HomePsychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journalvol. 21 no. 10 (2024)

The Mediating Effect of Professional Commitment in the Relationship between Job Satisfaction and Workplace Spirituality among Public School Teachers

Zenaida Paglinawan | Noe Garcia

Discipline: Education

 

Abstract:

The main thrust of the study was to find out the mediating effect of professional commitment on the relationship between job satisfaction and workplace spirituality among 269 public school teachers in Alabel 3 District of Sarangani Division. This study employed a non-experimental quantitative design utilizing the descriptive correlation technique. The statistical tools used were, mean Pearson r and Path Analysis. Based on the study results, the level of professional commitment and job satisfaction were rated high by the respondents while, they most observed all the time regarding workplace spirituality. Using Pearson r, the results revealed a significant relationship between job satisfaction and workplace spirituality, job satisfaction and professional commitment, and professional commitment and workplace spirituality. The study's findings, based on the path analysis, indicated that professional commitment partially mediates job satisfaction, however, workplace spirituality does not. As a result, the study's findings revealed that professional commitment, a mediating variable, impacted public school teachers' job satisfaction. In terms of pay and benefits, job security, recognition, career development, engagement, and respect, fostering professional dedication can have a favorable impact on job satisfaction.



References:

  1. Aboobaker, N., Edward, M., & KA, Z. (2019). Workplace spirituality, employee wellbeing and intention to stay: A multi-group analysis  of teachers’ career choice. International Journal of Educational Management, 33(1), 28-44. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-02-2018- 0049
  2. Aboramadan, M., & Dahleez, K. A. (2021). Workplace spirituality and job performance in higher education. Journal of Management,  Spirituality & Religion, 18(2), 128-150. https://doi.org/10.51327/HVCB2461
  3. Adnan, N., Bhatti, O. K., & Farooq, W. (2020). Relating ethical leadership with work engagement: How workplace spirituality mediates? Cogent Business & Management, 7(1),1739494. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2020.1739494
  4. Afsar, B., Umrani, W. A., & Khan, A. (2019). The impact of perceived calling on work outcomes in a nursing context: The role of  career commitment and living one’s calling. Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research, 24(1), e12154.  https://doi.org/10.1111/jabr.12154
  5. Aftab, J., Sarwar, H., Kiran, A., Qureshi, M. I., Ishaq, M. I., Ambreen, S., & Kayani, A. J. (2022). Ethical leadership, workplace  spirituality, and job satisfaction: Moderating role of self-efficacy. International Journal of Emerging Markets, ISSN: 1746-8809.  https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOEM-07-2021-1121
  6. Ahmad, A. (2019). Living a feminist life: Sarah Ahmed Duke University Press, January 2017, ix+ 299 pp., ISBN: 9780822363194.
  7. Ahmed, I., Islam, T., Afzal, R., Iqbal, I., & Faheem, M. A. (2023). Predicting the link between employees’ task performance and  propensity to take charge The role of family supportive supervision and LMX. International Journal of Emerging Markets. ISSN: 1746- 8809. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOEM-12-2021-1859
  8. Alam, A., & Asim, M. (2019). Relationship between job satisfaction and turnover intention. International Journal of Human Resource  Studies, 9(2), 163. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v9i2.14618
  9. Al-Mahdy, Y. F. H., Emam, M., & Hassan, T. (2022). Workplace spirituality and organizational citizenship behavior among teachers  in Bahrain: Commitment as a mediator. Journal of Beliefs & Values, 43(3), 301-319. https://doi.org/10.1080/13617672.2021.1957601
  10. Aprilia, E., & Katiara, O. (2020). Workplace spirituality and work engagement among high school teachers in Banda Aceh. Jurnal  Psikologi, 19(1), 61-71. 
  11. Ashfaq, M., & Irum, S. (2020). Workplace spirituality paradigm and job stress. PalArch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology,  17(9), 390-396. 
