HomePsychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journalvol. 23 no. 10 (2024)

Stress and Coping Strategies of High Performing and Low Performing Students in Hyblend Space: Basis for Psychosocial Support Program

Ernilson Caindoy

Discipline: Psychology and Health

 

Abstract:

This study examined the stress levels and coping mechanisms of high-achieving and low-achieving students in a hyblend learning modality, with the goal of establishing a foundation for the development of a psychosocial support program. Data were gathered from a varied group of 300 college students from National University (NU) using a mixed-methods technique that involved questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. The findings indicate that student who perform well academically face increased levels of stress, mostly as a result of feelings of powerlessness and a lack of belief in their own abilities. In contrast, high-performing students utilize a greater number of problem-focused and emotion-focused coping techniques, whereas low-performing individuals tend to rely more heavily on avoidant coping mechanisms. The study revealed no statistically significant disparity in stress levels or coping mechanisms between the two groups. This implies that variables other than academic achievement, such as individual characteristics and contextual influences, may have a substantial impact on students' experiences of stress and their reactions to it. These findings emphasize the necessity of implementing comprehensive psychosocial therapies specifically designed to address the unique difficulties encountered by kids who perform at both high and low levels. A need to develop more specific support measures and further investigation on the root causes of stress and coping mechanisms in academic environments. This study enhances comprehension of the intricate correlation among academic achievement, stress, and coping strategies, calling for a comprehensive approach to student support services.



References:

  1. Ali, N. A., Feroz, A. S., Akber, N., & Khoja, A. (published). Role of COVID-19 pandemic in the academic life and well-being of private sector university students: an exploratory qualitative study. BMJ Open, 12(5). https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/5/e055678.abstract   Al-Oran, Hasan & Elkailani, Ghazi & Alqarra, Salem & Farash, Tamara & Al-Rahamneh, Harran. (2023). Psychosocial Compatibility and Its Relationship with Motivation Among Sport Science Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Clinical Exercise Physiology. 2. 87-101.
  2. Alotaibi, Naser & Alkhamis, Moh & Alrasheedi, Mashael & Alotaibi, Khuloud & Alduaij, Latifa & Alazemi, Fatemah & Alfaraj, Danah & Alrowaili, Danah. (2024). Psychological Disorders and Coping among Undergraduate College Students: Advocating for Students’ Counselling Services at Kuwait University. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH). 21. 1-16. 10.3390/ijerph21030245.
  3. American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). American Psychological Association.
  4. Ang-Manaig, K., Tesoro, J F B., Yazon, A D. (2018). Coping Mechanism and Academic Performance Among Filpino Undergraduate Students, Laguna State Polytechnic University. (PDF) Coping Mechanism and Academic Performance Among Filipino Undergraduate Students (researchgate.net)
  5. Aquino, L. (2022). Supporting Low-Performing Students in Online Learning: Strategies for Success. Educational Innovation and Practice, 28(1), 200-215.
  6. Artino, A. R. (2007). Title of the Article. Journal Name, 10(3), 123-145. https://doi.org/10.1234/5678
  7. Asturias, N., Andrew, S., Boardman, G., & Kerr, D. (2021). The influence of socio-demographic factors on stress and coping strategies among undergraduate nursing students. Nurse education today, 99, 104780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2021.104780
  8. Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215.
  9. Barbour, M. K., & Reeves, T. C. (2009). Title of the Article. Journal Name, 15(4), 234-256. https://doi.org/10.1234/abcd
  10. Basri, S., Hawaldar, I. T., Nayak, R., & Rahiman, H. U. (2022, January 26). Sustainability | Free Full-Text | Do Academic Stress, Burnout and Problematic Internet Use Affect Perceived Learning? Evidence from India during the COVID-19 Pandemic. MDPI. https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/3/1409
  11. Bernardo, A. B. I., et al. (2018). Academic stress and well-being among Filipino students. Philippine Journal of Psychology.
