HomeWorld Education Connect Multidisciplinary E-Publicationvol. 4 no. 2 (2024)

Exploring Zoom Technology In The Arabic Language Teaching Pronunciation Skills: Basis For Instructional Support Materials

Fatimah M. Pango

Discipline: Education

 

Abstract:

Pronunciation is one of the most essential language-learning skills since it makes communication possible. Arabic language learners grow increasingly around the globe, but not all can easily access to practice speaking the language, especially the pronunciation. Thus, technology is one of the tools for learning a foreign language. Hence, Zoom technology enhances the learning experience of the students. In this study, the researcher aims to see the effect of Zoom technology on Arabic language learners’ pronunciation. A quasi-experimental research design with pre-test, post-test, and interview was used in this study. A total of 50 adult Beginner students were selected and categorized into two groups: Non-Zoom technology (controlled) and Zoom technology (experimental). Paired T-test was utilized to scrutinize the numerical data, while Thematic Content Analysis was adapted to analyze the verbal feedback of the students. Results revealed a significant difference in the test scores when both groups were compared. Therefore, using Zoom technology as a learning platform was efficacious for students to elevate their pronunciation skills. Students, however, have posi t ive feedback to its assistance in their pronunciation Henceforth, the study concluded that Zoom technology effectively taught Arabic pronunciation at Dar Ashifa’a Qur’aan Learning School. Further implications were discovered and discussed.



References:

  1. A. Widjaja and J. Chen (2017). “Online learners’ motivation in online learning: The effect of online-participation, social presence, and collaboration.” In Learning Technologies in Education: Issues and Trends, C. Muniarti and R. Sanjaya, Eds., pp. 72–93. Springer, Berlin, Germany.

  2. Abbas Pourhosein Gilakjani (2016). English Pronunciation Instruction: A Literature Review. Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Lahijan, Iran.

  3. Abuhammad, S. (2020). Barriers to distance learning during the COVID-19 outbreak: A qualitative review from parents’ perspective. Heliyon, 6(11), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05482

  4. Afrianto (2018). Being a professional teacher in the era of Industrial Revolution 4.0: Opportunities, challenges and strategies for innovative classroom practices. English Language Teaching and Research, 2(1), 1–13. http://ejournal.unp.ac.id/index.php/eltar/article/view/102675

  5. Agarwal, C., & Chakraborty, P. (2019). A review of tools and techniques for computer aided pronunciation training (CAPT) in English. Education and Information Technologies, 24(6), 3731–3743.

  6. Ahlam Wahdan, Sendeyah Hantoobi, Said A. Salloum, & Khaled Shaalan (2020). A systematic review of text classification research based on deep learning models in Arabic language. Research Institute of Sciences and Engineering, University of Sharjah.

  7. Ahmad Alsuhaim (2017). Teaching Pronunciation via Computer Technology: Principles and Best Practices.

  8. Albantani, A. M., & Madkur, A. (2019). Teaching Arabic in the era of Industrial Revolution 4.0 in Indonesia: Challenges and opportunities. ASEAN Journal of Community Engagement, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.7454/ajce.v3i2.1063

  9. AlDahdouh, A. A. (2018). Jumping from one resource to another: How do students navigate learning networks? International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 15(1), 1–17.

  10. Alfadda, H. A., & Mahdi, H. S. (2021). Measuring students’ use of Zoom application in language course based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 50(4), 883–900.

  11. Ali, A., Chowdhury, S., Afify, M., El-Hajj, W., Hajj, H., Abbas, M., Hussein, A., Ghneim, N., Abushariah, M., & Alqudah, A. (2021). Connecting Arabs: Bridging the gap in dialectal speech recognition.

  12. Alimin, A., et al. (2021). Matan Jurumiyah is not for the novice Arabic learners: A critical study text. Alsinatuna, 6(2), 167–184.

