Home⇛Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal⇛vol. 35 no. 10 (2025)

Perceived Level of Knowledge, Awareness, and Attitude of Saint Mary’s University Senior High School Students towards Antibiotic Use

Jonah Mae Solano | Flaire Anne Bangona | Tezza Marinella Cabungcal | Jaspher Kent De Guzman | Xianreign Xianreign | Jeric Valle | Kristel Joy Dapiawen | Shiellah Mae Barsicula | Ma. Danica Subia | Lady Valen Charon Dela Peña

Discipline: Education

 

Abstract:

The misuse and overuse of antibiotics have led to a significant rise in antibiotic resistance, posing a serious public health threat, especially among younger populations who are increasingly exposed to these medications. This study aims to determine the perceived level of knowledge, awareness, and attitudes of senior high school students at Saint Mary’s University, Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines, towards antibiotic use, focusing on profile variables such as sex and academic strand. Utilizing a descriptive-comparative and descriptive-correlational research design, a survey questionnaire was distributed to gather data on students' knowledge, awareness, and attitudes, incorporating quantitative Likert scale items and a qualitative open-ended question. The findings reveal that while most students demonstrate proper knowledge and awareness regarding antibiotic use, significant gaps in understanding, particularly concerning antibiotic resistance, were identified. The study highlights the necessity for targeted educational interventions to enhance students' knowledge and attitudes toward antibiotic use, thereby contributing to improved public health outcomes with serving as a foundation for future research on antibiotic stewardship among young populations.



References:

  1. Akande‐Sholabi, W., Ajamu, A. T., & Adisa, R. (2021). Prevalence, knowledge and perception of self-medication practice among undergraduate healthcare students. Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40545-021- 00331-w
  2. Akkawi, M. E., Alshami, A. K. M., Al-Worafi, Y. M., & Ahmed, A. (2022). Knowledge, attitude, and practice towards antibiotic use among the public in the city of Kuantan, Pahang. ResearchGate. https://doi.org/10.31436/jop.v2i2.157
  3. Aliasas, H. V., Calma, I. V., Calleda, G. D., Calulot, A. R., Cumti, J. P., Macaraeg, G. T., Mambalo, R. L., Manansala, & R. J., Velasco, J. P. (2023). Students Attitude Toward STEM Education and its Influence on Career Interest. Philippines, NV: Saint Mary’s University
  4. Alindayo, F.C., Bareng, M.K., Lazatin, S.A., Galang, I.J., Bacani, D.G., Barbieto, E., Francis, R., Barsicula, S.M., DelaPeña, L.V.C., (2024). Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice on Antibiotic Use and Antimicrobial Resistance among Tenants of Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya. Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 21(7), 701-725. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12638908
  5. Alkhalifah, H., Alkhalifah, K., Alharthi, A., Elzahrany, Y., & Aljuhani, M. (2022). Knowledge, attitude and practices towards antibiotic use among patients attending Al Wazarat health center. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 11(4), 1299. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1431_21
  6. Alnasser, A. H. A., Al-Tawfiq, J. A., Ahmed, H. a. A., Alqithami, S. M. H., Alhaddad, Z. M. A., Rabiah, A. S. M., Albrahim, M. a. A., Kalif, M. S. H. A., Barry, M., Temsah, M., Al-Kalaif, Z. S. H., Shahadah, R. F. B., Alharbi, K. K. S., & Alnasser, A. a. H. (2021). Public Knowledge, Attitude and Practice towards Antibiotics Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in Saudi Arabia: A Web-Based Cross-Sectional Survey. Deleted Journal, 10(4), jphr.2021.2276. https://doi.org/10.4081/jphr.2021.2276
  7. Alsakran, S., Alruwaily, B., Sameti, M., Alwazan, S., Alsgaiyan, F., Alotaibi, S., Alfahad, K., Alyousef, N., Alhaidary, H., Alrowaili, S., Hamzi, N. (2023). Medical Students' Understanding, Attitudes, and Awareness of Antibiotic Resistance. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Bio-Medical Science. https://doi.org/10.47191/ijpbms/v3-i6-03
  8. Ambusaidi, A., Taylor, N., Quinn, F., Rizk, N., & Taylor, S. (2022). Omani senior secondary school students’ knowledge of and attitudes to antibiotic resistance. PLoS ONE, 17(2), e0264500. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264500
  9. Anderson, L. A. (2023, October 30). Antibiotics guide. Drugs.com. https://www.drugs.com/article/antibiotics.html
  10. Antimicrobial resistance surveillance in Europe 2022 - 2020 data. (2022, January 26). European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/antimicrobial-resistance-surveillance-europe-2022-2020-dataawareness.
  11. Battah, M., Halboup, A., Othman, G., & Ibrahim, M. I. M. (2021). Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Antibiotic Use and Its Resistance among Undergraduate Students at the. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357167880
  12. Carter, R. R., Sun, J., & Jump, R. L. P. (2016). A survey and analysis of the American public’s perceptions and knowledge about antibiotic resistance. Open Forum Infectious Diseases, 3(3). https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofw112
  13. Chandran, D. S., & Manickavasagam, P. P. (2022). Sale of antibiotics without prescription in stand-alone pharmacies in Tamil Nadu. Journal of family medicine and primary care, 11(9), 5516–5520. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_2157_21
  14. Cherney, K. (2023, April 21). What’s the difference between bacterial and viral infections? Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/bacterial-vs-viral- infections#transmission
  15. Common bacterial diseases. (2022, May 25). Institute for Molecular Bioscience - University of Queensland. https://imb.uq.edu.au/common-bacterial- diseases#:~:text=Urinary
  16. Crna,  R.  N.  M.  (2020,  September  10).  Amoxicillin side effects:  What to expect. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/amoxicillin-side-effects#rare-side- effects
  17. Department of Health & Human Services. (n.d.). Antimicrobial resistant bacteria. Better Health      Channel. https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/antibiotic- resistant-bacteria
  18. Di Gennaro, F., Marotta, C., Amicone, M., Bavaro, D.F., Bernaudo, F., Frisicale, E.M., Kurotschka, P.K., Mazzari, A., Veronese, N., Murri, R., Fantoni, M. (2020). Italian Young Doctors’ knowledge, attitudes and practices on antibiotic use and resistance: A national cross-sectional survey. Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213716520302307
  19. Dopelt, K., Amar, A., Yonatan, N., & Davidovitch, N. (2023). Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Antibiotic Use and Resistance: A Cross-Sectional Study among Students in Israel. Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland), 12(6), 1028. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12061028
  20. Effah, C. Y., Amoah, A. N., Liu, H., Agboyibor, C., Miao, L., Wang, J., & Wu, Y. (2020). A population-base survey on knowledge, attitude and awareness of the general public on antibiotic use and resistance. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-020-00768-9