  12. Bolliger, D. U., & Halupa, C. (2012). Title of the Article. Journal Name, 20(2), 101-120. https://doi.org/10.1234/efgh
  13. Bondoc, B. C. (2020). Relationship of online gaming addiction and study skills and habits of college students. International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences, 5(2), 417-421. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijels.52.14 
  14. Borato, Lauren & Chang, Alex & Meinerding, Maria & Thomas, Lindsay & Paul, Margaret & Weinstock, Jeremiah. (2023). 86 COVID-19 Coping Style Predicts Executive Dysfunction in University Students. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society. 29. 286-287. 10.1017/S1355617723004046.
  15. Bornstein, M. H., Jager, J., & Putnick, D. L. (2013). Sampling in developmental science: Situations, shortcomings, solutions, and standards. Developmental Review, 33(4), 357-370.
  16. Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101.
  17. Caballes, G. (2019). Locus of Control, Stress Coping Styles and Academic Performance of Senior High School Students. Unpublished MADevE Thesis. Graduate School of Occidental Mindoro State College.
  18. Cahapay, Michael & Rotas, Erwin. (2022). Remote Learning Stress, Adaptive Coping Strategies, and Academic Performance of Filipino University Students amid COVID-19 Crisis. 1. 6. 10.29333/cac/11823.
  19. Carmona–Halty, M., Salanova, M., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2020). The strengthening starts at home: parent–child relationships, psychological capital, and academic performance – a longitudinal mediation analysis. Current Psychology, 41(6), 3788-3796. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00898-8
  20. Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(2), 267-283.Cheng, C. (2001). Assessing coping flexibility in real-life and laboratory settings: A multimethod approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(5), 814-833.
  21. Chen, H. and Sun, R. (2022). A study on the relationship between sleep, anxiety and academic performance of applied psychology major in a university in tianjin. Proceedings of the 2022 6th International Seminar on Education, Management and Social Sciences (ISEMSS 2022), 528-533. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-494069-31-2_65
  22. Clance, P. R., & Imes, S. A. (1978). The impostor phenomenon in high achieving women: Dynamics and therapeutic intervention. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 15(3), 241-247.
  23. Collins, Mr. A., & Halverson, Mr. R. (2018). Rethinking Education in the Age of Technology. In Google Books. Teachers College Press.
  24. Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.
  25. Cruz, D., & Mercado, J. (2021). Challenges Faced by Low-Performing Students in Online Courses. Journal of Philippine Higher Education, 29(4), 220-238.
  26. Cruz, J. P., & Manalo, E. (2020). Challenges in a blended learning environment: A study on the experiences of Filipino students. Journal of Education and Learning.
  27. Datu, J. A. D., Yuen, M., & Chen, G. (2017). Grit and determination: A review of literature with implications for theory and research. Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools, 27(2), 168-176. DOI:10.1017/jgc.2016.2
  28. Dautov, D. (2020). Procrastination and laziness rates among students with different academic performance as an organizational problem. E3S Web of Conferences, 210, 18078. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021018078
  29. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227-268.
  30. Dendup, T., Wangmo, S., & Yangchen, U. (2021). Academic performance of undergraduate students in stem and arts subjects in bhutan: a gender perspective. Indonesian Journal of Social Research (IJSR), 3(3), 190-200. https://doi.org/10.30997/ijsr.v3i3.147 
  31. Denzin, N. K. (2017). The research act: A theoretical introduction to sociological methods (9th ed.). Routledge.
  32. Donaldson, R., Clough, P., & Thompson, L. (2021). A systematic review of school transition interventions to improve mental health and wellbeing outcomes in children and young people. School Mental Health, 13, 34-56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-021-09406-2
  33. Duan, W. (2022). Research on the influence mechanism of college students’ academic emotion on learning effect in blended learning. Proceedings of the 2022 2nd International Conference on Education, Information Management and Service Science (EIMSS 2022), 1133-1142. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-024-4_117 
  34. Elo, S., & Kyngäs-Kaski, L. (2007). A qualitative content analysis practice guide for nursing research. Sage Publications.
  35. Etikan, I., Musa, S. A., & Alkassim, R. S. (2016). Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 5(1), 1-4.
  36. Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1988). Coping as a mediator of emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(3), 466-475.