  13. Alina Sîrghea (2020). Is Connectivism a Better Approach to Digital Age? Ion Ionescu de la Brad University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Iaşi, Romania.

  14. Shorten, A., & Smith, J. (2017). Mixed methods research: Expanding the evidence base. School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA. ashorten@uab.edu

  15. Al-Marri, M., Raafat, H., Abdallah, M., Abdou, S., & Rashwan, M. (2018). Computer-aided Qur’an pronunciation using DNN. J. Intell.

  16. Alqarni, A., Bown, A., Pullen, D., & Maters, J. (2020). Mobile-assisted language learning in learning Arabic as a second language in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 5(2), 108–115. https://doi.org/10.36348/sjhss.2020.v05i02.009

  17. Asif, A., Mukhtar, H., Alqadheeb, F., Ahmad, H. F., & Alhumam, A. (2021). An approach for pronunciation classification of classical Arabic phonemes using deep learning.

  18. Appolloni, A., Colasanti, N., Fantauzzi, C., Fiorani, G., & Frondizi, R. (2021). Distance learning as a resilience strategy during Covid-19: An analysis of the Italian context.

  19. Angelianawati, L. (2019). Being an English teacher in Industrial Revolution 4.0: An overview about roles, challenges, and implications. Jurnal Dinamika Pendidikan, 11(3), 307–316. https://doi.org/10.33541/jdp.v11i3.896

  20. Anggraeni, C. W. (2018). Promoting Education 4.0 in English for Survival Class: What are the challenges? Metathesis: Journal of English Language, Literature, and Teaching, 2(1), 12–24. https://doi.org/10.31002/metathesis.v1i2.676

  21. Arafa, M. N. M., Elbarougy, R., Ewees, A. A., & Behery, G. A. (2018). Dataset for speech recognition to support Arabic phoneme pronunciation.

  22. Archibald, M. M., Ambagtsheer, R. C., Casey, M. G., & Lawless, M. (2019). Using Zoom videoconferencing for qualitative data collection: Perceptions and experiences of researchers and participants. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 18, 1609406919874596.

  23. Archibald, M., & Barnard, A. (2018). Futurism in nursing: Technology, robotics and the fundamentals of care. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 27(11–12).

  24. Archibald, R. C., Ambagtsheer, M., Casey, M. G., & Lawless, M. (2018). Using Zoom videoconferencing for qualitative data collection: Perceptions and experiences of researchers and participants.

  25. Arifin, A. Z. (2018). Eksistensi Bahasa Arab di Era Revolusi Industri 4.0. Universitas Muhammadiyah Makassar, 1–12.

  26. Arifin, S. R. M. (2018). Ethical considerations in qualitative study. International Journal of Care Scholars, 1(2), 30–33.

  27. BBC Worklife. (2021). The reason Zoom calls drain your energy. https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting

  28. Blake, R. (2017). Distance education for second and foreign language learning. In S. Thorne & S. May (Eds.), Language, Education and Technology. Encyclopedia of Language and Education (3rd ed.). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02237-6_13

  29. Bulkisah, B. (2017). Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab pada Perguruan Tinggi Agama Islam di Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmiah Didaktika, 12(2), 308–318. https://doi.org/10.22373/jid.v12i2.455

  30. Cheung, A. (2023). Language teaching during a pandemic: A case study of Zoom use by a secondary ESL teacher in Hong Kong. RELC Journal, 54(1), 55–70.

  31. Chittaranjan Andrade (2021). The Inconvenient Truth About Convenience and Purposive Samples. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 43(1), 86–88.

  32. Clark, J. Tobey (2020). Distance education. In Clinical Engineering Handbook. Academic Press, pp. 410–415.

  33. Cleveland-Innes, M., & Garrison, R. (2020). An Introduction to Distance Education: Understanding Teaching and Learning in a New Era (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315166896

  34. Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (5th ed.). Sage Publications.