  12. Aslam, M. Z., Sajjad, M. H., Yousaf, M. I., Hussain, S., Shah, S. A. S., Bhatti, M. H., & Shah, S. W. H. (2022). Impact of heat stress  on agro-morphometric and fiber-related traits in indigenous upland cotton genotypes under semi-arid conditions. Biological and  Clinical Sciences Research Journal, 2022(1). https://doi.org/10.54112/bcsrj.v2022i1.105
  13. Astuti, R. J., Maryati T., & Harsona, M. (2020). The effect of workplace spirituality on workplace deviant behavior and employee  performance: The role of job satisfaction. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 7(12), 1017-1026.  https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no12.1017
  14. Averill, R. M., & Major, J. (2020). What motivates higher education educators to innovate? Exploring competence, autonomy, and  relatedness and connections with wellbeing. Educational Research, 62(2), 146-161. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131881.2020.1755877
  15. Bakker, A. B., Xanthopoulou, D., & Demerouti, E. (2023). How does chronic burnout affect dealing with weekly job demands? A test  of central propositions in JD‐R and COR‐theories. Applied Psychology, 72(1), 389-410. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12382
  16. Bam, N. (2023). Affective commitment among university faculty members in Nepal: A structural equation modeling approach. Prithvi  Academic Journal, 74-91. https://doi.org/10.3126/paj.v6i1.54614
  17. Banford Witting, A., Tambling, R., & Hobfoll, S. (2023). Resource loss, gain, and traumatic stress in couples during COVID-19.  Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 15(3), 502. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/tra0001276
  18. Barr, T. L., & Nathenson, S. L. (2022). A holistic transcendental leadership model for enhancing innovation, creativity and well-being  in health care. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 40(2), 157-168.
  19. Bello, I. E., Samuel, M. B., Musa, F. O., Daniya, A. A., & Yakubu, M. M. (2023). Supportive work environment and retention of  employees of Nigeria’s Small and Medium Enterprise Development Agency. Nigerian Journal of Management Sciences, 24(2b), 187- 196. http://repository.futminna.edu.ng:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/19373
  20. Bharadwaj, S., Khan, N. A., & Yameen, M. (2022). Unbundling employer branding, job satisfaction, organizational identification and  employee retention: A sequential mediation analysis. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration, 14(3), 309-334.  https://doi.org/10.1108/APJBA-08-2020-0279
  21. Boccoli, G., Gastaldi, L., & Corso, M. (2023). The evolution of employee engagement: Towards a social and contextual construct for  balancing individual performance and wellbeing dynamically. International Journal of Management Reviews, 25(1), 75-98.  https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12304
  22. Boğan, E., & Sarıışık, M. (2020). Organization-related determinants of employees’ CSR motive attributions and affective commitment  in hospitality companies. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 45, 58-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2020.07.004
  23. Budiharso, T., & Tarman, B. (2020). Improving quality education through better working conditions of academic institutes. Journal of  Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 7(1), 99-115. https://dx.doi.org/10.2933/ejecs/306
  24. Buhari, M. M., Yong, C. C., & Lee, S. T. (2020). I am more committed to my profession than to my organization: Professional  commitment and perceived organizational support in turnover. International Journal of Human Capital and Information Technology  Professionals (IJHCITP), 11(3), 37-58. DOI: 10.4018/IJHCITP.2020070103 
  25. Burack, J., Gorb, S. N., & Büscher, T. H. (2022). Attachment performance of stick insects (Phasmatodea) on plant leaves with different  surface characteristics. Insects, 13(10),952. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13100952
  26. Cansoy, R. (2019). The Relationship between school principals’ leadership behaviours and teachers’ job satisfaction: A systematic  review. International Education Studies, 12(1), 37-52. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v12n1p37
  27. Creswell, C., Nauta, M. H., Hudson, J. L., March, S., Reardon, T., Arendt, K., & Kendall, P. C. (2021). Research review:  Recommendations for reporting on treatment trials for child and adolescent anxiety disorders–an international consensus statement.  Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 62(3), 255-269. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13283
  28. Delfino, A. P. (2019). Spiritual leadership and job satisfaction of teaching and non-teaching personnel of Partido State University.  People: International Journal of Social Sciences, 5(2), 123-140. https://dx.doi.org/10.20319/pijss.2019.52.123140
  29. Dicke, T., Marsh, H. W., Parker, P. D., Guo, J., Riley, P., & Waldeyer, J. (2020). Job satisfaction of teachers and their principals in  relation to climate and student achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 112(5), 1061.  https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/edu0000409
  30. Dietrich, F. M. (2023). The influence of pay transparency on organizational citizenship behavior. Junior Management Science, 8(3),  717-731.