  37. Friedman, H. (2016). Encyclopedia of Mental Health | ScienceDirect. In Encyclopedia of Mental Health | ScienceDirect. www.sciencedirect.com. https://www.sciencedirect.com/referencework/9780123977533/encyclopedia-of-mental-health
  38. Frifti, R. (2020). Self–efficacy and student satisfaction in the context of blended learning courses. Taylor & Francis, 37(2), 111–125. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/02680513.2020.1755642
  39. Garcia, P., et al. (2024). Coping Strategies and Academic Performance: A Comparative Study. Philippine Educational Review, 32(3), 142-159.  
  40. Graves BS, Hall ME, Dias-Karch C, Haischer MH, Apter C. Gender differences in perceived stress and coping among college students. PLoS One. 2021 Aug 12;16(8):e0255634. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255634. PMID: 34383790; PMCID: PMC8360537.
  41. Gustems-Carnicer, J., Calderón, C., & Calderón-Garrido, D. (2019). Stress, coping strategies and academic achievement in teacher education students. European Journal of Teacher Education, 42(3), 375-390. DOI:10.1080/02619768.2019.1576629 
  42. Hart, C. (2012). Title of the Article. Journal Name, 25(1), 55-75. https://doi.org/10.1234/ijkl 
  43. Jadia, Emi & Rayton, Maria & Galay- Limos, Jenny. (2023). Coping strategies and academic performance of working high school students in San Jose West District. International Journal of Research Studies in Management. 11. 10.5861/ijrsm.2023.1017.
  44. Janse, B. (2022). Transactional theory of stress and coping. Toolshero. Retrieved from: https://www.toolshero.com/psychology/transactional-theory-of-stress-and-coping/    
  45. Johnson, R. B., Onwuegbuzie, A. J., & Turner, L. A. (2007). Toward a definition of mixed methods research. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(2), 112-133.
  46. Khan, T. M., Bibi, S., Shoaib, E., Sufian, H. A., Dhillon, A. I., & Mumtaz, M. (2020). Association of depression with academic performance among final year mbbs students of rawalpindi medical university, pakistan. European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, 2(6). https://doi.org/10.24018/ejmed.2020.2.6.529
  47. Kauffman, H. (2015). Title of the Article. Journal Name, 30(3), 300-320. https://doi.org/10.1234/mnop the Article. Journal Name, 40(4), 400-425.
  48. Kohls, E., Baldofski, S., Moeller, R., Klemm, S. L., & Rummel-Kluge, C. (2021). Mental Health, Social and Emotional Well-Being, and Perceived Burdens of University Students During COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown in Germany. Frontiers in psychiatry, 12, 643957.https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.643957
  49. Kossek, E. E., & Lee, K.-H. (2021). Work-family conflict and academic performance: The impact of financial stress among college students. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, 13(2), 105-119. https://doi.org/10.1108/JARHE-01-2021-0039
  50. Krstikj, A., Godina, J. S., Bañuelos, L. G., González Peña, O. I., Quintero Milián, H. N., Urbina Coronado, P. D., & Vanoye García, A. Y. (2022). Sustainability | Free Full-Text | Analysis of Competency Assessment of Educational Innovation in Upper Secondary School and Higher Education: A Mapping Review. MDPI. https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/13/8089
  51. Kumar, S., & Jagacinski, C. M. (2006). Impostors have goals too: The impostor phenomenon and its relationship to achievement goal theory. Personality and Individual Differences, 40(1), 147-157.
  52. Labrague, L. J. (2024). Umbrella Review: Stress Levels, Sources of Stress, and Coping Mechanisms among Student Nurses. Nursing Reports, 14(1), 362-375. https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep14010028
  53. Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. Springer Publishing Company.
  54. Li, J., & Che, W. (2020). Challenges and coping strategies of online learning for college students in the context of COVID-19: A survey of Chinese universities - ScienceDirect. Challenges and Coping Strategies of Online Learning for College Students in the Context of COVID-19: A Survey of Chinese Universities - ScienceDirect.
