This paper charts the development of Rizal’s political ideas. It argues that in the late 1880s Rizal made the difficult shift from Voltaire’s obsession with civil liberties to Rousseau’s fixation with political obligation. Occurring between the publication of the two novels, Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, the shift seemed to have found its fullest expression in La Liga Filipina.
ISSN 0117-2840 (Print)
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