  31. Djaelani, A. K., Sanusi, A., & Triatmanto, B. (2021). Spiritual leadership, job satisfaction, and its effect on organizational commitment  and organizational citizenship behavior. Management Science Letters, 11(3), 3907-3914. 
  32. Dorenkamp, I., & Ruhle, S. (2019). Work–life conflict, professional commitment, and job satisfaction among academics. The Journal  of Higher Education, 90(1), 56-84. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221546.2018.1484644
  33. Dubey, P., Pathak, A. K., & Sahu, K. K. (2020). Correlates of workplace spirituality on job satisfaction, leadership, organizational  citizenship behavior, and organizational growth: A literature-based study from an organizational perspective. International Journal of  Scientific and Technology Research, 9(4), 1493-1502.
  34. Elisabeth, D. R., Yuliastanti, R., Suyono, J., Chauhan, R., & Thakar, I. (2021). Affective commitment, continuance commitment,  normative commitment, and turnover intention in the shoes industry. Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology, 1937-1945.  http://annalsofrscb.ro/index.php/journal/article/view/1640
  35. Fischer, T., Hambrick, D. C., Sajons, G. B., & Van Quaquebeke, N. (2023). Leadership science beyond questionnaires. The Leadership  Quarterly, 34(6), 101752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2023.101752
  36. Florian, L., & Camedda, D. (2020). Enhancing teacher education for inclusion. European Journal of Teacher Education, 43(1), 4-8.  https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2020.1707579
  37. Fonchamnyo, D. C., & Nginyu, G. G. (2023). Does environmental sustainability mediate the effect of institutional quality on inclusive  development in Sub-Sahara Africa. Studies in Social Science & Humanities, 2(1), 8-16  https://www.paradigmpress.org/SSSH/article/view/379
  38. Garcia, N. P., & Juevesa, R. D. (2020). Workplace spirituality in state universities and colleges: Its relation to the work well-being and  job satisfaction of faculty members. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research, 10.  https://doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.10.5.12
  39. Garg, P., Jamwal, A., Kumar, D., Sadasivuni, K. K., Hussain, C. M., & Gupta, P. (2019). Advance research progresses in aluminum  matrix composites: Manufacturing & applications. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 8(5), 4924-4939.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.06.028
  40. Gaye, O. N. A. N., Özmen, Ö., & Firuzan, E. (2023). Leader behavior, job performance, and service quality: Ethical perspective from  banking sector. Istanbul Business Research, 52(1). https://doi.org/10.26650/ibr.2023.52.828912
  41. Ghani, U., Zhai, X., Spector, J. M., Chen, N. S., Lin, L., Ding, D., & Usman, M. (2020). Knowledge hiding in higher education: Role  of interactional justice and professional commitment. Higher Education, 79, 325-344.
  42. Goertzen, A., Asmussen, C. G., & Nielsen, B. B. (2023). Global cities, the liability of foreignness, and theory on place and space in  international business. Journal of International Business Studies, 1-18.
  43. Grant, A. A., Jeon, L., & Buettner, C. K. (2019). Relating early childhood teachers’ working conditions and well-being to their turnover  intentions. Educational Psychology, 39(3),294-312. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2018.1543856
  44. Haldorai, K., Kim, W. G., Chang, H. S., & Li, J. J. (2020). Workplace spirituality as a mediator between ethical climate and workplace  deviant behavior. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 86, 102372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2019.102372
  45. Hammill, J., Nguyen, T., & Henderson, F. (2023). The impact of mindfulness interventions in higher education to enhance engagement.  Journal of Further and Higher Education, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2023.2175652
  46. Herrity, J. (2023). The importance of training employees: 11 benefits. Indeed Career Guide, 29.
  47. Hussain, S., Hussain, Z., & Hussain, S. (2020). Workplace spirituality and turnover intentions among the doctors working in private  hospitals in Karachi, Pakistan: A cross-sectional study. British Journal of Medical & Health Sciences (BJMHS), 2(8), 402-407. 
