In conventional public administration, a government serves the public through its agencies. The process features policymaking, administration, the implementation that politics may influence, public administrators normally being the implementers. Senior officials are more answerable to elected politicians than to the public. Implementation must be reported through lines of command, and projects are under hierarchical control. Their working values focus on effectiveness and rationale. Organizations are subject to closed systems, and limit public participation. As a result, the roles of administrators are limited to planning, organizing, recruiting, directing, coordinating, reporting, and budgetary planning.
ISSN 0119-8386 (Print)
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