  35. Czerepinski, K. Tajweed Rules of the Qur’an: Part 1. Dar Al Khair: Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

  36. Dalal Moh’d Al-Assaf (2021). Challenges of Distance Learning in Language Classes: Experience of Teaching Arabic to Non-Native Speakers during the Coronavirus Pandemic.

  37. Danial Hilmi (2020). Impact Of Arabic Online Learning In The Perspective Of How The Brain Learns.

  38. Dantes, Gede Rasben, et al. (2022). Investigating the Zoom Application as a Video Conferencing Platform in Online Learning Based on Teacher’s Perception. Jurnal Nasional Pendidikan Teknik Informatika: Janapati, 11(2), 133–144.

  39. Darcy, I. (2018). Powerful and Effective Pronunciation Instruction: How Can We Achieve It?

  40. Davion Johnson (2017). The Role of Teachers in Motivating Students To Learn. BU Journal of Graduate Studies in Education.

  41. Dominic Otoo, Wahab A. Iddrisu, Justice A. Kessie, & Ernest Larbi (2018). Structural Model of Students’ Interest and Self-Motivation to Learning Mathematics. Department of Mathematics, Catholic University College of Ghana, Sunyani BY-0622-3666, Ghana.

  42. Douglas Broad (2020). Literature Review of Theories of Second Language Acquisition. M.A., T.E.S.L., Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada.

  43. El Omari, A. H., & Bataineh, H. M. (2018). Problems of Learning Arabic by Non-Arabic Speaking Children: Diagnosis and Treatment. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 9(5), 1095–1100. https://doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0905.25

  44. Etikan, I., Musa, S. A., & Alkassim, R. S. (2016). Comparison of Convenience Sampling and Purposive Sampling. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 5(1), 1–4.

  45. Fatma Yousuf Al-Busaidi (2019). “The Words Disappeared When Faced with Real Life Situations”: Communication Difficulties of Non-Native Speakers of Arabic in the Sultanate of Oman. International Journal of Education, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.5296/ije.v11i2.14616

  46. Fendler, R. J. (2021). Improving the “Other Side” to Faculty Presence in Online Education. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 24(1). https://www.westga.edu/~distance/ojdla/spring241/fendler241.html

  47. Firm Faith Watson, Marianne Castano Bishop, & Debra Ferdinand-James (2017). Instructional Strategies to Help Online Students Learn: Feedback from Online Students.

  48. Florentina Halimi, Cathy E. Daniel, & Iqbal A. AlShammari (2020). Motivation and Socio-Cultural Milieu of Second Language Learners: Considerations Involved in English Teaching. College of Arts and Sciences, Gulf University for Science and Technology, Kuwait.

  49. Frederique Corbet & Elio Spinello (2020). Connectivism and Leadership: Harnessing a Learning Theory for the Digital Age to Redefine Leadership in the Twenty-First Century. Graduate School of Education & Psychology, Pepperdine University, Los Angeles, CA, United States.

  50. Gavin Peter Hendricks (2019). Connectivism as a Learning Theory and Its Relation to Open Distance Education. University of South Africa. Published Online: January 1, 2019.

  51. González-Lloret, M. (2020). Collaborative Tasks for Online Language Teaching. Foreign Language Annals, 53(2), 260–269. https://doi.org/10.1111/flan.12466

  52. Gopalan, M., Rosinger, K., & Ahn, J. B. (2020). Use of Quasi-Experimental Research Designs in Education Research: Growth, Promise, and Challenges. Review of Research in Education, 44(1), 218–243.

  53. Gowda, R., & Ayush, G. K. (2020). A Study on Advantages and Disadvantages of Online Teaching During COVID-19 with Special Reference to Mangalore University Students. Vidyabharati International Interdisciplinary Research Journal, 73–78.

  54. Grieshaber, S. (2020). Equity and Research Design. In Doing Early Childhood Research (pp. 177–191).

  55. Guillén, G., Sawin, T., & Avineri, N. (2020). Zooming Out of the Crisis: Language and Human Collaboration. Foreign Language Annals, 53(2), 320–328.

