Home⇛The Advanced Social Science in Research Journal⇛vol. 1 no. 4 (2026)

Kapwa Ko, Kaibigan Ko: Unmasking Friendship Between Children with Autism and Non-Neurodivergent Children through the Lens of Kapwa Theory

Andreinne E. Mercado | Amiel M. Dumo | Rizelle P. Azarcon | Geraldine V. Espinar | Colin Iesha C. Reyes | Josefina C Ochoa | Bobby Lopez

Discipline: psychology (non-specific)

 

Abstract:

Friendship is a cornerstone for a child's formative years. It is their earliest avenue for belongingness, where they learn connection, reci- procity, and empathy. While traditional Western literature often frames Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) through a social deficit lens, positioning cross-neurotype relationships as inherently asymmet- rical-this view overlooks the relational dynamics unique to collec- tivist settings. This qualitative phenomenological study explored how Children with Autism (CWA) and Non-Neurodivergent (NND) chil- dren define friendship, how friendships are established and main- tained between cross-neurotypes, and how these children relate to and treat their friends. Data were gathered through dyadic interviews of seven (7) pairs of friends, consisting of one CWA and one NND child. This study interpreted the data through the lens of Kapwa The- ory, a key concept in Sikolohiyang Pilipino. Reflexive Thematic Analy- sis (RTA) revealed that for these friendship pairs, friendship is more than just a social activity. It was defined as a source of emotional secu- rity, the embodiment of kindness, a lasting connection, and a personifi- cation of the concept of friendship. Friendships blossomed naturally through nurturing bonds via mutual engagement and bridging connec- tions through social scaffolding. Their bonds remained strong by cul- tivating a sense of sustained togetherness and upholding social har- mony. In their daily interactions, the children engaged with their friends by displaying emotional attunement, providing instrumental support, and responding with reciprocal generosity. By living out the values of kapwa, pakikisama, and pakikiramdam, the participants di- rectly challenge the long-standing assumptions that neurodiverse re- lationships are innately one-sided, full of conflict, or bound for mis- understanding.



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