  48. Iftikhar, M., Waheed, Z., Yousafzai, S. K., & Qureshi, M. I. (2020). Traditional bullying and cyberbullying: Prevalence, effects and  workplace spirituality as an anti-bullying policy. International Journal of Management (IJM), 11(11). DOI:  10.34218/IJM.11.11.2020.204
  49. Iqbal, H., Riaz, K., Khan, K., & Hussainy, S. K. (2021). Impact of workplace spirituality on employee attitudes and engagements.  Pakistan Business Review, 23(1), 92-114. DOI: dx.doi.org/10.22555/pbr.v23i1.551
  50. Jakobsen, A. M. (2023). Self-determination theory as a possible explanation for the motivation of Norwegian outdoor life students.  Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity, 15(3), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.29359/BJHPA.15.3.03
  51. Jeon, K. S., & Choi, B. K. (2021). Workplace spirituality, organizational commitment, and life satisfaction: The moderating role of  religious affiliation. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 34(5), 1125-1143. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-01-2021-0012
  52. Jufrizen, J., Sari, M., Nasutian, M. İ., Radiman, R., & Wahyuni, S. F. (2019). The strategy of spiritual leadership: The role of spiritual  survival, workplace spirituality and organizational commitment at private universities. International Journal of Research in Business  and Social Science (2147-4478), 8(1), 64-72. https://doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v8i1.194
  53. Karaolis, A., & Philippou, G. N. (2019). Teachers’ professional identity. Affect and Mathematics Education: Fresh perspectives on  motivation, engagement, and identity, 397-417. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13761-8_18 teachers’ intentions to quit. Teaching and Teacher Education, 105, 103425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2021.103425
  54. Mahto, R. V., Vora, G., McDowell, W. C., & Khanin, D. (2020). Family member commitment, the opportunity costs of staying, and turnover intentions. Journal of Business Research, 108, 9-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.10.013
  55. Margaretha, M., Saragih, S., Zaniarti, S., & Parayow, B. (2021). Workplace spirituality, employee engagement, and professional  commitment: A study of lecturers from Indonesian universities. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 19(2), 346-356.  http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm. 19(2).2021. 28
  56. Martela, F., Lehmus-Sun, A., Parker, P. D., Pessi, A. B., & Ryan, R. M. (2023). Needs and well-being across Europe: Basic  psychological needs are closely connected with well-being, meaning, and symptoms of depression in 27 European countries. Social  Psychological and Personality Science, 14(5), 501-514. https://doi.org/10.1177/19485506221113678
  57. Mathew, G. C., Prashar, S., Ramanathan, H. N., Pandey, U. K., & Parsad, C. (2019). Impact of religiosity, spirituality, job satisfaction  and commitment on employee performance: A quantile regression approach. International Journal of Indian Culture and Business  Management, 19(4), 491-508. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJICBM.2019.104797
  58. Maulia, I. R. (2023). Enhancing employee engagement by transformational leadership and empowerment with job satisfaction as  mediator. Dinasti International Journal of Management Science, 5(2), 292-301. https://doi.org/10.31933/dijms.v5i2.2098
  59. Mettler, J., Khoury, B., Zito, S., Sadowski, I., & Heath, N. L. (2023). Mindfulness-based programs and school adjustment: A systematic  review and meta-analysis. Journal of School Psychology, 97, 43-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2022.10.007
  60. Millard, L. A., Wan, M. W., Smith, D. M., & Wittkowski, A. (2023). The effectiveness of compassion focused therapy with clinical  populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 168-192.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.01.010
  61. Mokhtar, A., Maouloud, V. M., Omowunmi, A. K., & Nordin, M. S. B. (2023). Teachers’ commitment, self-efficacy and job  satisfaction as communicated by trained teachers. Management in Education, 37(3), 127-139.  https://doi.org/10.1177/08920206211019400
  62. Molero Jurado, M. D. M., Pérez-Fuentes, M. D. C., Atria, L., Oropesa Ruiz, N. F., & Gázquez Linares, J. J. (2019). Burnout, perceived  efficacy, and job satisfaction: Perception of the educational context in high school teachers. BioMed Research International, 2019.  https://doi.org/10.1155/ 2019/1021408
  63. Mwesigwa, R., Tusiime, I., & Ssekiziyivu, B. (2020). Leadership styles, job satisfaction and organizational commitment among  academic staff in public universities. Journal of Management Development, 39(2), 253-268. 