  21. Felman, A. (2023, December 18). What to know about antibiotics. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/10278#what-are-they
  22. Fetensa, G., Wakuma, B., Tolossa, T., Fekadu, G., Bekuma, T. T., Fayisa, L., Etafa, W., Bekela, T., Besho, M., Hiko, N., Bekele, M. B., Worku, D., Yadesa, G., & Tsegaye, R. (2020b). Knowledge and Attitude Towards Antimicrobial Resistance of Graduating Health Science Students of Wollega University Infection and Drug Resistance, Volume 13, 3937–3944. https://doi.org/10.2147/idr.s264481
  23. Gaygısız, Ü., Lajunen, T., & Gaygısız, E. (2021). Community use of antibiotics in Turkey: The role of knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and health anxiety. Antibiotics, 10(10), 1171. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10101171
  24. Geta, K., & Kibret, M. (2022). Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Patients on Antibiotic Resistance and Use in Public Hospitals of Amhara Regional State, Northwestern Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Infection and drug resistance, 15, 193–209. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S348765
  25. Harakeh, S., Almatrafi, M. H., Ungapen, H., Hammad, R., Olayan, F., Hakim, R., Ayoub, M., Bakhsh, N., Almasaudi, S. B., Barbour, E. K., Bahijri, S., Azhar, E. I., Damanhouri, G., Qari, Y., Kumosani, T., Harakeh, Z., Ahmad, M., & Cals, J. (2015). Perceptions of medical students towards antibiotic prescribing for upper respiratory tract infections in Saudi Arabia. BMJ Open Respiratory Research, 2(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjresp-2014-000078
  26. Hassan, B. a. R., Mohammed, A. H., Al‐Jewari, W. M., Blebil, A. Q., Dujaili, J. A., Wayyes, A. M., Malaeb, D., Dabbous, M., Othman, G., Madani, A. M., Al-Zaabi, A. T., Zerrouki, A., Darwish, R. M., Alhija, S. A., Drira, C., Ikram, F., Jaber, A. a. S., Al-Zaabi, A. M. M. A., Kohaf, N. A., . . . Al-Ani, O. A. (2023). Knowledge and attitude towards antibiotic use and resistance among Arab population: a questionnaire-based study of 11 countries from the Middle East and North Africa. Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research, 14(2), 131–140. https://doi.org/10.1093/jphsr/rmad014
  27. Healthdirect Australia. (2023c, March 15). Bacterial infections. Symptoms, Causes and Treatments |Healthdirect. https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/bacterial-infections#:~:text=Bacterial%20infections
  28. Herndon, K., RN. (2023, April 8). What is a bacterial infection? Verywell Health. https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-a-bacterial-infection-77056
  29. Horvat, O., Tomas, A., Kusturica, M. P., Bukumirić, D., Jovančević, B., & Kovačević, Z. (2022). Survey of the Knowledge, Attitudes and Practice towards Antibiotic Use among Prospective Antibiotic Prescribers in Serbia. Antibiotics, 11(8), 1084. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11081084
  30. Hughes, A. H., Zargala, M., & Medication Safety Task Force of the Canadian Pharmacists Association. (2008). Self-medication with antibiotics in Canada: Results of a national survey. Canadian Pharmacists Journal, 141(8), 371-378. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4399008/
  31. Ikuta, K. S., Swetschinski, L. R., Aguilar, G. R., Sharara, F., Meštrović, T., Gray, A. P., Weaver, N. D., Wool, E., Han, C., Hayoon, A. G., Aali, A., Abate, S. M., Abbasi‐Kangevari, M., Abbasi- Kangevari, Z., Abd‐Elsalam, S., Abebe, G., Abedi, A., Abhari, A. P., Abidi, H.,  Naghavi, M. (2022). Global mortality associated with 33 bacterial pathogens in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet, 400(10369), 2221–2248. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(22)02185-7
  32. Jairoun, A., Hassan, N., Ali, A. et al. (2019). Knowledge, attitude and practice of antibiotic use among university students: a cross-sectional study in UAE. BMC Public Health 19, 518. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6878-y
  33. Kanneppady, S., Oo, A., Lwin, O., Al-Abed, A., Kanneppady, S. (2019). Knowledge, attitude, and awareness of antibiotic resistance among medical students. Archives of Medicine and Health Sciences. 7. 57. 10.4103/amhs.amhs_104_18.
  34. Lalithabai, D. S., Hababeh, M. O., Wani, T. A., & Aboshaiqah, A. E. (2022). Knowledge, Attitude and Beliefs of Nurses Regarding Antibiotic use and Prevention of Antibiotic Resistance. SAGE open nursing, 8, https://doi.org/10.1177/23779608221076821
  35. Laxminarayan, R., Duse, A., Wattal, C., Zaidi, A. K. M., Wertheim, H. F. L., Sumpradit, N., Vlieghe, E., Hara, G. L., Gould, I. M., Goossens, H., Greko, C., So, A. D., Bigdeli, M., Tomson, G., Woodhouse, W., Ombaka, E., Peralta, A. Q., Qamar, F. N., Mir, F.,   Cars, O. (2013). Antibiotic resistance—the need for global solutions. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 13(12), 1057–1098. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(13)70318-9
  36. Lim, K. K., & Teh, C. C. (2012, December). A cross sectional study of public knowledge and attitude towards antibiotics in Putrajaya, Malaysia. Southern med review. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3606936/
  37. Lubwama, M., Onyuka, J., Ayazika, K. T., Ssetaba, L. J., Siboko, J., Daniel, O., & Mushi, M. F. (2021a). Knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions about antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance among final year undergraduate medical and pharmacy students at three universities in East Africa. PLOS ONE, 16(5), e0251301. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251301
