HomeUE Research Journalvol. 27 no. 1 (2025)

Online CPA Review by Select NCR Review Schools: An Assessment

Ken Elexander C. Cabinian | Angel Kyle R. Asuncion | Joem T. De Castro | Aliyah Nasrollah B. Ismaeili | Mikhaela Louisse B. Mariano | Angelika Zusane F. Mendoza

Discipline: accounting

 

Abstract:

The implementation of online learning modalities in educational institutions was recommended by UNESCO as a temporary remedy to the closures caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. However, after the pandemic, the world changed and realized the importance of this modality. Now online learning modalities are a norm for all institutions across the globe. This study sought to determine the effectiveness of the teaching offered by CPA study schools to help students prepare for the Licensure Examination for Certified Public Accountants (LECPA). The degree of effectiveness of the accounting assessment, as perceived by the respondents, was based on factors such as motivation to study, convenience, subject retention, confidence in answering and solving problems, and mastering the subject. The aim of this research is to determine whether there is a significant difference in the effectiveness of online learning modality as perceived by respondents among the review schools in NCR. The data were collected via an online self-administered questionnaire via Google Forms using a simple sampling method. The respondents included those who have taken and passed the License Examination for Certified Public Accountants (LECPA) and have participated in an online review modality in several review schools within NCR. The results show that the best tools to improve learning skills and prepare for the CPA test were video recording materials, assessment guides and interactive teaching techniques. Convenience was found to be the main factor in selecting online review platforms which offer flexibility, accessibility and customized learning elements. The current results conform with previous studies that show that the benefits of online learning include increased motivation, focus, productivity, peer interaction and topic retention.



References:

  1. Abude, A.J, (2021) The Effectiveness of Modular Distance Learning Modality to the Academic Performance of Students: A Literature Review https://himjournals.com/article/article/articleID=448b
  2. Adarkwah M. A. (2020). “I’m not against online teaching, but what about us?”:ICT in Ghana post Covid-19.Education and Information Technologies, 26(2),1665–1685. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-020-10331
  3. zAdmin.(2021,October4).POSTPONED:October2021Certified Public Accountant Licensure Exam(CPALE) in Metro Manila. PRC Board https://prcboard.com/postponed- october-2021-certified-public-accountant-licensure-exam-cpale-in metro-manila/
  4. Alduwaila N. & AL-Mutairi A.(2020,December30).Factors Affecting the Success in Certified Public Accountant Exam in Kuwait Semantic Scholar.RetrievedOctober3,2023, from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/561d/6ac02b966aed69b78533d5d70b5ca3f975f2.pdf
  5. Andersen, T.,et al., (1981). Three investigations exploring relationships between perceived teacher communication behaviors and student learning. Communication Education, 30, 377–392.  https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03634528109378493
  6. Anderson J.R.(1990).Cognitive psychology and its implications (3rded.).W.H.Freeman.
  7. Anderson, T. (2003). Modes of interaction in distance education: Recent developments and research questions. https://ustpaul.ca/upload-files/DistanceEducation/TOWARDS_ A_THEORY_OF_ONLINE_LEARNING.pdf
  8. Balucan L. E. Sanico, M. C. T. Ponce  P. X. S & Cabaron J.B. (2021). [PDF] Stressor And Coping Strategies Among Accountancy Students During Covid-19 Pandemic. Semantic Scholar. Retrieved October 4, 2023, from  https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/STRESSOR-AND-COPING-STRATEGIES-AMONG-ACCOUNTANCY-Balucan-Sanico/37e81c509ccd5896abbe2bf32ca95959 bc9a08d4.
  9. Bao, W. (2020). COVID-19 and online teaching in higher education: A case study of Peking University. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2(2), 113–115. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.191
  10. Barrot J.S. Llenares, I. I.,& Del Rosario, L. S. (2021). Students’ online learning challenges during the pandemic and how they cope with them: The case of the Philippines Education and Information Technologies, 26(6), 7321–7338. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10589-x
  11. Berg, Gary A,et al.,(2023). Distance Learning https://www.britannica.com/topic/distance-learning
  12. Bloom, B. S. (1956). Taxonomy of educational objectives: The classification of educational goals. Longman.
  13. Boone H.N. & Boone D.A.(2012).Analyzing Likert data. Journal of Extension, 50(2), Article2TOT2. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1011&context=joe.
  14. Bulaon,M.A.(2022,March1).The Importance of Teaching Method Press Reader Retrieved September 29,2023,from https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/sunstar-pampanga/20220301/28159953
  15. CambridgeAdvancedLearner'sDictionary&Thesaurus.(n.d.).asynchronous. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/asynchronous
  16. Chen L. Chen,P &Lin Z.(2021).Self-efficacy and online learning engagement: The mediating role of learning motivation International Journal of Educational Research, 110, 101890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2021.101890
  17. Cobern, Adam, Pleasants,& Kagumba. (2022,January9).Brandy A-S. Pleasants’ research works. https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Brandy-A-S-Pleasants-2187848917.
  18. COVID-19andyourhealth.(2020,February11).Schools for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/about-covid19.html.
  19. Deci,E.L.,&Ryan,R.M.(1985).Intrinsic motivation and self- determination in human behavior. Springer.
  20. Dela Rosa, A. P. M. (2022, Nov. 23). Effectiveness of an online course in programming in a state university in the Philippines International Journal of Computing Sciences Research, 7, 1685–1698. https://doi.org/10.25147/ijcsr.2017.001.1.127
  21. Dhawan, S. (2020). Online learning: A panacea in the time of COVID-19crisis.JournalofEducationalTechnologySystems, 49(1), 5–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047239520934018
  22. Dhawan, S. (2020). Online learning: A panacea in the time of COVID-19crisis.JournalofEducationalTechnologySystems, 49(1), 5 https://doi.org/10.1177/0047239520934018
  23. Dickins, D., Hull, R.,& Quick, L. (2021). The Most Effective Study Methods for Passing the CPA Exam: A Research Note. In Advances in Accounting Education: Teaching andCurriculum Innovations (pp. 155-175). Emerald Publishing Limited.  https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/S1085462220210000025010/full/html
  24. Drexe lUniversity School of Education (n.d.) The 10 Benefits of Online Learning - School of Education. School of Education. https://drexel.edu/soe/resources/student-teaching/advice/benefits-of-online-andvirtuallearning/?fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTAAAR2kQ4y4fRYOneD8NDjo8RRAhfdHfJXR9OTstwbK7nFOjhYdmyYFy5Un3zE_aem_AUQUZ5slc8PnoZ01OzMWtlufxh2JlQUWGW8vRs4toam5qSWOk_grjklwmRafk_hCLKfHRt-g4NHxR8WU98RqlubH
  25. Dron J & Anderson T (2022). Online learning: Social, cognitive, and teaching presence in distance education In M  Zawacki-Richter & I Jung (Eds.) Handbook of open, distance, and digital education (pp. 1-21). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0351-9_9-1
  26. Esaga M.A. etal. (2022) Student’s Decision: A Key to Certified Public Accountant
    Universal Journal of Educational Research 1(1) 4455 https://philarchive.org/archive/EESSDA#:~:text=Licensure%20examination%20is%20like%20a,for%20the%20Accountancy%20degree%20program
  27. Fawaz M. Nakhal M. A. & Itani M (2021)  COVID-19 quarantine stressors and management among Lebanese students: a qualitative study Current Psychology 41(11), 7628–7635. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01307-w
  28. Gleim Publications, Inc. (2021, August 20). CPA Exam Study Tips for all CPA Candidates - Gleim CPA Review. Gleim Exam Prep. Retrieved September 28, 2023, from https://www.gleim.com/cpa-review/cpa-exam-study-tips/
  29. Great Schools Partnership, (2013) Synchronous Learning https://www.edglossary.org/synchronous-learning/
  30. Gupta, P. (2023, April 3). What is independent learning - Ed Tech Review Retrieved from https://www.edtechreview.in/
  31. Harpe, S. E. (2015). How to analyze Likert and other rating scale data. Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning, 7(6), 836–850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2015.08.001
  32. Hayes, A. (2024, April 7). Certified Public Accountant: What the CPA credential means. Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/cpa.asp
  33. Herrity,J.(2023,February4).11Benefits of Collaborative Learning (PlusTipsToUseIt).Indeed Career Guide Retrieved from https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/benefits-of-collaborative-learning.
  34. Hew K.F Jia C. Gonda D.E & Bai S.(2020).Transitioning to the “newnormal” of learning in unpredictable times: Pedagogical practices and learning performance in fully online flipped class-rooms.   International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education,17(1),1– 22. https://educationaltechnologyjournal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s41239-020-00234-x
  35. Higher Education and the Evolution of Management Applied Sciences and Engineering Curricular,(2019) What are Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/information-system-projects-for-higher-education-management/13099
  36. Hrastinski,S.(2019).What do we mean by blended learning?TechTrends,63(5),564-569. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-019-00375-5
  37. Inter-Agency Task Force,(2020)0200429-Omnibus-Guidelines- on-the-Implementation-of-Community Quarantine https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/downloads/2020/05may/20200429-Omnibus-Guidelines-on-the-Implementation-of-Community-Quarantine-in-the-Philippines.pdf
  38. Khalil R. Mansour A. Fadda W.A. Almisnid,K. Aldamegh M. S. Al-Nafeesah, A., Alkhalifah, A.,& Al-Wutayd, O. (2020).The sudden transition to synchronized online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia: aqualitative study exploring medical students’ perspectives. BMC    Medical Education,20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-020-02208-z
  39. Lim,J.,& Kim, M. (2020). The role of self-determined motivation in online learning environments. Educational Technology ResearchandDevelopment,68(3),1281-1300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-020-09725-z
  40. Livingston, K. (2012) Independent Learning In: Seel N.M. (eds) Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1428-6_895
  41. Lopena G L. Nenette N D & Madrigal D.V (2021,October 25). Walking Through a Maze: The Struggles of Accountancy Students with Online Learning in the Context of the COVID-19.Philippine Social Science Journal Retrieved October4, 2023 from https://www.philssj.org/index.php/main/article/view/375.
  42. Lozari, Enrique E. (2018). Institute of Accounts, Business, and Finance  https://www.feu.edu.ph/institute-of-accounts- business-and-finance/bachelor-of-science-in-accountancy/
  43. Mamidted A.D. & Maulana S.S.(2022,August30).The Teaching Performance of the Teachers in Online Classes:A Sentiment Analysis of the Students in a State University in the Philippines R and wick International of Education and Linguistics Science Journal Retrieved October4,2023 from https://www.randwickresearch.com/index.php/rielsj/article/view/639?fbclid=IwAR0NjTY5UJFEd0GpIQeZoKvxjTGv1NkI3INuhN4B1cORK4ZVXDCLTg3hS2U
  44. Mamolo, L. A. (2022). Online learning and students’ mathematics motivation, self-efficacy, and anxiety in the ‘new normal.’ Education and Information Technologies, 27(5), 6213-6230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-11023-8
  45. Mayer, R. E. (2021). Multimedia learning (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press.