  64. Naim, M. F. (2023). Reinventing workplace learning and development: Envisaging the role of AI. In The Adoption and Effect of  Artificial Intelligence on Human Resources Management, Part A (pp. 215-227). Emerald Publishing Limited.  https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80382-027-920231011
  65. Noda, T., Isobe, M., Mishima, R., Tose, K., Kawabata, M., Aso, T., & Murai, T. (2023). Neural correlates of a mindfulness-based  intervention in anorexia nervosa. BJPsych Open, 9(1), e22. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2022.637
  66. Novitasari, D., Asbari, M., Wijayanti, L. M., Hyun, C. C., & Farhan, M. (2020). The role of religiosity, leadership style, job satisfaction  and organizational citizenship behavior mediation on woman teachers’ performance. Solid State Technology, 63(6), 2953-2967.
  67. Onuorah, A. N., & Okeke, N. C. (2023). Compensation management: A tool for organizational growth and employee performance.  Advance Journal of Management and Social Sciences, 7(2). https://aspjournals.org/Journals/index.php/ajmss/article/view/295
  68. Paraschiv, G. I., & Stan, M. I. (2023). A brief survey concerning environmental action: The need for collective engagement. Ovidius  University Annals, Economic Sciences Series, 23(1), 182-191.
  69. Paul, M., & Jena, L. K. (2022). Workplace spirituality, teachers’ professional well-being and mediating role of positive psychological  capital: An empirical validation in the Indian context. International Journal of Ethics and Systems, ISSN: 2514-9369.  https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOES-08-2021-0163
  70. Paul, M., Jena, L. K., & Sahoo, K. (2020). Workplace spirituality and workforce agility: A psychological exploration among teaching  professionals. Journal of Religion and Health, 59(1), 135-153. 
  71. Pazim, K. H. (2021). Special education teachers job satisfaction in Malaysia: A review. Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics  Education (TURCOMAT), 12(11), 5329-5332.
  72. Peng, X., Yu, K., Kang, Y., Zhang, K., & Chen, Q. (2023). Perceived overqualification leads to being ostracized: The mediating role of psychological entitlement and moderating role of task interdependence. Career Development International, 28(5), 554-571.  https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-06-2022-0143
  73. Poernamasasi, I. O. (2023). The effect of career development, organizational culture and leadership on performance. Dinasti  International Journal of Digital Business Management, 4(4), 771-778. https://doi.org/10.31933/ dijdbm.v4i4.1900
  74. Purwanto, A. (2020). The relationship of transformational leadership, organizational justice, and organizational commitment: A  mediation effect of job satisfaction. Journal of Critical Reviews, ISSN- 2394-5125.
  75. Qin, W. (2022). EFL teachers’ immediacy and professional commitment on students’ boredom: A review of literature. Frontiers in  Psychology, 12, 6530. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.808311
  76. Raamkhumar, M. H., & Swamy, T. N. V. R. L. (2024). Is spirituality at work a pragmatic way to cope with stress and prevent turnover?  A bibliometric analysis and conceptual framework. Multidisciplinary Reviews, 7(1), 2024012-2024012.