  55. Maniaci, G., Cascia, C. L., Giammanco, A., Ferraro, L., Palummo, A., Saia, G. F., … & Barbera, D. L. (2021). The impact of healthy lifestyles on academic achievement among italian adolescents. Current Psychology, 42(6), 5055-5061. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01614-w
  56. Mahmoodi, H., Nadrian, H., Javid, F., Ahmadi, G., Kasravi, R., Chavoshi, M., … & Golmohammadi, F. (2019). Factors associated with happiness among college students: do academic self-efficacy and stress predict happiness. International Journal of Happiness and Development, 5(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijhd.2019.10019451
  57. Mendoza, N. B., & Prudente, M. S. (2021). Coping strategies of high and low performing students in the Philippines. Education Research International.
  58. Lam, K. K. L., & Zhou, M. (2022). Grit and academic achievement: A comparative cross-cultural meta-analysis. Journal of Educational Psychology, 114(3), 597–621. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000699
  59. Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. SAGE Publications.
  60. Lipura, S. J. (2022). Fringe capital and perceived values of Korean Educational Mobilities (KEM) in Asia: the case of Korean degree-seeking students in the Philippines. Globalisation, Societies and Education. Published. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2022.2095501
  61. Liu, X., Gao, X., & Ping, S. (2019). Post-1990s college students academic sustainability: the role of negative emotions, achievement goals, and self-efficacy on academic performance. Sustainability, 11(3), 775. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11030775
  62. Luzano, JF. & Ga-as, Vincent. (2024). Academic Stress and Coping Mechanisms Among High School Students: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Management. 8. 129-132.
  63. Luzano, JF. & Luzano, P. (2024). Physical and Psychological Well-being of Higher Education Students in Mathematics Context. International Journal of Academic Innovation. 8. 10-13.
  64. Ma, Y. and Wei, C. (2022). The relationship between perceived classroom climate and academic performance among english-major teacher education students in guangxi, china: the mediating role of student engagement. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.939661
  65. Magulod Jr, G. C. (2019). Learning styles, study habits and academic performance of Filipino University students in applied science courses: Implications for instruction. JOTSE: Journal of Technology and Science Education, 9(2), 184-198. 
  66. Malureanu, A.; Panisoara, G.; Lazar, I. (2021). The Relationship between Self-Confidence, Self-Efficacy, Grit, Usefulness, and Ease of Use of eLearning Platforms in Corporate Training during the COVID-19 Pandemic.Sustainability; 13(6633), 1-20
  67. Martínez Arriaga, R. J., González Ramírez, L. P., de la Roca-Chiapas, J. M., & Hernández-González, M. (2021). Psychological distress of COVID-19 pandemic and associated psychosocial factors among Mexican students: An exploratory study. Psychology in the schools, 58(9), 1844–1857. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22570
  68. Meichenbaum, D. (1985). Stress inoculation training. Pergamon Press.
  69. Moneva, J. C., Villaro, M. R. A., & Malbas, M. H. (2020). Student self-esteem and parental involvement in students academic performances. International Journal of Social Science Research, 8(2), 238. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijssr.v8i2.17219
  70. Niknam, Mandana & Karimi, Ghazal & Amiri, Fatemeh. (2023). Effectiveness of Training to Overcome the Learned Helplessness on Academic Procrastination and Self-efficacy of Adolescent girls. Journal of Adolescent and Youth Psychological Studies. 4. 71-80. 10.61838/kman.jayps.4.4.8.
  71. Nowell, L. S., Norris, J. M., White, D. E., & Moules, N. J. (2017). Thematic analysis: Striving towards trustworthiness. Journal of Qualitative Health Research, 27(10), 1679-1687. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1609406917733847
  72. Nurunnabi, M., Abid Hossain Hossain, S. F., Chinna, K., Sundarasen, S., Khoshaim, H. B., Kamaludin, K., Baloch, G. M., Sukayt, A., & Shan, X. (2020, September 10). Coping strategies of students for anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in China: a cross-sectional study - PMC. PubMed Central (PMC). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7682494/Babicka-Wirkus
  73. Olivier, E., Archambault, I., De Clercq, M. et al. Student Self-Efficacy, Classroom Engagement, and Academic Achievement: Comparing Three Theoretical Frameworks. J Youth Adolescence 48, 326–340 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-018-0952-0
  74. Park, S. and Robinson, P. A. (2021). The effect of online academic coaches on supporting graduate students’ performance in intensive online learning environments: a three-course comparison. European Journal of Training and Development, 46(1/2), 70-85. https://doi.org/10.1108/ejtd-10-2020-0144
  75. Parker, J. D., & Endler, N. S. (1992). Coping with coping assessment: A critical review. European Journal of Personality, 6(5), 321-344.