  56. Guzacheva, N. (2020). Zoom Technology as an Effective Tool for Distance Learning in Teaching English to Medical Students. Tashkent Pediatric Medical Institute, Uzbekistan. ORCID: 0000-0003-1461-0718

  57. Halimah, Ibrahim, G. A., & Lustyantie, N. (2018). CELLO as a Language Teaching Method in the Industrial Revolution 4.0 Era. English Review: Journal of English Education, 7(1), 75–82. https://journal.uniku.ac.id/index.php/ERJEE/article/view/1497

  58. Hamidin, N. M. (2019). Challenges in Teaching and Learning Arabic Language in Secondary School: Students’, Teachers’, and Parents’ Views. e-Bangi, 16(2), 1–14.

  59. Hammersley, Martyn. (2018). What is Ethnography? Can It Survive? Should It? Ethnography and Education, 13(1), 1–17.

  60. Hassan Saleh Mahdi (2020). Measuring Students’ Use of Zoom Application in Language Course Based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM).

  61. Ho Dang Tuong Nguyen (2018), Finding Proper Pronunciation Assessment. Ho Chi Minh City Open University, Vietnam.

  62. HRC Dharma, D. Asmarani, U.P. Dewi (2017), Basic Japanese Grammar and Conversation E-learning Through Skype and Zoom Online Application.

  63. Huang, H.; Xu, H.; Hu, Y.; Zhou, G. (2017). A Transfer Learning Approach to Goodness of Pronunciation Based Automatic Mispronunciation Detection. J. Acoust.

  64. Huang, S.-C. (2019). “Learning Experience Reigns – Taiwanese Learners’ Motivation in Learning Eight Additional Languages as Compared to English.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 40(7), 576–589. doi:10.1080/01434632.2019.1571069.

  65. Huy Cuong Nguyen (2019), Motivation in Learning English Language: A Case Study at Vietnam National University, Hanoi. PhD Dissertation, The University of Szeged, Hungary.

  66. Hye Jeong Kim (2020), The Efficacy of Zoom Technology as an Educational Tool for English Reading Comprehension Achievement in EFL Classroom. Professor, College of General Education, Kookmin University, Korea.

  67. Isabelle Darcy (2018), Powerful and Effective Pronunciation Instruction: How Can We Achieve It? Indiana University, Bloomington.

  68. Islam, M., Kim, D. A., & Kwon, M. (2020). A Comparison of Two Forms of Instruction: Pre-recorded Video Lectures vs. Live ZOOM Lectures for Education in the Business Management Field. Sustainability, 12(19), 8149.

  69. Jaafar, E. A. (2018). Arabize, Arabization, and Arabic Language. Baghdad. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.20185.98409

  70. Jeff Utecht (2019), Becoming Relevant Again: Applying Connectivism Learning Theory to Today’s Classrooms. Independent Scholar.

  71. Jorge Rojo-Ramos, María José González-Becerra, Santiago Gómez-Paniagua, Eugenio Merellano-Navarro, and José Carmelo Adsuar (2022), Analysis of the Motivation of Students of the Last Cycle of Primary School in the Subject of Physical Education.

  72. Julian, G. (2020). What Are the Most Spoken Languages in the World. Retrieved May 31, 2020.

  73. Kay, D., & Pasarica, M. (2019). Using Technology to Increase Student (and Faculty) Satisfaction with Engagement in Medical Education. Advances in Physiology Education, 43(3), 408-413.

  74. Kerras, N., & Essayahi, M. L. B. (2022). Education and COVID-19: Learning Arabic Language and Perspectives. The Electronic Journal of e-Learning, 20(1), 36-52.

