pdf/research/journals/apssr/2019-June-vol19-2/7-the-art-in-pain-on-becoming-a-tattooed-person-a-grounded-theory.pdf
- Lim, W. M., Ting, D. H., Leo, E., & Jayanthy, C. (2013). Contemporary perceptions of body modifications and its acceptability in the Asian society: A case of tattoos and body piercings. Asian Social Science, 9(10). https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v9n10p37
- Ma, L. (2023, January 3). The legality of tattoo discrimination in employment. Princeton Legal Journal. https://legaljournal.princeton.edu/the-legality-of-tattoo-discrimination-in-employment/
- MacFarlane, M. (2019). Tattoos in East Asia: Conforming to individualism. JSTOR. https://doi.org/10.2307/community.36709223
- Marie, S., Flores, S., Mata, A. C., Mae, R., & Mata, C. (2016). Argao’s La Torta dance festival: A culture mix of colonial and indigenous elements. 16(Volume 16 Issue 1), 23–34. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301303021_Argao%27s_La_Torta_Dance_Festival_A_Culture_Mix_of_Colonial_and_Indigenous_Elements
- Miller, O. C. (1901). The semicivilized tribes of the Philippine islands. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 18, 43–63. https://doi.org/10.2307/1009882
- Moorthy, T., Gunasekaram, J., & Asmuje, N. (2015). A pilot study on tattooing culture in Peninsular Malaysia. https://www.primescholars.com/articles/a-pilot-study-on-tattooing-culture-in-peninsular-malaysia.pdf
- Morlock, R., & Morlock, A. (2023). Think before you ink: Perception, prevalence, and correlates of tattooing and tattoo regret in US adults. Cureus, 15(11). https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.48167
- Neubauer, B., Witkop, C., & Varpio, L. (2019). How phenomenology can help us learn from the experiences of others. Perspectives on Medical Education, 8(2), 90–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40037-019-0509-2
- Nikolopoulou, K. (2022, August 19). Kassiani Nikolopoulou. Scribbr. https://www.scribbr.com/author/kassianin/page/11/
- Nowell, L. S., Norris, J. M., White, D. E., & Moules, N. J. (2017). Thematic analysis: Striving to meet the trustworthiness criteria. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406917733847
- Oksanen, A., & Turtiainen, J. (2005). A life told in ink: Tattoo narratives and the problem of the self in late modern society. Auto/Biography, 13(2), 111–130. https://doi.org/10.1191/0967550705ab021oa
- Oleza, C., Carracedo, J., Christian, J., Nicomedes, C., & Cruz. (2020). An experimental study on the acceptance of students towards people with tattoo. International Journal of Advanced Research and Publications. https://www.ijarp.org/published-research-papers/apr2020/An-Experimental-Study-On-The-Acceptance-Of-Students-Towards-People-With-Tattoo.pdf
- Roggenkamp, H., Nicholls, A., & Pierre, J. M. (2017). Tattoos as a window to the psyche: How talking about skin art can inform psychiatric practice. World Journal of Psychiatry, 7(3), 148–158. https://doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v7.i3.148
- Saunders, B., Sim, J., Kingstone, T., Baker, S., Waterfield, J., Bartlam, B., Burroughs, H., & Jinks, C. (2017). Saturation in qualitative research: Exploring its conceptualization and operationalization. Quality & Quantity, 52(4), 1893–1907. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-017-0574-8
- Shiva Thrishul, & Tejasvi Jamjala. (2024). Popular culture and identity formation: A study on tattoo consumption practices among urban youth. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12485064
- Sinclair, A. T. (1908). Tattooing oriental and gypsy. American Anthropologist, 10(3), 361–386. https://doi.org/10.2307/659857
- Swami, V. (2011). Marked for life? A prospective study of tattoos on appearance anxiety and dissatisfaction, perceptions of uniqueness, and self-esteem. Body Image, 8(3), 237–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.04.005
- Sweetman, P. (1999). Anchoring the (postmodern) self? Body modification, fashion and identity. Body & Society, 5(2-3), 51–76. https://doi.org/10.1177/1357034x99005002004
- Turner, B. S. (2008). The body & society: Explorations in social theory. SAGE Publications Inc. https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/item/87v21/the-body-society-explorations-in-social-theory
- Utting, R., & Largeaudortega, S. (2018). Reading the bodies of the bounty mutineers. In The bounty from the beach (pp. 95–124). ANU Press; JSTOR. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv8bt270.8
- Walzer, A., & Sanjurjo, P. (2016). Media and contemporary tattoo. Communication & Society, 29(1), 69–81. https://doi.org/10.15581/003.29.1.69-81
- Weder, F., Burdon, J., & Kearney, C. (2023). Eco-cultural identity building through tattoos: A conversational approach. Frontiers in Communication, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2023.1197843
- Weiler, S. M., Tetzlaff, B.-O., Herzberg, P. Y., & Jacobsen, T. (2021). When personality gets under the skin: Need for uniqueness and body modifications. PLOS ONE, 16(3), e0245158. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245158
- Yen, C.-F., Hsiao, R. C., Yen, J.-Y., Yeh, Y.-C., Wang, P.-W., Lin, H.-C., & Ko, C.-H. (2012). Tattooing among high school students in southern Taiwan: The prevalence, correlates and associations with risk-taking behaviors and depression. The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences, 28(7), 383–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kjms.2011.10.008.
- Zulfa, Z., & Rahmat Sewa, S. (2024). Exploring the role of tattoo discourse in Matotonan village: Mentawai tattoo batik as an effort to preserve tradition in Mentawai. Journal of Pragmatics and Discourse Research, 4(1), 78–89. https://jurnal.ppjb-sip.org/index.php/jpdr/article/view/794/352