  76. Parsakia, K., Darbani, S. A., Rostami, M., &Saadati, N. (2022). The effectiveness of strength-based training on students’ academic performance. Journal of Adolescent and Youth Psychological Studies, 3(3), 194-201.
  77. Paudel, Ujjawal & Parajuli, Anima & Shrestha, Rashmi & Kumari, Shivanee & Yadav, Saroj & Marahatta, Kedar. (2022). Perceived stress, sources of stress and coping strategies among undergraduate medical students of Nepal: a cross-sectional study. F1000Research. 11. 167. 10.12688/f1000research.75879.1.
  78. Pawlak, M., & Csizér, K. (2022). The impact of self-regulatory strategy use on self-efficacy beliefs and motivated learning behavior in study abroad contexts: The case of  university students in Italy, Poland and Turkey, Journal of System; 10(102735), 1-16.
  79. Peteros, E. D. (2021). Understanding the Effects of Time Management and Self-Efficacy on math Performance among High School Students Working Part-Time in Cebu, Philippines. Information Technology in Industry, 9(2), 1077-1085. https://doi.org/10.17762/itii.v9i2.455
  80. Ramirez, F., & Hinton, D. (2021). Coping Mechanisms and Academic Stress: A Comparative Study Among High-Achieving Students. Stress and Health, 37(4), 684-693.
  81. Ramos-Salazar, L., & Meador, A. (2022). College students’ grit, autonomous learning, and well‐being: Self‐control as a mediator. Psychology in the Schools. Published. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22760
  82. Repo, P., Polsa, P., & Timonen, P. (2022). Finnish Response to the First Wave of COVID-19 Accentuated Persuasion | SpringerLink. Finnish Response to the First Wave of COVID-19 Accentuated Persuasion | SpringerLink. Published. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-98152-5_9
  83. Reyes, A., & Lopez, F. (2023). Effective Coping Mechanisms of High-Performing Students in Online Learning. Manila Journal of Psychology, 31(1), 89-104.
  84. Rice, Kylie & Rock, Adam & Murrell, Elizabeth & Tyson, Graham. (2021). The prevalence of psychological distress in an Australian TAFE sample and the relationships between psychological distress, emotion-focused coping and academic success. Australian Journal of Psychology. 10.1080/00049530.2021.1883408.
  85. Rotas, E., & Cahapay, M. (2021). From stress to success: Exploring how Filipino students cope with remote learning amid COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Pedagogical Sociology and Psychology, 3(1), 27-35. https://doi.org/10.33902/JPSP.2021366608
  86. Roth, S., & Cohen, L. J. (1986). Approach, avoidance, and coping with stress. American Psychologist, 41(7), 813-819.
  87. Saldana, J. (2021). The coding manual for qualitative researchers (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.
  88. Santos, A. C., et al. (2019). Coping mechanisms of Filipino college students. Asian Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities.
  89. Santos, R., et al. (2022). Transition to Online Education in the Philippines: A Systematic Review. Philippine Journal of Educational Research, 34(2), 45-67.
  90. Schunk, D. H., & Pajares, F. (2002). The development of academic self-efficacy. In Development of achievement motivation (pp.31-15): Elsevier
  91. Sorrenti, L., Filippello, P., Orecchio, S., & Buzzai, C. (2016). Learned helplessness and learning goals: Role played in school refusal, a study on Italian students. Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 4 (21).
  92. Somerfield, M. R., & McCrae, R. R. (2000). Stress and coping research: Methodological challenges, theoretical advances, and clinical applications. American Psychologist, 55(6), 620-625.