  75. Kessler, G. (2018). Technology and the Future of Language Teaching. Foreign Language Annals, 51(1), 205–218.

  76. Klaudia Bracio, ORCID, & Marek Szarucki (2020), Mixed Methods Utilisation in Innovation Management Research: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Summary.

  77. Kobilova, N. R. (2022). Importance of Pronunciation in English Language Communication. Academic Research in Educational Sciences, 3(6), 592–597.

  78. Kohnke, L. (2021). GoSoapBox – Encourage Participation and Interaction in the Language Classroom. RELC Journal, 52(3), 648-650. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688219872570

  79. Kohnke, L., & Moorhouse, B. L. (2022). Facilitating Synchronous Online Language Learning Through Zoom. RELC Journal, 53(1), 296-301.

  80. Kohnke, L., & Moorhouse, B. L. (2022). Facilitating Synchronous Online Language Learning Through Zoom. RELC Journal, 53(1), 296-301. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688220937235

  81. Kordrostami, M., & Seitz, V. (2022). Faculty Online Competence and Student Affective Engagement in Online Learning. Marketing Education Review, 32(3), 240–254.

  82. Krapchatova, Y., & Holovko, O. (2018). The Use of Interactive Technologies for Improving Communicative Competence in Listening and Speaking of Students of Higher Educational Institutions. Visnyk Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Pedagogy.

  83. Lewicka, M., & Waszau, A. (2017). Analysis of Textbooks for Teaching Arabic as a Foreign Language in Terms of the Cultural Curriculum. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 5(1), 36-44. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2017.050105

  84. Li, V. (2017). Social Media in English Language Teaching and Learning. International Journal of Learning and Teaching, 3(2), 148-153. https://doi.org/10.18178/ijlt.3.2.148-153

  85. Lowenthal, P., Borup, J., West, R., & Archambault, L. (2020). Thinking Beyond Zoom: Using Asynchronous Video to Maintain Connection and Engagement During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Technology and Teacher Education, 28(2), 383–391.

  86. Lubis, M. H., & Damanik, R. P. A. (2023). Methods of Foreign Language Translation to Arabic Language in Al-Jazeera Online Magazine. ASEAN Comparative Education Research Journal on Islam and Civilization (ACER-J), 6(2), 1–11.

  87. Lucas Kohnke (2022). Facilitating Synchronous Online Language Learning Through Zoom. The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong.

  88. Maburoh, M. (2017). Al-Bii’ah al-Lughawiyyah al-‘Arabiyyah fi Ta’lim al-Lughah al-‘Arabiyyah li Ghayr an-Naatiqiina Biha. Alfazuna: Jurnal Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab dan Kebahasaaraban, 28–41.

  89. Mageed, Hassan Alhuzali, Mohamed Elaraby (2018). You Tweet What You Speak: A City-Level Dataset of Arabic Dialects. Natural Language Processing Lab, University of British Columbia.

  90. Mahdi, M. S. (2023). Holy Quran. M. H. Shakir (Ed.). Sayyed Mujtaba Musavi Lari Foundation of Islamic Cultural Propagation in the World.

  91. Mandy M. Archibald et al. (2019). Using Zoom Videoconferencing for Qualitative Data Collection: Perceptions and Experiences of Researchers and Participants. International Journal of Qualitative Methods. doi:10.1177/1609406919874596

  92. Maul, J., Berman, R., & Ames, C. (2018). Exploring the Psychological Benefits of Using an Emerging Video Technology to Coach and Retain Doctoral Learners. International Journal of Doctoral Studies, 13, 49–78.

  93. McClendon, C., Neugebauer, R. M., & King, A. (2017). Grit, Growth Mindset, and Deliberate Practice in Online Learning. Journal of Instructional Research, 8, 8–17. https://doi.org/10.9743/JIR.2017

  94. Michelle E. Kigera & Lara Varpio (2020). Thematic Analysis of Qualitative Data: AMEE Guide No. 131. Medical Center, Dayton, OH, USA; Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.