  77. Rahman, M. S., Zaman, M. H., Hossain, M. A., Mannan, M., & Hassan, H. (2019). Mediating effect of employee’s commitment on  workplace spirituality and executive’s sales performance: An empirical investigation. Journal of Islamic Marketing, ISSN: 1759-0833.  https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-02-2018-0024
  78. Rathee, R., & Rajain, P. (2020). Workplace spirituality: A comparative study of various models. Jindal Journal of Business Research,  9(1), 27-40. https://doi.org/10.1177/2278682120908554
  79. Rehman, A., Alam, M. M., Ozturk, I., Alvarado, R., Murshed, M., Işık, C., & Ma, H. (2023). Globalization and renewable energy use:  How are they contributing to upsurge the CO2 emissions? A global perspective. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(4),  9699-9712. 
  80. Rehman, W., Jalil, F., Hassan, M., Naseer, Z., & Ikram, H. (2021). Workplace spirituality and organizational citizenship behavior: A  mediating and moderating role of organizational commitment, and workplace ostracism. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity,  and Change, 15(3), 1121-1144.
  81. Roeser, R. W., Greenberg, M. T., Frazier, T., Galla, B. M., Semenov, A. D., & Warren, M. T. (2023). Beyond all splits: Envisioning  the next generation of science on mindfulness and compassion in schools for students. Mindfulness, 14(2), 239-254.
  82. Sapta, I. K. S., Rustiarini, N. W., Kusuma, I. G. A. E. T., & Astakoni, I. M. P. (2021). Spiritual leadership and organizational  commitment: The mediation role of workplace spirituality. Cogent Business & Management, 8(1), 1966865.  https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2021.1966865
  83. Saurage-Altenloh, S., Tate, T., Lartey, F. M., & Randall, P. M. (2023). Influence of organizational management culture on remote  employee engagement post-pandemic, measured by EENDEED, a Validated Instrument. Journal of Human Resource and Sustainability  Studies, 11(3), 521-536. https://doi.org/10.4236/jhrss.2023.113030
  84. Sharma, P. K., & Kumra, R. (2020). Relationship between workplace spirituality, organizational justice and mental health: Mediation  role of employee engagement. Journal of Advances in Management Research, 17(5), 627-650. https://doi.org/10.1108/JAMR-01-2020- 0007
  85. Shrestha, A. K. (2023). Further validation of workplace spirituality scale in an Eastern context. Journal of Business and Management  Research, 1(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3126/JBMR.V1I1.14547
  86. Silva, P., Moreira, A. C., & Mota, J. (2023). Employees’ perception of corporate social responsibility and performance: The mediating  roles of job satisfaction, organizational commitment and organizational trust. Journal of Strategy and Management, 16(1), 92-111.  https://doi.org/10.1108/JSMA-10-2021-0213
  87. Singh, T., Poterba, T., Curtis, D., Akil, H., Al Eissa, M., Barchas, J. D., & Daly, M. J. (2022). Rare coding variants in ten genes confer  substantial risk for schizophrenia. Nature, 604(7906), 509-516.
  88. Skaalvik, E. M., & Skaalvik, S. (2019). Teacher self-efficacy and collective teacher efficacy: Relations with perceived job resources  and job demands, feeling of belonging, and teacher engagement. Creative Education, 10(7), 1400-1424.  https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2019.107104
  89. Smith, D., & Hall, M. (2018). An empirical examination of a three‐component model of professional commitment among public  accountants. Behavioral Research in Accounting, 20(1), 75-92. https://doi.org/10.2308/bria. 2008.20.1.75
  90. Tindowen, D. J., Bautista, J. A., Echalar, H. J., & Parallag, E. S. (2020). Senior high school teachers’ professional and organizational  commitment and their job satisfaction. International Journal of Arts Humanities and Social Sciences Studies, 5(9).