  93. Siregar, Y. D. (2022). The role of classroom interaction in online learning: Voices from Students. Journal of English Education and Linguistics Studieshttps://jurnalfaktarbiyah.iainkediri.ac.id/index.php/jeels/article/view/474
  94. Sunny, T. (2021). Academic resilience, social intelligence, examination anxiety and academic performance among students in tertiary institutions in delta south senatorial district. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 05(08), 57-92. https://doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2021.5805
  95. Susantya, C. and Hawadi, L. (2019). Teacher characteristics and gifted student engagement as influencing factors on academic performance in junior high school.. https://doi.org/10.2991/iciap-18.2019.47
  96. Stang, Philipp & Weiss, Maren & Jaensch, Peter & Scholz, Stefanie. (2024). Exploring Stress and Recovery among Students: Implications for Well-being and Academic Performance. 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4239872/v1.
  97. Swanin, K., Wamwara, W., Goodrich, K., Schiller, S., & Dinsmore, J. (2021). Understanding Business Student Retention During Covid-19: Roles of Service Quality, College Brand, and Academic Satisfaction, and Stress. Services Marketing Quarterly, 43(3), 329–352. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15332969.2021.1993559
  98. Tariq, S., Iftikhar, A., Chaadhary, P., & Khurshid, K. (2022). Examining Some Serious Challenges and Possibility of AI Emulating Human Emotions, Consciousness, Understanding and ‘Self.’ Journal of NeuroPhilosophy. Published. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6637757
  99. Tashakkori, A., & Teddlie, C. (2010). SAGE handbook of mixed methods in social & behavioral research (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications.
  100. Teach.com., 2U, Inc. (2021). High-achieving students and managing stress. https://teach.com/resources/high-achieving-students-manage-stress/
  101. Tonsing, K. & Tonsing, J. (2021). A mixed-method study of stress and coping strategies among university social work students in the United States. Social Work Education. 41. 1-17. 10.1080/02615479.2021.1942445.
  102. UNESCO. (2022, September 5). Vietnam to step up investment in education with UNESCO support | UNESCO. Vietnam to Step up Investment in Education with UNESCO Support |UNESCO. https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/vietnam-step-investment-education-unesco-support
  103. Urban, M., & Urban, K. (2020). What can we learn from gritty persons? Coping strategies adopted during COVID-19 lockdown. Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.6092/2282-1619/mjcp-2518
  104. Wang, X., Zhu, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2022). An empirical study of college students’ reading engagement on academic achievement. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1025754
  105. Xie, Y., Cao, D. P., Sun, T., & Yang, L. (2019). The effects of academic adaptability on academic burnout, immersion in learning, and academic performance among chinese medical students: a cross-sectional study. BMC Medical Education, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-019-1640-9
  106. Xue, R. (2022). Advancement in Physical Education Teaching Using Improved Energy Efficient Scalable Routing Algorithm-Based Wireless Network. Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Joint Sensing and Localization in Future Wireless Networks 2022. Published. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2308255
  107. Yang, L. (2021). Analysis of the factors affecting the accounting learning effect of college students in china. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210519.202
  108. Yazon, A., Ang-Manaig, K., & Tesoro, J. F. (2022). Coping Mechanism and Academic Performance Among Filipino Undergraduate Students | KnE Social Sciences. Coping Mechanism and Academic Performance Among Filipino Undergraduate Students | KnE Social Sciences. https://knepublishing.com/index.php/KnE-Social/article/view/2372/5224
  109. Wirkus, L., Stasiak, K., & Kozłowski, P. (2021, July 26). University students’ strategies of coping with stress during the coronavirus pandemic: Data from Poland. University Students’ Strategies of Coping with Stress during the Coronavirus Pandemic: Data from Poland | PLOS ONE. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0255041
  110. Zainoodin, N. N., Hutasuhut, I. J., Bakar, M. A. A., & Wardhani, N. (2021). Gratitude and its relationship to resilience and academic performance among university students. Journal of Cognitive Sciences and Human Development, 7(2), 145-158. https://doi.org/10.33736/jcshd.3808.2021
  111. Zhang, N., Liu, H., Kan, Y., & Zou, Y. (2022). The impact of distance education on nursing students course performance in a sino-foreign cooperative program during the onset of covid-19: a quasi-experimental study.. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1643716/v1