  38. Marzan, M., Islam, D. Z., Lugova, H., Krishnapillai, A., Haque, M., & Islam, S. (2021). Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of antimicrobial uses and resistance among public university students in Bangladesh. Infection and Drug Resistance, Volume 14, 519–533. https://doi.org/10.2147/idr.s289964
  39. Mathew, P., Sivaraman, S., Chandy, S. (2019) Communication strategies for improving public awareness on appropriate antibiotic use: Bridging a vital gap for action on antibiotic resistance. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334057091
  40. McCullough, A. R., Parekh, S., Rathbone, J., Del Mar, C. B., & Hoffmann, T. C. (2015). A systematic review of the public’s knowledge and beliefs about antibiotic resistance. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 71(1), 27–33. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkv310
  41. McNulty, C., Boyle, P., Nichols, T., Clappison, P., & Davey, P. (2007). The public’s attitudes to and compliance with antibiotics. the Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy/Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 60 (suppl_1), i63–i68. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkm161
  42. Nepal, G., & Bhatta, S. (2018). Self-medication with Antibiotics in WHO Southeast Asian Region: A Systematic Review. Cureus, 10(4), e2428. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.2428
  43. Nguyen, N. V., Marothi, Y., & Sharma, M. (2022). Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Regarding Antibiotic Use and Resistance for Upper Respiratory Tract Infections among the Population Attending a Mass Gathering in Central India: A Cross-Sectional Study. Antibiotics, 11(11), 1473. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11111473
  44. NHS inform. (2024b, May 31). Antibiotics            | NHS inform. NHS Inform. https://www.nhsinform.scot/tests-and-treatments/medicines-and-medical-
  45. Nisabwe L, Brice H, Umuhire MC et al. (2020) Knowledge and attitudes towards antibiotic use and resistance among undergraduate healthcare students at University of Rwanda. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340846958
  46. Ortega-Paredes, D., Larrea-Álvarez, C. M., Torres-Elizalde, L., De Janon, S., Vinueza-Burgos, C., Hidalgo-Arellano, L., Šefcová, M. A., Molina-Cuasapaz, G., Fernandez-Moreira, E., & Larrea-Álvarez, M. (2022). Antibiotic Resistance Awareness among Undergraduate Students in Quito,     Ecuador.         Antibiotics, 11(2), 197. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11020197
  47. Patel, P., Wermuth, H. R., Calhoun, C., & Hall, G. A. (2023, May 26). Antibiotics. StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535443/
  48. Pham-Duc, P., & Sriparamananthan, K. (2021b). Exploring gender differences in knowledge and practices related to antibiotic use in Southeast Asia: A scoping review. PLOS ONE, 16(10), e0259069. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259069
  49. Pogurschi, E. N., Petcu, C. D., Mizeranschi, A. E., Zugravu, C. A., Cirnatu, D., Pet, I., & Ghimpețeanu, O. (2022). Knowledge, Attitudes and practices regarding antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance: A latent class analysis of a Romanian population. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(12), 7263. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127263
  50. Precha, N., Sukmai, S., Hengbaru, M., Chekoh, M., Laohaprapanon, S., Makkaew, P., & Dom, N. C. (2024). Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding antibiotic use and resistance among health science and non-health science university students in Thailand. PLoS ONE, 19(1), e0296822. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0296822
  51. Professional, C. C. M. (n.d.-c). Bacterial infection. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24189-bacterial-infection
  52. Rábano-Blanco, A., Domínguez-Martís, E. M., Mosteiro-Miguéns, D. G., Freire-Garabal, M., & Novío, S. (2019). Nursing Students' Knowledge and Awareness of Antibiotic Use, Resistance and Stewardship: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study. Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland), 8(4), 203. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics8040203
  53. Raihan, M. A., Islam, M. S., Islam, S., Islam, A. F. M. M., Ahmed, K. T., Ahmed, T., Islam, M. N., Ahmed, S., Chowdhury, M. S., Sarker, D. K., & Lamisa, A. B. (2024). Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding antibiotic use in Bangladesh: Findings from a cross- sectional   study. PloS one, 19(2), e0297653. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0297653
  54. Republic Act No. 10918. (2016) . AN ACT REGULATING AND MODERNIZING THE PRACTICE OF PHARMACY IN THE PHILIPPINES, REPEALING FOR THE PURPOSE REPUBLIC ACT NUMBERED FIVE THOUSAND NINE HUNDRED TWENTY-ONE (R.A. NO. 5921),
  55. OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE PHARMACY LAW. The Book Shelf - Supreme Court E- Library. https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/70354
  56. Republic Act No. 2382. (1959). THE MEDICAL ACT OF 1959. The Book Shelf - Supreme Court E-Library. https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/11817