  91. Toropova, A., Myrberg, E., & Johansson, S. (2021). Teacher job satisfaction: The importance of school working conditions and teacher  characteristics. Educational Review, 73(1), 71-97. https://doi.org/10. 1080/00131911.2019.1705247
  92. Torres, D. G. (2019). Distributed leadership, professional collaboration, and teachers’ job satisfaction in US schools. Teaching and  Teacher Education, 79, 111-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2018.12.001
  93. Kasalak, G., & Dagyar, M. (2020). The relationship between teacher self-efficacy and teacher job satisfaction: A meta-analysis of the  teaching and learning international survey (TALIS). Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 20(3), 16-33. DOI  10.12738/jestp.2020.3.002
  94. Kashif, M. F., Zabrin, T., & Tabassum, R. (2024). Effect of conflict management styles on organizational commitment of university  teachers. Annals of Human and Social Sciences, 5(1), 209-216. https://doi.org/10.35484/ahss.2024(5-I)19
  95. Ke, J., Zhang, J., & You, J. (2020). Effect of workplace spirituality on creative teaching behavior: Intrinsic job satisfaction as a  mediator. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 48(6), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.9158
  96. Kumar, S. P. (2020). Workplace spirituality as an antecedent of university teachers’ subjective well-being: Mediating role of job  satisfaction and job performance. Journal of Engineering Education Transformations, 33 (Special Issue).
  97. Kumari, N., & Kumar, D. (2023). The mediating effect of meaningful work between self-efficacy and subjective well-being. Journal  of Namibian Studies: History Politics Culture, 35, 1485-1493.
  98. Labetubun, M. R., & Dewi, I. G. A. M. (2022). Organizational commitment: Its mediating role in the effect of human resource  management practices and workplace spirituality on employee performance. European Journal of Business and Management Research,  7(2), 112-123. https://doi.org/10.24018/ejbmr.2022.7.2.1279
  99. LaGree, D., Houston, B., Duffy, M., & Shin, H. (2023). The effect of respect: Respectful communication at work drives resiliency,  engagement, and job satisfaction among early career employees. International Journal of Business Communication, 60(3), 844-864.  https://doi.org/10.1177/23294884211016529
  100. Larasati, E., Warsono, H., & Yuniningsih, T. (2023). Arrangement of career patterns of civil servants in North Aceh District.  International Journal of Educational Review, Law And Social Sciences (IJERLAS), 3(4), 1117-1122.  https://doi.org/10.54443/ijerlas.v3i4.922
  101. Liedgren, J., Desmet, P., & Gaggioli, A. (2023). Liminal design: A conceptual framework and three-step approach for developing  technology that delivers transcendence and deeper experiences. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1043170.  https:doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1043170
  102. Liu, Y., & Werblow, J. (2019). The operation of distributed leadership and the relationship with organizational commitment and job  satisfaction of principals and teachers: A multi-level model and meta-analysis using the 2013 TALIS data. International Journal of  Educational Research, 96, 41-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2019.05.005
  103. Madigan, D. J., & Kim, L. E. (2021). Towards an understanding of teacher attrition: A meta-analysis of burnout, job satisfaction, and Utami, N. M. S., Sapta, I. K. S., Verawati, Y., & Astakoni, I. M. P. (2021). Relationship between workplace spirituality, organizational  commitment and organizational citizenship behavior. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8(1), 507-517.  https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2021.vol8.no1.507
  104. Vaitzman Ben-David, H., & Berkovich, I. (2021). Associations between novice teachers’ perceptions of their relationship to their  mentor and professional commitment. Teachers and Teaching, 27(1-4), 284-299. https://doi.org/10.1080/13540602.2021.1946035
  105. Viac, C., & Fraser, P. (2020). Teachers’ well-being: A framework for data collection and analysis, ISSN: 19939019.  https://doi.org/10.1787/19939019
  106. Wang, B., Lai, J., Yan, X., Jin, F. & Yao, C. (2020). Exploring the characteristics, global distribution, and reasons for retraction of  published articles involving human research participation: A literature survey. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 78, 145-146.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2020.03.016
  107. Yuan, M. Z., Chen, H. F., Yang, C. C., Chow, T. H., & Hsu, C. H. (2022). The relationship between medical staff’s emotional labor,  leisure coping strategies, workplace spirituality, and organizational commitment during the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal  of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(10), 6186. https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/10/6186.
  108. Zhang, C., Swatdikun, T., Chen, X., & Kulsrisorn, R. (2023). The impact of talent management on job performance: A case of Guizhou  Baishan Cloud Technology Co., Ltd. Science, Technology, and Social Sciences Procedia, 2023(4), CiM12-CiM12.  https://wjst.wu.ac.th/index.php/stssp/article/view/25797