  95. Montgomery, J. (2022). All You Need to Know About Using Zoom Breakout Rooms. Zoom. https://blog.zoom.us/using-zoom-breakout-rooms/

  96. Moorhouse, B. L. & Kohnke, L. (2020). Using Mentimeter to Elicit Student Responses in the EAP/ESP Classroom. RELC Journal, 51(1), 198–204. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688219890350

  97. Muchsin Aziz & Ritonga (2019), “Pelafalan Huruf Hijaiyyah yang Benar Harus Sesuai dengan Makhârij al-Hurûf dan Karakteristiknya.”

  98. Nabilah Utami, Yayan Nurbayan & Hikmah Maulani (2020). Analysis of Student’s Arabic Reading Pronunciation Characteristics on Discourse Text “مدرستي”. Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung.

  99. Nadezhda, G. (2020). Zoom Technology as an Effective Tool for Distance Learning in Teaching English to Medical Students. Бюллетень науки и практики, 6(5), 457–460.

  100. Nation, P. (2007). The Four Strands. International Journal of Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 1(1), 2–13.

  101. Nicolás Saiz, I., & Sande Piñeiro, A. (2022). Teaching Speaking in the Times of Zoom: A Review of Strategies to Maintain a Good Level of Oral Interaction in the Online Spanish as a Foreign Language Classroom. University of Chicago.

  102. Nigel Gearing & Peter Roger (2019). Where’s the Vision? Rescuing Integrativeness to Understand the Language Learning Motivation of English-Speaking EFL Instructors Living in South Korea.

  103. Nuraziza, N., Oktaviani, L., & Sari, F. M. (2021). EFL Learners’ Perceptions on Zoom Application in the Online Classes. Jambura Journal of English Teaching and Literature, 2(1), 41–51.

  104. Octavio, M. M. (2021). Design Thinking: Un Enfoque Educativo en el Aula de Segundas Lenguas en la Era Pos-COVID. Tecnología, Ciencia y Educación, 18, 45–75. https://doi.org/10.51302/tce.2021.569

  105. Olga Dziubaniuk, Maria Ivanova-Gongne & Monica Nyholm (2023). Learning and Teaching Sustainable Business in the Digital Era: A Connectivism Theory Approach.

  106. Patrik Aspers & Ugo Corte (2019). What Is Qualitative in Qualitative Research? Qualitative Sociology, 42, 139–160.

  107. Picciano, A. G. (2017). Theories and Frameworks for Online Education: Seeking an Integrated Model. Online Learning Journal, 21(3), 166–190. https://doi.org/10.24059/olj.v21i3.1225

  108. Plump, C. M. & LaRosa, J. (2017). Using Kahoot! in the Classroom to Create Engagement and Active Learning: A Game-Based Technology Solution for E-Learning Novices. Management Teaching Review, 2(2), 151–158.

  109. Podomatic, Inc. (2021). How to Start a Free Podcast. https://www.podomatic.com/landing/how-to-start-a-free-podcast

  110. Pourhosein Gilakjani, A. & Rahimy, R. (2019). Using Computer-Assisted Pronunciation Teaching (CAPT) in English Pronunciation Instruction: A Study on the Impact and the Teacher’s Role.

  111. Poyas, Y., & Bawardi, B. (2018). Reading Literacy in Arabic: What Challenges 1st Grade Teachers Face. L1 Educational Studies in Language and Literature, 18, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.17239/L1ESLL2018.18.01.11

  112. Prashant, P. D. (2018). Importance of Pronunciation in English Language Communication. Research Papers in Economics, 7(2), 15–20.

  113. R. Nurieva & L. M. Garaeva (2020). Zoom-Based Distance Learning of English as a Foreign Language. Journal of Research in Applied Linguistics, 11, Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Applied Linguistics Issues, 439–448.