  57. Republic Act No. 5921. (1969). AN ACT REGULATING THE PRACTICE OF PHARMACY AND SETTING STANDARDS OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.The Book Shelf - Supreme Court E-Library. https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/18576
  58. Richmond, J., Wang, G., Maurer, M., Sofaer, S., Yang, M., & Carman, K. L. (2019, June 6). An informed public's views on reducing antibiotic overuse. PubMed Central (PMC). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6863223/
  59. Robredo, J. P. G., Eala, M. A. B., Paguio, J. A., Salamat, M. S. S., & Celi, L. A. G. (2022). The challenges of combatting antimicrobial resistance in the Philippines. The Lancet. Microbe, 3(4), e246. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2666-5247(22)00029-5
  60. Sakeena, M. H. F., Bennett, A., Jamshed, S., Mohamed, F., Herath, D. R., Gawarammana, I., & McLachlan, A. J. (2018). Investigating knowledge regarding antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance among pharmacy students in Sri Lankan universities. BMC Infectious Diseases, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-018-3107-8
  61. Sex and gender    - Gender          Matters            - www.coe.int. (n.d.).   Gender            Matters. https://www.coe.int/en/web/gender-matters/sex-and- gender#:~:text=Sex%20refers%20to%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20different,groups%2 0of%20women%20and%20men.
  62. Study cites role of age, sex in antibiotic-resistant infections. (2024, March 15). CIDRAP. https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/antimicrobial-stewardship/study-cites-role-age-sex-antibiotic-resistant- infections?fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAR0ykIU
  63. Sutton, K. S. a. R. (n.d.). Gender differences in the classroom | Educational Psychology. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-educationalpsychology/chapter/gender- differences-in-the-classroom/
  64. Tagum-Briones, J. M., Romero, C. B., De Villa, L. V., Urfa, H. K. (2023). Knowledge attitudes and practices on antibiotic use: Inputs to the development of educational materials on antibiotics. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/370118429
  65. Tangcharoensathien, V., Chanvatik, S., Kosiyaporn, H., Kirivan, S., Kaewkhankhaeng, W., Thunyahan, A., & Lekagul, A. (2021). Population knowledge and awareness of antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance: results from national household survey 2019 and changes from 2017. BMC public health, 21(1), 2188. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12237-y
  66. The Healthline Medical Network. (2023, May 8). How do antibiotics work? Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/how-do-antibiotics-work#length-of-time
  67. Ulaya, G., Nguyen, T. C. T., Vu, B. N. T., Dang, D. A., Nguyen, H. A. T., Tran, H. H., Tran, H. K. T., Reeve, M., Pham, Q. D., Trinh, T. S., van Doorn, H. R., & Lewycka, S. (2022). Awareness of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance in a rural district of Ha Nam Province, Vietnam: a cross-sectional survey.      Antibiotics, 11(12). https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:33dc8edb-89c7-42d0-a2d4-5b6ab50e51f8
  68. Waaseth, M., Adan, A., Røen, I. L., Eriksen, K., Stanojevic, T., Halvorsen, K. H., García, B. H., Holst, L., Ulshagen, K., Blix, H. S., Ariansen, H., & Nordeng, H. (2019d). Knowledge of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance among Norwegian pharmacy customers – a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889- 019-6409-x
  69. Wang, Q., Wu, Y., Wang, D., Lai, X., Tan, L., Zhou, Q., Duan, L., Lin, R., Wang, X., Zheng, F., Yu, T., Wang, L., Fan, S., Wang, Y., Zhang, X., & Liu, C. (2023). The impacts of knowledge and attitude on behavior of antibiotic use for the common cold among the public and identifying the critical behavioral stage: based on an expanding KAP model. BMC Public Health, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-16595-7
  70. Werth, B. J. (2024, February 16). Overview of antibiotics. MSD Manual Consumer Version. https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/infections/antibiotics/overview-of- antibiotics?fbclid=
  71. What you should know about antibiotics. (2022, January 3). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/antibiotic-use/q-a.html
  72. World Health Organization. (2015). Antibiotic resistance: multi-country public awareness survey. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/194460/?sequence=1
  73. World Health Organization: WHO. (2019, June 18). In the face of slow progress, WHO offers a new tool and sets a target to accelerate action against antimicrobial resistance. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news/item/18-06-2019-in-the- face-of-slow-progress-who-offers-a-new-tool-and-sets-a-target-to-accelerate-  action-against-antimicrobial-resistance
  74. Zaidi, S. F., Alotaibi, R., Nagro, A., Alsalmi, M., Almansouri, H., Khan, M. A., Khan, A., & Memon, I. (2020). Knowledge and Attitude Towards Antibiotic Usage: A Questionnaire-Based Survey Among Pre-Professional Students at King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences on Jeddah Campus, Saudi Arabia. Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland), 8(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy8010005

Tools


Copyright © 2026  KITE Digital Educational Solutions |  Exclusively distributed by CE-Logic