  114. R. Trinder (2017). Informal and Deliberate Learning with New Technologies. ELT Journal, 71(4), 401–412. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccw117

  115. Rahayu, D. (2020). Students’ E-Learning Experience Through a Synchronous Zoom Web Conference System. Journal of ELT Research, 5(1), 68–79.

  116. Rehman, I., Silpachai, A., Levis, J., Zhao, G., & Gutierrez-Osuna, R. (2022). The English Pronunciation of Arabic Speakers: A Data-Driven Approach to Segmental Error Identification. Language Teaching Research, 26(6), 1055–1081.

  117. Robert Vagi et al. (2019). Dynamics of Preservice Teacher Quality. Teaching and Teacher Education, 85, 13–23.

  118. Roh, Y., Heo, G., & Whang, S. E. (2019). A Survey on Data Collection for Machine Learning: A Big Data–AI Integration Perspective. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering.

  119. Saddam Mangondato Solaiman (2017). Implementation of Arabic Language and Islamic Values Education (ALIVE) in Marawi City, Philippines: Unveiling the Perceptions of ALIVE Teachers.

  120. Safaa M. Abdelhalim (2020), Motivational Orientation and Language Acculturation Experienced by English-Speaking Adults Learning Arabic in Saudi Arabia.

  121. Sayem, A. B. M., Taylor, B., Mcclanachan, M., & Mumtahina, U. (2017). Effective Use of Zoom Technology and Instructional Videos to Improve Engagement and Success of Distance Students in Engineering. In 28th Annual Conference of the Australasian Association for Engineering Education, Sydney, Australia, 926–931.

  122. Scharp, Kristina M.; Sanders, Matthew L. (2018). What is a theme? Teaching thematic analysis in qualitative communication research methods

  123. Serhan, D. (2020). Transitioning from face-to-face to remote learning: Students’ attitudes and perceptions of using Zoom during COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Technology in Education and Science (IJTES), 4(4), 335–342

  124. Shabani, Ramadhani Mashaka, et al. (2022). Effects of teaching and learning through Zoom application. Teaching and Research Methods for Islamic Economics and Finance, 181–195

  125. Shehata, A. (2017). Teaching Arabic pronunciation to non-natives: Cognition and practice. In M. O’Brien & J. Levis (Eds.), Proceedings of the 8th Pronunciation in Second Language Learning and Teaching Conference, ISSN 2380-9566, Calgary, AB, August 2016 (pp. 110–120). Ames, IA: Iowa State University

  126. Sheikh Noor Mohammed Haqqani (2007). Al-Qaidah An-Noraniah (Regular Book); Shodiyevna, Shukurova Zamira (2022). Using the program “Zoom” for teaching English during distance learning. International Journal of Philosophical Studies and Social Sciences, 2(2), 75–79

  127. Simamora, R. M. (2020). The challenges of online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic: An essay analysis of performing arts education students. Studies in Learning and Teaching, 1(2), 86–103

  128. Singh, C. K. S., Singh, T. S. M., Abdullah, N. Y., Moneyam, S., Ismail, M. R., Tek, E., ... & Singh, J. K. S. (2020). Rethinking English language teaching through Telegram, WhatsApp, Google Classroom and Zoom. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11(11), 45–54

  129. Singh, Vandana; Thurman, Alexander (2019). How many ways can we define online learning? A systematic literature review of definitions of online learning (1988–2018). American Journal of Distance Education, 33(4), 289–306

  130. Spathis, P., & Dey, R. (2020). What is Zoom not telling you: Lessons from an online course during COVID-19

  131. Starkey, L. (2020). A review of research exploring teacher preparation for the digital age. Cambridge Journal of Education, 50(1), 37–56

  132. Downes, Stephen (2022). Connectivism. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 17(1), 58.

  133. Almelhes, Sultan (2021). Evaluation of students’ remote learning experience of learning Arabic as a second language during the Covid-19 pandemic. Islamic University of Medina, Saudi Arabia

  134. Jahara, Syed Farhat (2021). Pronunciation problems encountered by EFL learners: An empirical study. Qassim University, Saudi Arabia; Abdelrady, Abbas Hussein. Connecting Arabs: Bridging the gap in dialectal speech recognition. Commun. ACM, 64, 124–129

  135. Khan, Tarannum (2019). Review of related literature. Maulana Azad National Urdu University

  136. Taufiqurrochman, R. (2019). The use of Arabic electronic dictionaries in the industrial revolution era 4.0. EasyChair Preprint, 753. https://easychair.org/publications/preprint/P6Jk

  137. Utecht, Jeff; Keller, Doreen (2019). Becoming relevant again: Applying connectivism learning theory to today’s classrooms. Critical Questions in Education, 10(2), 107–119; Varpio, Lara et al. (2019). The distinctions between theory, theoretical framework, and conceptual framework. Academic Medicine

  138. Prodanovska, Vesna (2017). A study of proper pronunciation as a factor of successful communication

  139. Vinagre, M., Wigham, C. R., & Giralt, M. (2020). E+VE-SFI: Developing spoken interaction in a foreign language. In F. Helm & A. Beaven (Eds.), Designing and Implementing Virtual Exchange – A Collection of Case Studies (pp. 105–115). Research-publishing.net

  140. Walliman, N. (2021). Research methods: The basics. Routledge

  141. Wang, K. (2017). Status quo and prospective of WeChat in improving Chinese English learners’ pronunciation. English Language Teaching, 10(4), 140–149

  142. Wargadinata, W., Maimunah, I., Febriani, S. R., & Pimada, L. H. (2020). Mediated Arabic language learning for Arabic students of higher education in COVID-19 situation. Izdihar: Journal of Arabic Language Teaching, Linguistics, and Literature, 3(1), 1–18

  143. Wekke, I. S. (2017). Arabic teaching and learning material in higher education of Muslim community North Sulawesi. Dinamika Ilmu, 17(2), 175–189. https://doi.org/10.21093/di.v17i2.863

  144. Wen and Katina (2020). Applying thematic analysis to education: A hybrid approach to interpreting data in practitioner research

  145. Wu, W. C. V., Hsieh, J. S. C., & Yang, J. C. (2017). Creating an online learning community in a flipped classroom to enhance EFL learners’ oral proficiency. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 20(2), 142–157

  146. Fang, Yi (2022). Problems and suggestions to improve pronunciation skills of English language learners in China. University of San Francisco

  147. Nair, R., Krishnasamy, R., & De Mello, G. (2017). Rethinking the teaching of pronunciation in the ESL classroom. The English Teacher

  148. Djurayeva, Yulduz Abdullayevna (2021). Enhancing English pronunciation in learning process. Chirchik State Pedagogical Institute

  149. Yürük, N. (2020). Using Kahoot as a skill improvement technique in pronunciation. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 16(1), 137–153. https://doi.org/10.17263/jlls.712669

  150. Jusoh, Zailani & Abdullah, Liza (2019). ESL student teachers’ beliefs about learning Arabic as a foreign language

  151. Zheng, Y., Lu, X., & Ren, W. (2019). Profiling Chinese university students’ motivation to learn multiple languages. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 40(7), 590–604

  152. Ziafat, N., Ahmad, H. F., Fatima, I., Zia, M., Alhumam, A., & Rajpoot, K. (2021). Correct pronunciation detection of the Arabic alphabet using deep learning. Applied Sciences, 11(6), 2508

  153. Ziafat, N., Ahmad, H. F., Fatima, I., Zia, M., Alhumam, A., & Rajpoot, K. (2021). Correct pronunciation detection of the Arabic alphabet

  154. Zurqoni, H., Retnawati, S., Rahmatullah, S., Djidu, H., & Apino, E. (2020). Has Arabic language learning been successfully implemented? Institut Agama Islam Negeri Samarinda, Indonesia